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Cederholm T, Jensen GL, Correia MITD, Gonzalez MC, Fukushima R, Higashiguchi T, Baptista G, Barazzoni R, Blaauw R, Coats A, Crivelli A, Evans DC, Gramlich L, Fuchs-Tarlovsky V, Keller H, Llido L, Malone A, Mogensen KM, Morley JE, Muscaritoli M, Nyulasi I, Pirlich M, Pisprasert V, de van der Schueren MAE, Siltharm S, Singer P, Tappenden K, Velasco N, Waitzberg D, Yamwong P, Yu J, Van Gossum A, Compher C, Cederholm T, Van Gossum A, Correia MIT, Gonzalez MC, Fukushima R, Higashiguchi T, Baptista G, Barazzoni R, Blaauw R, Coats A, Crivelli A, Evans D, Gramlich L, Fuchs V, Keller H, Llido L, Malone A, Mogensen K, Morley J, Muscaritoli M, Nyulasi I, Pirlich M, Pisprasert V, de van der Schueren M, Siltharm S, Singer P, Tappenden K, Velasco N, Waitzberg D, Yamwong P, Yu J. GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition - A consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:1-9. [PMID: 30181091 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1200] [Impact Index Per Article: 200.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE This initiative is focused on building a global consensus around core diagnostic criteria for malnutrition in adults in clinical settings. METHODS In January 2016, the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) was convened by several of the major global clinical nutrition societies. GLIM appointed a core leadership committee and a supporting working group with representatives bringing additional global diversity and expertise. Empirical consensus was reached through a series of face-to-face meetings, telephone conferences, and e-mail communications. RESULTS A two-step approach for the malnutrition diagnosis was selected, i.e., first screening to identify "at risk" status by the use of any validated screening tool, and second, assessment for diagnosis and grading the severity of malnutrition. The malnutrition criteria for consideration were retrieved from existing approaches for screening and assessment. Potential criteria were subjected to a ballot among the GLIM core and supporting working group members. The top five ranked criteria included three phenotypic criteria (non-volitional weight loss, low body mass index, and reduced muscle mass) and two etiologic criteria (reduced food intake or assimilation, and inflammation or disease burden). To diagnose malnutrition at least one phenotypic criterion and one etiologic criterion should be present. Phenotypic metrics for grading severity as Stage 1 (moderate) and Stage 2 (severe) malnutrition are proposed. It is recommended that the etiologic criteria be used to guide intervention and anticipated outcomes. The recommended approach supports classification of malnutrition into four etiology-related diagnosis categories. CONCLUSION A consensus scheme for diagnosing malnutrition in adults in clinical settings on a global scale is proposed. Next steps are to secure further collaboration and endorsements from leading nutrition professional societies, to identify overlaps with syndromes like cachexia and sarcopenia, and to promote dissemination, validation studies, and feedback. The diagnostic construct should be re-considered every 3-5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cederholm
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - G L Jensen
- Dean's Office and Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - M I T D Correia
- Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizante, Brazil
| | - M C Gonzalez
- Post-graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - R Fukushima
- Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Tokyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Higashiguchi
- Department of Surgery and Palliative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake-City, Aichi, Japan
| | - G Baptista
- Medicine Faculty Central University of Venezuela, Universitary Hospital of Caracas, Chief Nutritional Support Unit Hospital Universitary/Academic of Caracas, University Central of Venezuela, Venezuela
| | - R Barazzoni
- Department of Medical, Technological and Translational Sciences, University of Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara, Trieste, Italy
| | - R Blaauw
- Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Coats
- Monash University, Australia; University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - A Crivelli
- Hospital HIGA San Martín, Unit of Nutrition Support and Malabsorptive Diseases, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D C Evans
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - L Gramlich
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Fuchs-Tarlovsky
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - H Keller
- Schlegel-UW Research Institute for Aging and Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Llido
- Clinical Nutrition Service, St. Luke's Medical Center-Quezon City, Metro-Manila, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - A Malone
- The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Mt. Carmel West Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - K M Mogensen
- Department of Nutrition, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J E Morley
- Division of Geriatrics, Saint Louis University Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - M Muscaritoli
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - I Nyulasi
- Department of Nutrition, Alfred Health and Professor of Dietetic Practice, Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, Latrobe University; Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Australia
| | - M Pirlich
- Imperial Oak Outpatient Clinic, Endocrinology, Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Berlin, Germany
| | - V Pisprasert
- Department of Medicine, Khon Kaen University College of Medicine, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - M A E de van der Schueren
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; HAN University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - S Siltharm
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Singer
- Department of General Intensive Care, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - K Tappenden
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - N Velasco
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolismo, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile
| | - D Waitzberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P Yamwong
- Department of Medicine, Siriaj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - J Yu
- GI Surgery and Nutrition Metabolic Division, Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - A Van Gossum
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinic of Intestinal Diseases and Nutritional Support, Hopital Erasme, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Compher
- Biobehavioral Health Sciences Department and Nutrition Programs, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Bering T, Diniz KG, Coelho MPP, Vieira DA, Soares MMS, Kakehasi AM, Correia MIT, Teixeira R, Queiroz DM, Rocha GA, Silva LD. Association between pre-sarcopenia, sarcopenia, and bone mineral density in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:255-268. [PMID: 29349902 PMCID: PMC5879980 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preserved skeletal muscle is essential for the maintenance of healthy bone. Loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle strength, considered a predictor of BMD, have been demonstrated in patients with cirrhosis, but they are poorly studied in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) without cirrhosis. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of low BMD and its association with body composition, muscle strength, and nutritional status in CHC. METHODS One hundred and four subjects [mean age, 50.5 ± 11.3 years; 75.0% males; 67.3% non-cirrhotic; and 32.7% with compensated cirrhosis] with CHC, prospectively, underwent scanning of the lean tissue, appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), fat mass, lumbar spine, hip, femoral neck, and whole-body BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Muscle strength was assessed by dynamometry. Sarcopenia was defined by the presence of both low, ASM/height2 (ASMI) and low muscle strength according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People criteria. The cut-off points for low ASMI and low muscle strength, for women and men, were < 5.45 and < 7.26 kg/m2 and < 20 and < 30 kg, respectively. According to the adopted World Health Organization criteria in men aged > 50 years, the T-score of osteopenia is between -1.0 and -2.49 standard deviation (SD) below the young average value and of osteoporosis is ≥-2.5 SD below the young normal mean for men, and the Z-score of low bone mass is ≤-2.0 SD below the expected range in men aged < 50 years and women in the menacme. Nutritional status evaluation was based on the Controlling Nutritional Status score. RESULTS Low BMD, low muscle strength, pre-sarcopenia, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity were observed in 34.6% (36/104), 27.9% (29/104), 14.4% (15/104), 8.7% (9/104), and 3.8% (4/104) of the patients, respectively. ASMI was an independent predictor of BMD (P < 0.001). Sarcopenia was independently associated with bone mineral content (P = 0.02) and malnutrition (P = 0.01). In 88.9% of the sarcopenic patients and in all with sarcopenic obesity, BMI was normal. The mid-arm muscle circumference was positively correlated with ASMI (r = 0.88; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate that ASM is an independent predictor of BMD in CHC. Mid-arm muscle circumference coupled with handgrip strength testing should be incorporated into routine clinical practice to detect low muscle mass, which may be underdiagnosed when only BMI is used. These findings may influence clinical decision-making and contribute to the development of effective strategies to screen the musculoskeletal abnormalities in CHC patients, independently of the stage of the liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Bering
- Outpatient Clinic of Viral Hepatitis, Instituto Alfa de Gastroenterologia, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena 190 s/216Belo Horizonte30130‐100Minas GeraisBrazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena 190 s/216Belo Horizonte30130‐100Minas GeraisBrazil
| | - Kiara G.D. Diniz
- Outpatient Clinic of Viral Hepatitis, Instituto Alfa de Gastroenterologia, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena 190 s/216Belo Horizonte30130‐100Minas GeraisBrazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena 190 s/216Belo Horizonte30130‐100Minas GeraisBrazil
| | - Marta Paula P. Coelho
- Outpatient Clinic of Viral Hepatitis, Instituto Alfa de Gastroenterologia, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena 190 s/216Belo Horizonte30130‐100Minas GeraisBrazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena 190 s/216Belo Horizonte30130‐100Minas GeraisBrazil
| | - Diego A. Vieira
- Outpatient Clinic of Viral Hepatitis, Instituto Alfa de Gastroenterologia, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena 190 s/216Belo Horizonte30130‐100Minas GeraisBrazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena 190 s/216Belo Horizonte30130‐100Minas GeraisBrazil
| | - Maria Marta S. Soares
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena 190 s/216Belo Horizonte30130‐100Minas GeraisBrazil
| | - Adriana M. Kakehasi
- Locomotor System Department, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena 190 s/216Belo Horizonte30130‐100Minas GeraisBrazil
| | - Maria Isabel T.D. Correia
- Department of Surgery, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena 190 s/216Belo Horizonte30130‐100Minas GeraisBrazil
| | - Rosângela Teixeira
- Outpatient Clinic of Viral Hepatitis, Instituto Alfa de Gastroenterologia, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena 190 s/216Belo Horizonte30130‐100Minas GeraisBrazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena 190 s/216Belo Horizonte30130‐100Minas GeraisBrazil
| | - Dulciene M.M. Queiroz
- Laboratory of Research in Bacteriology, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena 190 s/216Belo Horizonte30130‐100Minas GeraisBrazil
| | - Gifone A. Rocha
- Laboratory of Research in Bacteriology, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena 190 s/216Belo Horizonte30130‐100Minas GeraisBrazil
| | - Luciana D. Silva
- Outpatient Clinic of Viral Hepatitis, Instituto Alfa de Gastroenterologia, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena 190 s/216Belo Horizonte30130‐100Minas GeraisBrazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAv Alfredo Balena 190 s/216Belo Horizonte30130‐100Minas GeraisBrazil
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