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Grill FJ, Svarovsky S, Gonzalez-Moa M, Kaleta E, Blair JE, Lovato L, Grant R, Ross K, Linnehan BK, Meegan J, Reilly KS, Brown A, Williams S, Chung Y, Magee DM, Grys TE, Lake DF. Development of a rapid lateral flow assay for detection of anti-coccidioidal antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0063123. [PMID: 37655868 PMCID: PMC10512788 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00631-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidioides spp. are dimorphic fungi that are capable of infecting human and non-human mammals and can cause diverse manifestations of coccidioidomycosis or Valley fever (VF). In combination with clinical symptoms and radiographic findings, antibody-based diagnostic tests are often used to diagnose and monitor patients with VF. Chitinase 1 (CTS1) has previously been identified as the seroreactive antigen used in these diagnostic assays to detect anticoccidial IgG. Here, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect IgG to CTS1 demonstrated 165 of 178 (92.7%) patients with a positive result by immunodiffusion (ID) and/or complement fixation (CF) had antibodies to the single antigen CTS1. We then developed a rapid antibody lateral flow assay (LFA) to detect anti-CTS1 antibodies. Out of 143 samples tested, the LFA showed 92.9% positive percent agreement [95% confidence interval (CI), 84.3%-96.9%] and 97.7% negative percent agreement (95% CI, 87.9%-99.6%) with ID and CF assays. Serum or plasma from canines, macaques, and dolphins was also tested by the CTS1 LFA. Test line densities of the CTS1 LFA correlated in a linear manner with the reported CF and ID titers for human and non-human samples, respectively. This 10-min point-of-care test for the rapid detection of anti-coccidioidal antibodies could help to inform healthcare providers in real-time, potentially improving the efficiency of healthcare delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erin Kaleta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Janis E. Blair
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Lydia Lovato
- Veterinary Neurological Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Richard Grant
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kyle Ross
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Jenny Meegan
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kenta S. Reilly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Ashlyn Brown
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Stacy Williams
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Yunro Chung
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - D. Mitchell Magee
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas E. Grys
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Douglas F. Lake
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Lake DF, Roeder AJ, Kaleta E, Jasbi P, Pfeffer K, Koelbela C, Periasamy S, Kuzmina N, Bukreyev A, Grys TE, Wu L, Mills JR, McAulay K, Gonzalez-Moa M, Seit-Nebi A, Svarovsky S. Development of a rapid point-of-care test that measures neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Virol 2021; 145:105024. [PMID: 34781240 PMCID: PMC8567411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.105024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After receiving a COVID-19 vaccine, most recipients want to know if they are protected from infection and for how long. Since neutralizing antibodies are a correlate of protection, we developed a lateral flow assay (LFA) that measures levels of neutralizing antibodies from a drop of blood. The LFA is based on the principle that neutralizing antibodies block binding of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). METHODS The ability of the LFA was assessed to correctly measure neutralization of sera, plasma or whole blood from patients with COVID-19 using SARS-CoV-2 microneutralization assays. We also determined if the LFA distinguished patients with seasonal respiratory viruses from patients with COVID-19. To demonstrate the usefulness of the LFA, we tested previously infected and non-infected COVID-19 vaccine recipients at baseline and after first and second vaccine doses. RESULTS The LFA compared favorably with SARS-CoV-2 microneutralization assays with an area under the ROC curve of 98%. Sera obtained from patients with seasonal coronaviruses did not show neutralizing activity in the LFA. After a single mRNA vaccine dose, 87% of previously infected individuals demonstrated high levels of neutralizing antibodies. However, if individuals were not previously infected, only 24% demonstrated high levels of neutralizing antibodies after one vaccine dose. A second dose boosted neutralizing antibody levels just 8% higher in previously infected individuals, but over 63% higher in non-infected individuals. CONCLUSIONS A rapid, semi-quantitative, highly portable and inexpensive neutralizing antibody test might be useful for monitoring rise and fall in vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas F Lake
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA.
| | - Alexa J Roeder
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA
| | - Erin Kaleta
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Paniz Jasbi
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix AZ, USA
| | - Kirsten Pfeffer
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA
| | - Calvin Koelbela
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA
| | - Sivakumar Periasamy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Natalia Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Thomas E Grys
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Liang Wu
- Mayo Clinic Rochester, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, MN USA
| | - John R Mills
- Mayo Clinic Rochester, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Kathrine McAulay
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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Abstract
Bacterial endotoxins or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are among the most potent activators of innate immune system, yet mechanisms of their action and, in particular, the role of the glycans remain elusive. Efficient noninvasive labeling strategies are necessary for studying interactions of LPS glycans with biological systems. Here, we describe a new method for labeling LPS and other lipoglycans with luminescent quantum dots (QDots). The labeling is achieved by the partitioning of hydrophobic quantum dots into the core of various LPS aggregates without disturbing the native LPS structure. The biofunctionality of the LPS-QDot conjugates is demonstrated by labeling of mouse monocytes. This simple method will find broad applicability in studies concerned with visualization of LPS biodistribution and identification of LPS-binding agents.
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