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Cortés Franco KD, Brakmann IC, Feoktistova M, Panayotova-Dimitrova D, Gründer S, Tian Y. Aggressive migration in acidic pH of a glioblastoma cancer stem cell line in vitro is independent of ASIC and K Ca3.1 ion channels, but involves phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:405-416. [PMID: 36522586 PMCID: PMC9908655 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02781-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment of proliferative and aggressive tumours, such as the brain tumour glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is often acidic, hypoxic, and nutrient deficient. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are proton-sensitive Na+ channels that have been proposed to play a role in pH sensing and in modulation of cancer cell migration. We previously reported that primary glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), which grow as multicellular tumour spheroids, express functional ASIC1a and ASIC3, whereas ASIC2a is downregulated in GSCs. Using a 2.5D migration assay, here we report that acidic pH dramatically increased migration of GSCs of the pro-neural subtype. Pharmacological blockade as well as CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene knock-out of ASIC1a or stable overexpression of ASIC2a, however, revealed that neither ASIC1a nor ASIC3, nor downregulation of ASIC2a, mediated the aggressive migration at acidic pH. Therefore, we tested the role of two other proteins previously implicated in cancer cell migration: the Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 (KCNN4) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). While pharmacological blockade of KCa3.1 did also not affect migration, blockade of PI3K decreased migration at acidic pH to control levels. In summary, our study reveals a strongly enhanced migration of GSCs at acidic pH in vitro and identifies PI3K as an important mediator of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilka C Brakmann
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria Feoktistova
- Department of Dermatology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Gründer
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Yuemin Tian
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
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2
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Feoktistova M, Makarov R, Yazdi AS, Panayotova-Dimitrova D. RIPK1 and TRADD Regulate TNF-Induced Signaling and Ripoptosome Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212459. [PMID: 34830347 PMCID: PMC8617695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF is a proinflammatory cytokine that is critical for the coordination of tissue homeostasis. RIPK1 and TRADD are the main participants in the transduction of TNF signaling. However, data on the cell fate-controlling functions of both molecules are quite controversial. Here, we address the functions of RIPK1 and TRADD in TNF signaling by generating RIPK1- or TRADD-deficient human cell lines. We demonstrate that RIPK1 is relevant for TNF-induced apoptosis and necroptosis in conditions with depleted IAPs. In addition, TRADD is dispensable for necroptosis but required for apoptosis. We reveal a new possible function of TRADD as a negative regulator of NIK stabilization and subsequent ripoptosome formation. Furthermore, we show that RIPK1 and TRADD do not appear to be essential for the activation of MAPK signaling. Moreover, partially repressing NF-κB activation in both RIPK1 and TRADD KO cells does not result in sensitization to TNF alone due to the absence of NIK stabilization. Importantly, we demonstrate that RIPK1 is essential for preventing TRADD from undergoing TNF-induced ubiquitination and degradation. Taken together, our findings provide further insights into the specific functions of RIPK1 and TRADD in the regulation of TNF-dependent signaling, which controls the balance between cell death and survival.
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Feoktistova M, Makarov R, Leverkus M, Yazdi AS, Panayotova-Dimitrova D. TNF Is Partially Required for Cell-Death-Triggered Skin Inflammation upon Acute Loss of cFLIP. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228859. [PMID: 33238518 PMCID: PMC7700656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
cFLIP is required for epidermal integrity and skin inflammation silencing via protection from TNF-induced keratinocyte apoptosis. Here, we generated and analyzed cFLIP epidermal KO mice with additional TNF deficiency. Intriguingly, the ablation of TNF rescued the pathological phenotype of epidermal cFLIP KO from characteristic weight loss and increased mortality. Moreover, the lack of TNF in these animals strongly reduced and delayed the epidermal hyperkeratosis and the increased apoptosis in keratinocytes. Our data demonstrate that TNF signaling in cFLIP-deficient keratinocytes is the critical factor for the regulation of skin inflammation via modulated cytokine and chemokine expression and, thus, the attraction of immune cells. Our data suggest that autocrine TNF loop activation upon cFLIP deletion is dispensable for T cells, but is critical for neutrophil attraction. Our findings provide evidence for a negative regulatory role of cFLIP for TNF-dependent apoptosis and partially for epidermal inflammation. However, alternative signaling pathways may contribute to the development of the dramatic skin disease upon cFLIP deletion. Our data warrant future studies of the regulatory mechanism controlling the development of skin disease upon cFLIP deficiency and the role of cFLIP/TNF in a number of inflammatory skin diseases, including toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).
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Feoktistova M, Makarov R, Brenji S, Schneider AT, Hooiveld GJ, Luedde T, Leverkus M, Yazdi AS, Panayotova-Dimitrova D. A20 Promotes Ripoptosome Formation and TNF-Induced Apoptosis via cIAPs Regulation and NIK Stabilization in Keratinocytes. Cells 2020; 9:E351. [PMID: 32028675 PMCID: PMC7072579 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-editing protein A20 (TNFAIP3) is a known key player in the regulation of immune responses in many organs. Genome-wide associated studies (GWASs) have linked A20 with a number of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, including psoriasis. Here, we identified a previously unrecognized role of A20 as a pro-apoptotic factor in TNF-induced cell death in keratinocytes. This function of A20 is mediated via the NF-κB-dependent alteration of cIAP1/2 expression. The changes in cIAP1/2 protein levels promote NIK stabilization and subsequent activation of noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Upregulation of TRAF1 expression triggered by the noncanonical NF-κB signaling further enhances the NIK stabilization in an autocrine manner. Finally, stabilized NIK promotes the formation of the ripoptosome and the execution of cell death. Thus, our data demonstrate that A20 controls the execution of TNF-induced cell death on multiple levels in keratinocytes. This signaling mechanism might have important implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of A20-associated skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Feoktistova
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.F.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (A.S.Y.)
| | - Roman Makarov
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.F.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (A.S.Y.)
| | - Sihem Brenji
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.F.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (A.S.Y.)
| | - Anne T. Schneider
- Department of Medicine III, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.T.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Guido J. Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism & Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen; The Netherlands;
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.T.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Martin Leverkus
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.F.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (A.S.Y.)
| | - Amir S. Yazdi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.F.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (A.S.Y.)
| | - Diana Panayotova-Dimitrova
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.F.); (R.M.); (S.B.); (A.S.Y.)
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5
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Feoktistova M, Makarov R, Schneider A, Hooiveld G, Luedde T, Leverkus M, Yazdi A, Panayotova-Dimitrova D. 420 A20 contribution to NF-κB regulation, Ripoptosome formation and TNF-induced cell death in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.07.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Feoktistova M, Panayotova-Dimitrova D. Overcoming cell death resistance in skin cancer therapy: Novel translational perspectives. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:854-857. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Feoktistova
- Department of Dermatology & Allergology; University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
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7
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Schneider AT, Gautheron J, Feoktistova M, Roderburg C, Loosen SH, Roy S, Benz F, Schemmer P, Büchler MW, Nachbur U, Neumann UP, Tolba R, Luedde M, Zucman-Rossi J, Panayotova-Dimitrova D, Leverkus M, Preisinger C, Tacke F, Trautwein C, Longerich T, Vucur M, Luedde T. RIPK1 Suppresses a TRAF2-Dependent Pathway to Liver Cancer. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:94-109. [PMID: 28017612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) represents an essential signaling node in cell death and inflammation. Ablation of Ripk1 in liver parenchymal cells (LPC) did not cause a spontaneous phenotype, but led to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-dependent hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury without affecting inducible nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation. Loss of Ripk1 induced the TNF-dependent proteasomal degradation of the E3-ligase, TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), in a kinase-independent manner, thereby activating caspase-8. Moreover, loss of both Ripk1 and Traf2 in LPC not only resulted in caspase-8 hyperactivation but also impaired NF-κB activation, promoting the spontaneous development of hepatocellular carcinoma. In line, low RIPK1 and TRAF2 expression in human HCCs was associated with an unfavorable prognosis, suggesting that RIPK1 collaborates with TRAF2 to inhibit murine and human hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne T Schneider
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jérémie Gautheron
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria Feoktistova
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Sven H Loosen
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sanchari Roy
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Benz
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Schemmer
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus W Büchler
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ueli Nachbur
- Department of Medical Biology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050/3052, Australia
| | - Ulf P Neumann
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene Tolba
- Department of Laboratory Animal Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Luedde
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Leverkus
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Longerich
- Department of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mihael Vucur
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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8
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Hughes MA, Powley IR, Jukes-Jones R, Horn S, Feoktistova M, Fairall L, Schwabe JWR, Leverkus M, Cain K, MacFarlane M. Co-operative and Hierarchical Binding of c-FLIP and Caspase-8: A Unified Model Defines How c-FLIP Isoforms Differentially Control Cell Fate. Mol Cell 2016; 61:834-49. [PMID: 26990987 PMCID: PMC4819448 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) initiates death receptor-induced apoptosis. DISC assembly and activation are controlled by c-FLIP isoforms, which function as pro-apoptotic (c-FLIPL only) or anti-apoptotic (c-FLIPL/c-FLIPS) regulators of procaspase-8 activation. Current models assume that c-FLIP directly competes with procaspase-8 for recruitment to FADD. Using a functional reconstituted DISC, structure-guided mutagenesis, and quantitative LC-MS/MS, we show that c-FLIPL/S binding to the DISC is instead a co-operative procaspase-8-dependent process. FADD initially recruits procaspase-8, which in turn recruits and heterodimerizes with c-FLIPL/S via a hierarchical binding mechanism. Procaspase-8 activation is regulated by the ratio of unbound c-FLIPL/S to procaspase-8, which determines composition of the procaspase-8:c-FLIPL/S heterodimer. Thus, procaspase-8:c-FLIPL exhibits localized enzymatic activity and is preferentially an activator, promoting DED-mediated procaspase-8 oligomer assembly, whereas procaspase-8:c-FLIPS lacks activity and potently blocks procaspase-8 activation. This co-operative hierarchical binding model explains the dual role of c-FLIPL and crucially defines how c-FLIP isoforms differentially control cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Hughes
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, P.O. Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Ian R Powley
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, P.O. Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Rebekah Jukes-Jones
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, P.O. Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Sebastian Horn
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maria Feoktistova
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Louise Fairall
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - John W R Schwabe
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Martin Leverkus
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kelvin Cain
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, P.O. Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
| | - Marion MacFarlane
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, P.O. Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
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Gandesiri M, Chakilam S, Ivanovska J, Benderska N, Ocker M, Di Fazio P, Feoktistova M, Gali-Muhtasib H, Rave-Fränk M, Prante O, Christiansen H, Leverkus M, Hartmann A, Schneider-Stock R. Erratum to: DAPK plays an important role in panobinostat-induced autophagy and commits cells to apoptosis under autophagy deficient conditions. Apoptosis 2016; 21:671-4. [PMID: 26960313 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muktheshwar Gandesiri
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Saritha Chakilam
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jelena Ivanovska
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natalya Benderska
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Ocker
- Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maria Feoktistova
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Margret Rave-Fränk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans Christiansen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Radiation Therapy and Oncology, Medical School Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Leverkus
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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10
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Abstract
Adherent cells detach from cell culture plates during cell death. This characteristic can be used for the indirect quantification of cell death and to determine differences in proliferation upon stimulation with death-inducing agents. One simple method to detect maintained adherence of cells is the staining of attached cells with crystal violet dye, which binds to proteins and DNA. Cells that undergo cell death lose their adherence and are subsequently lost from the population of cells, reducing the amount of crystal violet staining in a culture. This protocol describes a quick and reliable screening method that is suitable for the examination of the impact of chemotherapeutics or other compounds on cell survival and growth inhibition. However, characterization of the cause of reduced crystal violet staining requires additional methods detailed elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Feoktistova
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 68167, Germany
| | - Peter Geserick
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 68167, Germany
| | - Martin Leverkus
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 68167, Germany; Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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11
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Feoktistova M, Wallberg F, Tenev T, Geserick P, Leverkus M, Meier P. Techniques to Distinguish Apoptosis from Necroptosis. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2016; 2016:pdb.top070375. [PMID: 27037077 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top070375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The processes by which cells die are as tightly regulated as those that govern cell growth and proliferation. Recent studies of the molecular pathways that regulate and execute cell death have uncovered a plethora of signaling cascades that lead to distinct modes of cell death, including "apoptosis," "necrosis," "autophagic cell death," and "mitotic catastrophe." Cells can readily switch from one form of death to another; therefore, it is vital to have the ability to monitor the form of death that cells are undergoing. A number of techniques are available that allow the detection of cell death and when combined with either knockdown approaches or inhibitors of specific signaling pathways, such as caspase or RIP kinase pathways, they allow the rapid dissection of divergent cell death pathways. However, techniques that reveal the end point of cell death cannot reconstruct the sequence of events that have led to death; therefore, they need to be complemented with methods that can distinguish all forms of cell death. Apoptotic cells frequently undergo secondary necrosis under in vitro culture conditions; therefore, novel methods relying on high-throughput time-lapse fluorescence video microscopy are necessary to provide temporal resolution to cell death events. Further, visualizing the assembly of multiprotein signaling hubs that can execute apoptosis or necroptosis helps to explore the underlying processes. Here we introduce a suite of techniques that reliably distinguish necrosis from apoptosis and secondary necrosis, and that enable investigation of signaling platforms capable of instructing apoptosis or necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Feoktistova
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Fredrik Wallberg
- The Breakthrough Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Tencho Tenev
- The Breakthrough Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Geserick
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Leverkus
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Pascal Meier
- The Breakthrough Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
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12
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Abstract
The biochemical signaling of cell death pathways is executed at a number of different intracellular and/or membrane-bound high-molecular mass complexes. It is crucial to be able to detect the formation, differences in assembly, and differential composition of such complexes to understand their contribution to the execution phase of apoptotic or necroptotic cell death. We describe here the use of caspase-8 coimmunoprecipitation in the spontaneously transformed keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT, to study the formation and composition of the Ripoptosome, a complex that is based on the serine-threonine kinase receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIPK1). However, the method can be adapted for use with other antibodies and cell lines. This protocol determines whether cells form the Ripoptosome complex, which is important for both apoptosis and necroptosis execution. Caspase-8 is an indispensible Ripoptosome component; therefore, caspase-8 antibodies are used to pull down the respective complex. However, the method cannot discriminate whether this complex triggers apoptosis (through the RIPK1 → FADD → caspase-8 activation pathway), necroptosis (through the RIPK1 → RIPK3 → MLKL activation pathway) or nondeath signaling. The actual signaling output (death or nondeath signaling) depends on the stoichiometry of the respective molecules as well as on the activity of FLIP, caspase-8, or other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Feoktistova
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg 68167, Germany
| | - Peter Geserick
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg 68167, Germany
| | - Martin Leverkus
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg 68167, Germany; Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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13
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Geserick P, Wang J, Schilling R, Horn S, Harris PA, Bertin J, Gough PJ, Feoktistova M, Leverkus M. Absence of RIPK3 predicts necroptosis resistance in malignant melanoma. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1884. [PMID: 26355347 PMCID: PMC4650439 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acquired or intrinsic resistance to apoptotic and necroptotic stimuli is considered a major hindrance of therapeutic success in malignant melanoma. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are important regulators of apoptotic and necroptotic cell death mediated by numerous cell death signalling platforms. In this report we investigated the impact of IAPs for cell death regulation in malignant melanoma. Suppression of IAPs strongly sensitized a panel of melanoma cells to death ligand-induced cell death, which, surprisingly, was largely mediated by apoptosis, as it was completely rescued by addition of caspase inhibitors. Interestingly, the absence of necroptosis signalling correlated with a lack of receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) mRNA and protein expression in all cell lines, whereas primary melanocytes and cultured nevus cells strongly expressed RIPK3. Reconstitution of RIPK3, but not a RIPK3-kinase dead mutant in a set of melanoma cell lines overcame CD95L/IAP antagonist-induced necroptosis resistance independent of autocrine tumour necrosis factor secretion. Using specific inhibitors, functional studies revealed that RIPK3-mediated mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) phosphorylation and necroptosis induction critically required receptor-interacting protein kinase-1 signalling. Furthermore, the inhibitor of mutant BRAF Dabrafenib, but not Vemurafenib, inhibited necroptosis in melanoma cells whenever RIPK3 is present. Our data suggest that loss of RIPK3 in melanoma and selective inhibition of the RIPK3/MLKL axis by BRAF inhibitor Dabrafenib, but not Vemurafenib, is critical to protect from necroptosis. Strategies that allow RIPK3 expression may allow unmasking the necroptotic signalling machinery in melanoma and points to reactivation of this pathway as a treatment option for metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Geserick
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - J Wang
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department for Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - R Schilling
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - S Horn
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - P A Harris
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - J Bertin
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - P J Gough
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - M Feoktistova
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department for Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Leverkus
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department for Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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14
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Klemke CD, Feoktistova M, Leverkus M. Silencing autocrine death: a ubiquitin ligase that blocks activation-induced cell death in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:662-665. [PMID: 25666675 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) tumor cells lack the ability of activated T cells to undergo TCR/CD3-mediated activation-induced cell death (AICD). In this issue, the study reported by Wu et al. demonstrates that c-CBL (Casitas B-lineage Lymphoma proto-oncogene) is overexpressed in CTCL. When CTCL cells lose c-CBL, AICD is enhanced. Furthermore, combination therapy with methotrexate (a known demethylating agent for the CD95 gene) in combination with the loss of c-CBL increases CTCL cell death. Therefore, inhibition of c-CBL could represent a method of sensitizing lymphoma cells to enhance AICD. Armed with their novel data, the investigators envision combination therapies that target c-CBL to reactivate AICD in the malignant T cells whenever responsiveness to TCR/CD3 signaling is retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus-Detlev Klemke
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maria Feoktistova
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Leverkus
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Section of Molecular Dermatology, Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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15
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Geserick P, Wang J, Feoktistova M, Leverkus M. The ratio of Mcl-1 and Noxa determines ABT737 resistance in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1673. [PMID: 25741598 PMCID: PMC4385933 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Panayotova-Dimitrova D, Feoktistova M, Ploesser M, Kellert B, Hupe M, Horn S, Makarov R, Jensen F, Porubsky S, Schmieder A, Zenclussen AC, Marx A, Kerstan A, Geserick P, He YW, Leverkus M. cFLIP regulates skin homeostasis and protects against TNF-induced keratinocyte apoptosis. Cell Rep 2015; 5:397-408. [PMID: 24209745 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
FADD, caspase-8, and cFLIP regulate the outcome of cell death signaling. Mice that constitutively lack these molecules die at an early embryonic age, whereas tissue-specific constitutive deletion of FADD or caspase-8 results in inflammatory skin disease caused by increased necroptosis. The function of cFLIP in the skin in vivo is unknown. In contrast to tissue-specific caspase-8 knockout, we show that mice constitutively lacking cFLIP in the epidermis die around embryonic days 10 and 11. When cFLIP expression was abrogated in adult skin of cFLIPfl/fl-K14CreERtam mice, severe inflammation of the skin with concomitant caspase activation and apoptotic, but not necroptotic, cell death developed. Apoptosis was dependent of autocrine tumor necrosis factor production triggered by loss of cFLIP. In addition, epidermal cFLIP protein was lost in patients with severe drug reactions associated with epidermal apoptosis. Our data demonstrate the importance of cFLIP for the integrity of the epidermis and for silencing of spontaneous skin inflammation.
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Abstract
In recent years, the paradigm of cell death regulation has changed. Nowadays, not only apoptosis but also several forms of necrosis (e.g. necroptosis) are considered to be regulated. The central roles of receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein, and the molecular signalling platforms in which these molecules participate, are being intensively studied. In particular, the role of RIPK1, being both a kinase and a scaffold molecule, in different cell death regulatory complexes is of great relevance for the field. This minireview aims to introduce the emerging and dynamic field of necroptosis to the reader, with a specific focus on intracellular signalling pathways involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Feoktistova
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Geserick P, Wang J, Feoktistova M, Leverkus M. The ratio of Mcl-1 and Noxa determines ABT737 resistance in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1412. [PMID: 25210795 PMCID: PMC4540197 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumour progression and therapy resistance in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCC) is strongly associated with resistance to intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis. We thus investigated the role of various anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins for apoptosis protection in SCC using the BH3 agonist ABT737 that can overcome multidomain Bcl-2 protein protection. Sensitive SCC cells underwent rapid loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), subsequent apoptosis concomitant with caspase-3 activation and an early release of mitochondria-derived cytochrome c and smac/DIABLO. In contrast, ABT737 resistance in subsets of SCC cells was not explained by XIAP, important for protection from DR-induced apoptosis in SCC. Of note, ABT737 did not prime SCC cells to DR-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, the ratio of Mcl-1 and Noxa determined sensitivity to ABT737: loss of Mcl-1 rendered resistant cells sensitive to ABT737, whereas loss of Noxa promoted resistance in sensitive cells. In line, suppression of Mcl-1 by the pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor Obatoclax or overexpression of Noxa rendered resistant SCC cells sensitive to BH3 mimetics. Our data indicate that targeting of the Mcl-1/Noxa axis is important to overcome resistance to mitochondrial apoptosis in SCC. Therefore, combination treatment of ABT737 or derivatives with Mcl-1 inhibitors, or inducers of Noxa, may represent a novel option of targeted therapy in metastatic SCC of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Geserick
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - J Wang
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Feoktistova
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Leverkus
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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19
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Cullen SP, Henry CM, Kearney CJ, Logue SE, Feoktistova M, Tynan GA, Lavelle EC, Leverkus M, Martin SJ. Fas/CD95-induced chemokines can serve as "find-me" signals for apoptotic cells. Mol Cell 2013; 49:1034-48. [PMID: 23434371 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is commonly thought to represent an immunologically silent or even anti-inflammatory mode of cell death, resulting in cell clearance in the absence of explicit activation of the immune system. However, here we show that Fas/CD95-induced apoptosis is associated with the production of an array of cytokines and chemokines, including IL-6, IL-8, CXCL1, MCP-1, and GMCSF. Fas-induced production of MCP-1 and IL-8 promoted chemotaxis of phagocytes toward apoptotic cells, suggesting that these factors serve as "find-me" signals in this context. We also show that RIPK1 and IAPs are required for optimal production of cytokines and chemokines in response to Fas receptor stimulation. Consequently, a synthetic IAP antagonist potently suppressed Fas-dependent expression of multiple proinflammatory mediators and inhibited Fas-induced chemotaxis. Thus, in addition to provoking apoptosis, Fas receptor stimulation can trigger the secretion of chemotactic factors and other immunologically active proteins that can influence immune responsiveness toward dying cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Cullen
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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20
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Abstract
The characterization of the quality and quantity of cell death has gained substantial interest over the past decades. More recently necroptosis as a programmed form of necrosis has been identified as an important additional form of cell death with relevance in the skin. Understanding how to assay cell death in specific is of critical importance for cancer research and treatment. Here we describe six different methods that can be used to assay cell viability and to study the quality or quantity of cultured human keratinocytes in vitro. These methods include crystal violet assay, hypodiploidy analysis, caspase-8 cleavage, release of HMGB1, annexin V/propidium iodide co-staining, and Hoechst/SYTOX green co-staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Makarov
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Gandesiri M, Chakilam S, Ivanovska J, Benderska N, Ocker M, Di Fazio P, Feoktistova M, Gali-Muhtasib H, Rave-Fränk M, Prante O, Christiansen H, Leverkus M, Hartmann A, Schneider-Stock R. DAPK plays an important role in panobinostat-induced autophagy and commits cells to apoptosis under autophagy deficient conditions. Apoptosis 2012; 17:1300-15. [PMID: 23011180 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) LBH589 has been verified as an effective anticancer agent. The identification and characterization of new targets for LBH589 action would further enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in HDACi therapy. The role of the tumor suppressor death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) in LBH589-induced cytotoxicity has not been investigated to date. Stable DAPK knockdown (shRNA) and DAPK overexpressing (DAPK+++) cell lines were generated from HCT116 wildtype colon cancer cells. LBH589 inhibited cell proliferation, reduced the long-term survival, and up-regulated and activated DAPK in colorectal cancer cells. Moreover, LBH589 significantly suppressed the growth of colon tumor xenografts and in accordance with the in vitro studies, increased DAPK levels were detected immunohistochemically. LBH589 induced a DAPK-dependent autophagy as assessed by punctuate accumulation of LC3-II, the formation of acidic vesicular organelles, and degradation of p62 protein. LBH589-induced autophagy seems to be predominantly caused by DAPK protein interactions than by its kinase activity. Caspase inhibitor zVAD increased autophagosome formation, decreased the cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP but didn't rescue the cells from LBH589-induced cell death in crystal violet staining suggesting both caspase-dependent as well as caspase-independent apoptosis pathways. Pre-treatment with the autophagy inhibitor Bafilomycin A1 caused caspase 3-mediated apoptosis in a DAPK-dependent manner. Altogether our data suggest that DAPK induces autophagy in response to HDACi-treatment. In autophagy deficient cells, DAPK plays an essential role in committing cells to HDACi-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muktheshwar Gandesiri
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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22
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Feoktistova M, Geserick P, Panayotova-Dimitrova D, Leverkus M. Pick your poison: the Ripoptosome, a cell death platform regulating apoptosis and necroptosis. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:460-7. [PMID: 22274400 DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.3.19060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
At an unbelievable pace, recent evidence has emerged that demonstrates the importance of a programmed form of necrosis (necroptosis) in physiology, pathophysiology and embryonic development. It is clear that the understanding of the intracellular control of necroptosis as compared to caspase-dependent apoptosis is of paramount importance. Tumorigenesis, immune surveillance of cancer and pathogen-induced disease, to name only a few, appear to be affected by the mode of cell death in vivo. Here, we discuss the Ripoptosome, a newly defined 2 MDa intracellular signalling complex that can be formed upon genotoxic stress or loss of inhibitor-of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). The Ripoptosome is a signaling platform that can switch modes between apoptotic and necroptotic cell death. In this report, we extend our recent studies and further the notion that the stoichiometric balance between RIP1 and cIAPs is critical for Ripoptosome formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the critical relevance of the balance of expression levels of short (cFLIPS) or viral (vFLIP) forms of FLIP and RIP3 kinase for the spontaneous execution of necroptosis whenever cIAPs are absent in the cells. Our study thus supports and extends the intriguing role of the Ripoptosome for the regulation of apoptosis and necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Feoktistova
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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23
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Feoktistova M, Geserick P, Kellert B, Dimitrova DP, Langlais C, Hupe M, Cain K, MacFarlane M, Häcker G, Leverkus M. cIAPs block Ripoptosome formation, a RIP1/caspase-8 containing intracellular cell death complex differentially regulated by cFLIP isoforms. Mol Cell 2011; 43:449-63. [PMID: 21737330 PMCID: PMC3163271 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 766] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular regulation of cell death pathways by cIAPs has been enigmatic. Here we show that loss of cIAPs promotes the spontaneous formation of an intracellular platform that activates either apoptosis or necroptosis. This 2 MDa intracellular complex that we designate “Ripoptosome” is necessary but not sufficient for cell death. It contains RIP1, FADD, caspase-8, caspase-10, and caspase inhibitor cFLIP isoforms. cFLIPL prevents Ripoptosome formation, whereas, intriguingly, cFLIPS promotes Ripoptosome assembly. When cIAPs are absent, caspase activity is the “rheostat” that is controlled by cFLIP isoforms in the Ripoptosome and decides if cell death occurs by RIP3-dependent necroptosis or caspase-dependent apoptosis. RIP1 is the core component of the complex. As exemplified by our studies for TLR3 activation, our data argue that the Ripoptosome critically influences the outcome of membrane-bound receptor triggering. The differential quality of cell death mediated by the Ripoptosome may cause important pathophysiological consequences during inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Feoktistova
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Kavuri SM, Geserick P, Berg D, Dimitrova DP, Feoktistova M, Siegmund D, Gollnick H, Neumann M, Wajant H, Leverkus M. Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (cFLIP) isoforms block CD95- and TRAIL death receptor-induced gene induction irrespective of processing of caspase-8 or cFLIP in the death-inducing signaling complex. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:16631-46. [PMID: 21454681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.148585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Death receptors (DRs) induce apoptosis but also stimulate proinflammatory "non-apoptotic" signaling (e.g. NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation) and inhibit distinct steps of DR-activated maturation of procaspase-8. To examine whether isoforms of cellular FLIP (cFLIP) or its cleavage products differentially regulate DR signaling, we established HaCaT cells expressing cFLIP(S), cFLIP(L), or mutants of cFLIP(L) (cFLIP(D376N) and cFLIP(p43)). cFLIP variants blocked TRAIL- and CD95L-induced apoptosis, but the cleavage pattern of caspase-8 in the death inducing signaling complex was different: cFLIP(L) induced processing of caspase-8 to the p43/41 fragments irrespective of cFLIP cleavage. cFLIP(S) or cFLIP(p43) blocked procaspase-8 cleavage. Analyzing non-apoptotic signaling pathways, we found that TRAIL and CD95L activate JNK and p38 within 15 min. cFLIP variants and different caspase inhibitors blocked late death ligand-induced JNK or p38 MAPK activation suggesting that these responses are secondary to cell death. cFLIP isoforms/mutants also blocked death ligand-mediated gene induction of CXCL-8 (IL-8). Knockdown of caspase-8 fully suppressed apoptotic and non-apoptotic signaling. Knockdown of cFLIP isoforms in primary human keratinocytes enhanced CD95L- and TRAIL-induced NF-κB activation, and JNK and p38 activation, underscoring the regulatory role of cFLIP for these DR-mediated signals. Whereas the presence of caspase-8 is critical for apoptotic and non-apoptotic signaling, cFLIP isoforms are potent inhibitors of TRAIL- and CD95L-induced apoptosis, NF-κB activation, and the late JNK and p38 MAPK activation. cFLIP-mediated inhibition of CD95 and TRAIL DR could be of crucial importance during keratinocyte skin carcinogenesis and for the activation of innate and/or adaptive immune responses triggered by DR activation in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam M Kavuri
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
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25
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Geserick P, Hupe M, Moulin M, Wong WWL, Feoktistova M, Kellert B, Gollnick H, Silke J, Leverkus M. Cellular IAPs inhibit a cryptic CD95-induced cell death by limiting RIP1 kinase recruitment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 187:1037-54. [PMID: 20038679 PMCID: PMC2806279 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200904158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
cIAPs keep RIP1 from getting to the DISC complex and complex II; when cIAPs are repressed, signaling is modulated by the cFLIP isoform. A role for cellular inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs [cIAPs]) in preventing CD95 death has been suspected but not previously explained mechanistically. In this study, we find that the loss of cIAPs leads to a dramatic sensitization to CD95 ligand (CD95L) killing. Surprisingly, this form of cell death can only be blocked by a combination of RIP1 (receptor-interacting protein 1) kinase and caspase inhibitors. Consistently, we detect a large increase in RIP1 levels in the CD95 death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and in a secondary cytoplasmic complex (complex II) in the presence of IAP antagonists and loss of RIP1-protected cells from CD95L/IAP antagonist–induced death. Cells resistant to CD95L/IAP antagonist treatment could be sensitized by short hairpin RNA–mediated knockdown of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (cFLIP). However, only cFLIPL and not cFLIPS interfered with RIP1 recruitment to the DISC and complex II and protected cells from death. These results demonstrate a fundamental role for RIP1 in CD95 signaling and provide support for a physiological role of caspase-independent death receptor–mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Geserick
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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26
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Gnad T, Feoktistova M, Leverkus M, Lendeckel U, Naumann M. Helicobacter pylori-induced activation of beta-catenin involves low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 and Dishevelled. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:31. [PMID: 20137080 PMCID: PMC2825249 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human microbial pathogen Helicobacter pylori resides in the stomach of about fifty percent of the world's population and represents a risk factor for chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers and, in rare cases, gastric cancer. Alterations of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway have been described in almost every human cancer disease, due to the regulation of target genes being involved in cell cycle control, differentiation, cell migration or stem cell control. Our study aimed to elucidate the role of proximal Wnt signaling components low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) and Dishevelled (Dvl) in the activation of β-catenin early after infection of gastric epithelial cells with H. pylori. Results Infection of gastric epithelial NCI-N87 cells with H. pylori induces rapid phosphorylation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway co-receptor LRP6 independent of the cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) or vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA). However, bacteria lacking a functional type 4 secretion system (T4SS) failed to induce LRP6 phosphorylation. Further, we identified proteins of the Dvl family, namely Dvl2 and Dvl3, which are involved in LRP6 phosphorylation. H. pylori-induced nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and its transcriptional activation, and expression of Wnt target genes are strongly reduced in stable knockdown cell lines deficient for LRP6, Dvl2 or Dvl3. Conclusion We analysed the H. pylori-induced activation of Wnt-signaling factors and demonstrate for the first time that the canonical Wnt-signaling proteins LRP6 and Dvl2 and Dvl3 are involved in the regulation of β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Gnad
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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