1
|
Virginio Junior GF, Reis ME, da Silva AP, de Toledo AF, Cezar AM, Mendes LW, Greco L, Montenegro H, Coutinho LL, Bittar CMM. Does algae β-glucan affect the fecal bacteriome in dairy calves? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258069. [PMID: 34591937 PMCID: PMC8483308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucans has been reported to be associated with many health-promoting and improvements in animal performance, however, information about their effects on the bacterial community remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate how the addition of β-glucans can affect the fecal bacterial community with possible consequences on animal growth and health. For this, newborn Holstein calves (n = 14) were individually housed in tropical shelters and blocked according to sex, date, and weight at birth and randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: (1) Control: milk replacer (14% solids, 24% CP, 18.5% fat); (2) β-glucans: milk replacer supplemented with β-glucans (2 g/d). All calves were bucket fed 6 L/d of milk replacer and received water and starter concentrate ad libitum starting on d 2. To evaluate the bacteriome, fecal samples were collected at weeks 1, 2, 4, and 8. The bacterial community was assessed through sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene on the Illumina MiSeq platform and analyzed using the DADA2 pipeline. No differences for Shannon and Chao1 indexes were observed for treatments, but both indexes increased with age (P < 0.001). There were dissimilarities in the structure of the bacterial community during the pre-weaning period (P = 0.01). In a deeper taxonomic level, Collinsella (Actinobacteriota), Prevotella (Bacteroidota), and Lactobacillus (Firmicutes) were the most abundant genera (9.84, 9.54, and 8.82% of the sequences, respectively). β-glucans promoted a higher abundance of Alloprevotella and Holdemanella, which may indicate a beneficial effect of supplementation on dairy calves. The bacterial community was highly correlated with the fecal score at weeks 1 and 2 and with starter concentrate intake at week 8. In conclusion, algae β-glucan supplementation could be beneficial to fecal bacteriome and consequently to the health and performance of dairy calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gercino Ferreira Virginio Junior
- Department of Animal Science, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (GFVJ); (CMMB)
| | - Maria Eduarda Reis
- Department of Animal Science, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariany Faria de Toledo
- Department of Animal Science, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Moelemberg Cezar
- Department of Animal Science, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas William Mendes
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Greco
- Kemin Animal Nutrition and Health Division South America, Valinhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Horácio Montenegro
- Department of Animal Science, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Lehmann Coutinho
- Department of Animal Science, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Maris Machado Bittar
- Department of Animal Science, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (GFVJ); (CMMB)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reis ME, Toledo AF, da Silva AP, Poczynek M, Fioruci EA, Cantor MC, Greco L, Bittar CMM. Supplementation of lysolecithin in milk replacer for Holstein dairy calves: Effects on growth performance, health, and metabolites. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5457-5466. [PMID: 33612231 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lysolecithin is an antiinflammatory emulsifier associated with improved apparent digestibility of total dietary fat and improved feed efficiency in dairy cattle. However, it is unknown if lysolecithin (LYSO) improves performance in calves. Moreover, since many conventional milk replacers use vegetable-sourced fat (e.g., palm oil), nutrient absorption and fecal score may be affected in neonatal calves. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of LYSO supplemented in milk replacer on performance, metabolites, and gut health of preweaned dairy calves. Holstein calves (n = 32) with adequate passive transfer were assigned in pairs (16 blocks) balanced by birth weight, date of birth, and sex at 1 d of age to randomly receive either LYSO (mixed in 2 milk replacer feedings at a rate of 4 g/d Lysoforte, Kemin Industries Inc., Des Moines, IA) or a milk replacer control (nothing added). Both treatments were fed 6 L/d milk replacer [22.5% crude protein, 16.2% crude fat (vegetable oil fat source) on a dry matter basis with 14% solids] by bucket in 2 daily feedings for 56 d. Calves were individually housed in wooden hutches and offered a commercial calf starter (24.6% crude protein and 13.9% neutral detergent fiber) and water by bucket ad libitum. Feed refusals and calf health was assessed daily. Weights and blood metabolites (glucose, total serum protein, albumin, creatinine, triglycerides, and cholesterol) were sampled weekly, and calves completed the study before weaning at 56 d of age. The effects of LYSO on calf average daily gain, feed efficiency, and blood metabolites were evaluated using a linear mixed model with time as a repeated measure, calf as the subject, and block as a random effect in SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The effect of LYSO to improve the odds of abnormal fecal score was evaluated using a logistic model. Supplementation of LYSO increased average daily gain (control 0.28 ± 0.03 kg; LYSO 0.37 ± 0.03 kg; least squares means ± standard error of the mean) and increased feed efficiency (gain-to-feed; control 0.25 ± 0.03; LYSO 0.32 ± 0.03). Similarly, LYSO calves had a higher final body weight at d 56 (control 52.11 ± 2.33 kg; LYSO 56.73 ± 2.33 kg). Interestingly, total dry matter intake was not associated with LYSO despite improved average daily gain (total dry matter intake control 1,088.7 ± 27.62 g; total dry matter intake LYSO 1,124.8 ± 27.62 g). Blood glucose, albumin, creatinine, triglycerides, and cholesterol were not associated with LYSO. Indeed, only total serum protein had a significant interaction with LYSO and age at wk 5 and 6. Moreover, control calves had a 13.57 (95% confidence interval: 9.25-19.90) times greater odds of having an abnormal fecal score on any given day during the diarrhea risk period from d 1 to 28. The inclusion of LYSO as an additive in milk replacer in a dose of 4 g/d may improve performance, and calf fecal score, preweaning. Further research should investigate the mechanisms behind the effects of LYSO on fat digestibility in calves fed 6 L/d of milk replacer with vegetable-sourced fat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Reis
- Department of Animal Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418900, Brazil
| | - A F Toledo
- Department of Animal Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418900, Brazil
| | - A P da Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418900, Brazil
| | - M Poczynek
- Department of Animal Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418900, Brazil
| | - E A Fioruci
- Department of Animal Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418900, Brazil
| | - M C Cantor
- Dairy Science Program, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
| | - L Greco
- Kemin Animal Nutrition and Health Division, South America, Valinhos, SP, 13279-450, Brazil
| | - C M M Bittar
- Department of Animal Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Coelho M, Tomaluski C, Dondé S, Toledo A, Bernardes JP, Jeronymo N, Virgínio Júnior GF, Silva M, Reis ME, Bittar CMM. PSIX-21 Performance and health of dairy calves fed with acidified milk in tropical climates. J Anim Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa278.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The acidification of milk is used in mild climate countries as a way of conservation because it reduces the feed bacteriological load and consequently improves the animals’ performance. However, this management is hampered in hot climates. Thirty-tree males and female Holstein colostrum-fed newborn calves were used in a randomized block experimental design and fed different liquid feed: refrigerated whole milk (WM); acidified milk kept in room temperature (AM); or a commercial milk replacer (MR: 22.9% CP; 18.8% fat; 16% solids). The animals were housed in individual shelters with free access to water and starter concentrate since 2d of age. Calves were fed 6L of liquid diet divided in two meals until their gradual weaning at 56d of age. The milk was acidified to a pH of 4.5 with formic acid 12 hours prior to feeding and kept in ambient temperature (23.7°C). The pH was monitored and corrected to the target pH before each meal. Blood samples were weekly collected and health was evaluated daily. No effect on feed intake was observed (Table 1). Feeding AM decreased calves’ weight gain as compared to that for WM fed calves but with no difference from those fed MR. Fecal scores was higher for MR as compared to WM fed calves, but with no difference from AM. However, AM calves presented higher average rectal temperature than WM fed calves, but a lower number of days with fever. AM is an alternative for feeding calves in tropical climates with performance similar to that observed for MR but with lower days with fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Coelho
- College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, University of Sao Paulo
| | | | - Sophia Dondé
- College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, University of Sao Paulo
| | - Ariany Toledo
- College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, University of Sao Paulo
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Silva
- College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, University of Sao Paulo
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Toledo A, Poczynek M, Silva AP, Cezar A, Dondé S, Reis ME, Polizel DM, Bittar CMM. PSXII-20 Whole flint corn grain or tropical grass hay free choice in the diet of milk-fed dairy calves. J Anim Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa278.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of whole flint corn grain or tropical grass hay free choice, as a fiber source in the diet, on the performance, ruminal and intestinal development of Holstein dairy calves. Forty-two Holstein calves were used in a randomized block design, considering sex, birth date and weight at 21 days of age (48.7 ± 0.82 kg), when the study started. Three solid diets were compared: 1) SC: starter concentrate only (24% CP, 14% NDF, 47% NFC); 2) SCH: starter concentrate, with free access to chopped Tifton-85 hay; and 3) SCW: starter concentrate with free access to whole flint corn grain. Animals were fed with 6 L/d until d 21, and then 4L/d of whole milk until gradual weaning at d 56. At weaning, 12 animals were randomly selected to be slaughtered to evaluate the weight of forestomach compartments and rumen and intestine morphometrics. Data were analyzed using the GLM or MIXED (repeated measures) procedure of SAS, and the means were compared using Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05). The SCH diet increased the total DMI (P = 0.01) and ADG (P = 0.01). Calves fed with SCH diet presented higher total proximal digestive tract weight (kg; P < 0.01). The empty reticulum-rumen weight was higher in calves fed the SCH diet (P = 0.03). The papillae area was higher in calves fed with SCH diet (P = 0.05). The depth of the crypts and the number of goblet cells from the duodenum and cecum were not affected by diets; however, the duodenum villus height was higher for animals that received SCH (P = 0.02). The tropical grass hay supplementation in the diet improved performance, ruminal and intestinal development. The whole flint corn grain do not play a fiber role for dairy calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariany Toledo
- College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, University of Sao Paulo
| | | | - Ana Paula Silva
- College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, University of Sao Paulo
| | - Amanda Cezar
- College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, University of Sao Paulo
| | - Sophia Dondé
- College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, University of Sao Paulo
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Toledo AF, da Silva AP, Poczynek M, Coelho MG, Silva MD, Polizel DM, Reis ME, Virgínio GF, Millen DD, Bittar CMM. Whole-flint corn grain or tropical grass hay free choice in the diet of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10083-10098. [PMID: 32952017 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tropical grass hay feeding is related to improved ruminal health; however, it may decrease energy intake. On the other hand, whole-flint corn grain may be an alternative fiber source in the diet of dairy calves. Forty-two Holstein calves were used in a randomized block design, considering sex, birth date, and weight at 21 d of age, when the supply of whole-flint corn grain or tropical grass hay started. Three component-fed solid diets were compared: (1) starter concentrate only during the preweaning and starter concentrate with free choice of chopped Tifton-85 hay postweaning (SC), (2) starter concentrate with free choice of chopped Tifton-85 hay pre- and postweaning (SCH), and (3) starter concentrate with free choice of whole-flint corn grain pre- and postweaning (SCW). The animals were evaluated from 21 to 84 d of age. Calves were managed equally during the first 21 d, fed with 6 L/d of whole milk and a commercial starter concentrate (46% nonfiber carbohydrates, small particles, and pelleted) ad libitum. After that, milk feeding was reduced to 4 L/d until gradual weaning at 56 d of age. At 56 d of age, 4 animals per treatment were randomly chosen to be slaughtered for digestive tract weight evaluation and to collect tissue for histological analysis of the ruminal wall, duodenum, and cecum, whereas the other 30 animals were weaned and evaluated for a further 22 d when the SC diet also received hay ad libitum. Feed intake was measured daily. Weight gain and metabolic indicators of intermediate metabolism were evaluated weekly. Ruminal fluid was collected at wk 6, 8, 10, and 12 of age. The SCH diet increased the total and starter dry matter intake, and consequently, the average daily gain and body weight at 56 d of age. The SCW diet promoted an increase in propionate and decreased acetate-to-propionate ratio. Morphometric variables were affected by the SCH diet. The postweaning performance was unaffected by solid diets; however, the SCW diet decreased ruminal and fecal pH. Feeding hay, starting at 21 d of age, can stimulate early solid diet intake, promoting better performance and ruminal and intestinal development, when a highly fermentable and small particle pelleted starter is fed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F Toledo
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil 13418-900
| | - A P da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil 13418-900
| | - M Poczynek
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil 13418-900
| | - M G Coelho
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil 13418-900
| | - M D Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil 13418-900
| | - D M Polizel
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil 13418-900
| | - M E Reis
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil 13418-900
| | - G F Virgínio
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil 13418-900
| | - D D Millen
- Department of Animal Production, College of Technology and Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil 17900-000
| | - C M M Bittar
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil 13418-900.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ferraz C, Reis ME, Lopes MM, Cardoso ML, Barbosa CR. [Hypoglycaemia without ketosis. A case report]. Rev Neurol 2005; 41:349-53. [PMID: 16163656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHADD) is a rare disease, inherited as autosomal-recessive trait, with variable clinical presentation including severe hypoglycaemia, cardiomyopathy, sudden infant death, progressive liver failure, 'Reye like' syndrome, neuromyopathy, muscle weakness and rhabdomyolysis. CASE REPORT We report a 3 years old male patient admitted to our emergency department with vomiting, hypotonia and prostration, after a common respiratory infection. The presence of hypoketotic hypoglycaemia and elevated liver enzymes in the admission motivated a metabolic study. We found an abnormal low lactate/pyruvate ratio, decreased serum carnitine and dicarboxylic aciduria leading to the diagnosis of a fatty acid oxidation disorder (LCHADD). The molecular study of HADHA gene revealed homozygosity for the G1528C mutation in the patient DNA, and heterozygosity in both parents. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of a fatty acid oxidation disorder must be considered in the presence of vomiting associated with excessive prostration specially if there is hypoketotic hypoglycaemia or familiar sudden infant death history. Physicians should be aware about these conditions and for the importance of measuring both glycaemia and ketone bodies during the evaluation of high risk situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ferraz
- Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|