Two types of humoral response in acute myocardial infraction

Background

Atherothrombosis and myocardial infarction are accompanied by the development of an inflammatory reaction. The severity of the immune reaction and its role in the acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remain contradictory to date.

Purpose

The objective of this study was to analyze 39 cytokines and chemokines in the serum of patients hospitalized with AMI compared to the healthy volunteers.

Methods

All patients included in the study were COVID-19 negative. Patients' blood was collected within 1–2 days after hospitalization in the cardiology department. Cytokine and chemokine detection in the serum of patients (n=20) and donors (n=20) was performed using a 39-plex set of cytometric beads.

Results

Among all factors analyzed TGFa, IL-17A, IL-1b, 3, 5, 9 were not detected both in patient and donor sera. Three groups of factors were identified in the normal serum: housekeeping chemokines and vascular factors (F1) ranged from 1000 to 22000 pg/mL (Fig. a); sentinel innate immunity factors F2 (Fig. b), 30–200 pg/mL; and acute phase factors F3 (Fig. c, d), 0–30 pg/mL, detected only in 0–30% of donors but in all AMI patients. Severe imbalance was found in AMI sera at all three levels including chemokine, growth factors, and cytokines. Among AMI patients 65% (Gr1) demonstrated 2–4 times increased level (Fig. a, grey brackets) while 35% (Gr2) had a decreased level of F1 factors in a comparison with donor sera. There was not significant difference between clinical features of the patients in Gr1 and Gr2. GRO, PDGF-AA, and sCD40L levels decreased 35, 15, and 10 times accordingly. Gr1 and Gr2 also differed in F2 and some F3 concentrations: Gr1 had 3–5 times increased level of multiple factors (Fig, b), among them – IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were increased 5, 6, and 14 times. At the same time Gr2 had a normal level of these factors (Fig, b, blue brackets). Finally, multiple cytokines and growth factors F3 were significantly increased in both AMI groups (Fig, b, d, red brackets). Of note, IL-12, IFN-g, IL-15, GM-CSF, FLT-3T were increased 8, 6, 5, 5, 5 times accordingly in pooled Gr1+Gr2. There were no correlations found between cytokine profiles in Gr1 and Gr2 and their clinical parameters.

Conclusions

Two types of humoral response in AMI patients were identified which differed in the levels of GRO, PDGF-AA, and sCD40L. IL-6 as well as TNF-a can not serve as master cytokines because their levels were increased only in Gr1 patients. These data show that Th1 cytokine increase is specific for AMI. Further studies are needed to identify groups of patients who may be exposed to new therapeutic targets.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Size-Dependent Biodistribution of Fluorescent Furano-Allocolchicinoid-Chitosan Formulations in Mice

The aim of this study was to compare the biodistribution in mice of functionalized rhodamine B (Rh) labeled colchicine derivative furano-allocolchicinoid (AC, 6) either conjugated to 40 kDa chitosan (AC-Chi, 8) or encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles (AC-NPs). AC-NPs were formed by ionotropic gelation and were 400–450 nm in diameter as estimated in mice by dynamic light scattering and confocal microscopy. AC-Chi and AC-NPs preserved the specific colchicine activity in vitro. AC preparations were once IV injected into C75BL/6 mice; muscles, spleen, kidney, liver, lungs, blood cells and serum were collected at 30 min, 2, 5, 10, and 20 h post injection. To analyze the distribution of the furano-allocolchicinoid preparations in body liquids and tissues, Rh was measured directly in sera or extracted by acidic ethanol from tissue homogenates. Preliminary Rh extraction rate was estimated in vitro in tissue homogenates and was around 25–30% from total quantity added. After in vivo injection, AC-NPs were accumulated more in liver and spleen, while less in kidney and lungs in comparison with free AC and AC-Chi. Therefore, incorporation of colchicine derivatives as well as other hydrophobic substances into nano/micro sized carriers may help redistribute the drug to different organs and, possibly, improve antitumor accumulation.

The Forest Observation System, building a global reference dataset for remote sensing of forest biomass

Forest biomass is an essential indicator for monitoring the Earth's ecosystems and climate. It is a critical input to greenhouse gas accounting, estimation of carbon losses and forest degradation, assessment of renewable energy potential, and for developing climate change mitigation policies such as REDD+, among others. Wall-to-wall mapping of aboveground biomass (AGB) is now possible with satellite remote sensing (RS). However, RS methods require extant, up-to-date, reliable, representative and comparable in situ data for calibration and validation. Here, we present the Forest Observation System (FOS) initiative, an international cooperation to establish and maintain a global in situ forest biomass database. AGB and canopy height estimates with their associated uncertainties are derived at a 0.25 ha scale from field measurements made in permanent research plots across the world's forests. All plot estimates are geolocated and have a size that allows for direct comparison with many RS measurements. The FOS offers the potential to improve the accuracy of RS-based biomass products while developing new synergies between the RS and ground-based ecosystem research communities.

[LAPAROSCOPIC TREATMENT OF PRIMARY ABDOMINAL PREGNANCY: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE]

Abdominal pregnancies are 1.4% of all ectopic pregnancies. They are mostly complicated and usually managed by laparotomy, but laparoscopy is an alternative method which some surgeons perform instead of laparotomy, especially in early pregnancy. We reported a 29 year old woman with supra pubic pain and vaginal bleeding. After sonographic evaluations, ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed and the patient underwent laparoscopic surgery for termination of pregnancy. Laparoscopy is a successful alternative method of surgery for abdominal pregnancies in first trimester.

[THE VALUE OF COLPOSCOPY EXAMINATION IN DIAGNOSIS OF PRECANCEROUS AND CANCEROUS DISEASES OF THE CERVIX]

The aim of this study is to present the value of colposcopy examination in diagnosis of precancerous and cancerous diseases of the cenvix. A retrospective study analyze 127 patients at SA GBAL" Dr. Shterev Hospital" that undenNent, firstly cervical smear test and secondly a colposcopic punch biopsy The patients are divided in two groups--one group of cytologically non-signaled patients with results from the Pap test I-II and one group with cytologically -signaled patients with results from the Pap test III-IV The data shows a correlation between the cytological and histological results of the second group and absence of such a correlation in the first group. In the non-signaled group the mild precancerous lesions to Thvasive cen'ical cancer were left undiagnosed. The conduct of a routine colposcopy during preventive gynecological examination will reduce the deficiencies of the cytological method and by amplifying it, it will lead to better results of the diagnosis and treatment of the precanceroses and the cervical cancer.

[Microbiological efficacy of a one-day treatment with triazole antimycotic I traconazole in mycotic colpitis]

INTRODUCTION

Fungal colpitis is the most common inflammatory disease of the vagina, whose proportion in the different groups of the patients ranges from 30% to 60%. The major cause is genus Candida. In 80% to 95% of the cases the reason is Candida albicans species and in 10% to 20%--the representatives of the species Candida Non-albicans. One problem that arises in this genital infection is the insufficient effectiveness of the drug treatment in many of the cases.

MATERIALS, METHODS AND RESULTS

This study is a prospective and monitors 40 non-pregnant women, accounting therapeutic effect of Itraconazol in fungal colpitis. Patients had administered treatment with Itraconazol 2 x 200 mg/1 day, per oral. Microbiological testing was performed prior to the treatment and 2 to 4 weeks after completion of the therapy. We found C. albicans in 75% of the cases and in 25%--C. non-albicans (C. glabrata, C. kefyr, C. krusei, C. famata). In the group of C. albicans, good therapeutic efficiency was observed in 93.3% of the cases, while in patients with C. non-albicans it was in 80% of the cases.

CONCLUSION

Itraconazol showed sufficiently high therapeutic effect for patients with fungal colpitis, it proved to be suitable for patients with Candida albicans and also in the cases with Candida non-albicans.

[Three years experience of using mycosyst]

The aim of this study was to estimate therapeutical potentialities of the Mycosyst (Fluconazole) preparation, of the Gedeon-Richter company (Budapest, Hungary), in women with data for mycotic colpitis. 157 patients for three years period (April 2001-2004) were included in this study. Two groups of patients were formed. In 104 patients mycotic colpitis was diagnosed during curettage for feticide or missed abortion. Another 53 women were treated for mycotic colpitis unrelated to pregnancy. Complains of the patients disappear by the 48-th hour and in almost all women there were not complaints by the 4-th day. The most quickly were influenced itching, discomfort, erythema and dyspareunia and slowly and hardly discharge had been influenced. Mycosyst is a broad spectrum antimycotic agent of bistriazol type. It has good absorption and tissue saturation. 1-2 hours after oral administration maximal plasma concentration is achieved. Plasma half life is about 30 hours. This gave us opportunity for single or two doses Mycosyst for vaginal candidosis treatment. Use of two doses of 150 mg. was enough for acute forms treatment in almost 95% of cases. Mycosyst is sure, easy for use broad spectrum antimycotic from the azole group. This preparation is comparatively cheep and in the average Bulgarian income possibilities.