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Velegraki M, Manolaraki M, Chainaki I, Vardas E, Petrodaskalaki M, Androulakis N, Georgakaki C, Lazanaki E, Chlouverakis G, Paspatis GA. Cerebral oximetry monitoring in non-intubated patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography under propofol-induced sedation: a prospective observational study. Ann Gastroenterol 2021; 34:736-742. [PMID: 34475746 PMCID: PMC8375660 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2021.0637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged propofol-induced deep sedation increases the risk for sedation-related complications. Cerebral oximetry enables prompt assessment of tissue oxygenation by demonstrating the regional hemoglobin oxygen saturation (rSO2) of the cerebral cortex. This study aimed to: evaluate cerebral oxygenation under deep sedation during an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedure; determine the cerebral desaturation event (CDE) rate; and assess the predictive capacity of CDEs for sedation-related complications. Methods All consecutive patients who underwent ERCP between September and December 2019 were included prospectively. Propofol monotherapy was used and sedation level was assessed using the bispectral index (BIS). The target level of sedation was deep sedation, defined by BIS values 40-60. Participants were monitored with arterial blood gas analysis and INVOS 5100C cerebral oximeter. RSO2 values were registered prior to sedation (baseline value), every 5 min during the sedation period and at recovery of consciousness. BIS values were recorded simultaneously. CDE was defined as a drop >10% from individual baseline rSO2. Results Sixty patients were enrolled. Mean baseline rSO2 was 65.1% and BIS values ranged from 18-85. No significant correlation was observed between mean rSO2 measurements and mean BIS values throughout the recordings (P = 0.193). Data from patients aged ≥65 years were analyzed separately and the results were similar. The CDE rate was 2.7%, but no CDE was associated with clinical manifestations. Twelve sedation-related complications occurred without the presence of cerebral desaturation. Conclusion Cerebral oxygenation remained independent of changes in sedation depth and cerebral oximetry monitoring did not detect complications earlier than standard monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalini Velegraki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Venizeleion General Hospital (Magdalini Velegraki, Emmanouil Vardas, Gregorios A. Paspatis)
| | - Maria Manolaraki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Venizeleion General Hospital (Maria Manolaraki, Irene Chainaki, Nikolaos Androulakis, Chrysanthi Georgakaki, Evangelia Lazanaki)
| | - Irene Chainaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Venizeleion General Hospital (Maria Manolaraki, Irene Chainaki, Nikolaos Androulakis, Chrysanthi Georgakaki, Evangelia Lazanaki)
| | - Emmanouil Vardas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Venizeleion General Hospital (Magdalini Velegraki, Emmanouil Vardas, Gregorios A. Paspatis)
| | - Maria Petrodaskalaki
- Department of Quality and Research, University Hospital of Heraklion (Maria Petrodaskalaki)
| | - Nikolaos Androulakis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Venizeleion General Hospital (Maria Manolaraki, Irene Chainaki, Nikolaos Androulakis, Chrysanthi Georgakaki, Evangelia Lazanaki)
| | - Chrysanthi Georgakaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Venizeleion General Hospital (Maria Manolaraki, Irene Chainaki, Nikolaos Androulakis, Chrysanthi Georgakaki, Evangelia Lazanaki)
| | - Evangelia Lazanaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Venizeleion General Hospital (Maria Manolaraki, Irene Chainaki, Nikolaos Androulakis, Chrysanthi Georgakaki, Evangelia Lazanaki)
| | - Gregorios Chlouverakis
- Department of Social Medicine, Biostatistics Lab, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus (Gregorios Chlouverakis); Crete, Greece
| | - Gregorios A Paspatis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Venizeleion General Hospital (Magdalini Velegraki, Emmanouil Vardas, Gregorios A. Paspatis)
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Dumonceau JM, Riphaus A, Schreiber F, Vilmann P, Beilenhoff U, Aparicio JR, Vargo JJ, Manolaraki M, Wientjes C, Rácz I, Hassan C, Paspatis G. Non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates Guideline--Updated June 2015. Endoscopy 2015; 47:1175-89. [PMID: 26561915 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1393414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Riphaus
- Department of Medicine, Klinikum Agnes Karll, Laatzen, Germany
| | - Florian Schreiber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Vilmann
- Gastro Unit, Division of Surgical Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ulrike Beilenhoff
- European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA), Scientific Secretary, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jose R Aparicio
- Endoscopy Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Pintor Baeza s/n, Alicante, Spain
| | - John J Vargo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Maria Manolaraki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Benizelion General Hospital, L. Knossou, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Caroline Wientjes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sint Lucas Andreas Ziekenhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - István Rácz
- First Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Petz Aladar Hospital, Gyor, Vasvari, Hungary
| | - Cesare Hassan
- Gastroenterology Department, Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gregorios Paspatis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Benizelion General Hospital, L. Knossou, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Paspatis GA, Konstantinidis K, Tribonias G, Voudoukis E, Tavernaraki A, Theodoropoulou A, Chainaki I, Manolaraki M, Chlouverakis G, Vardas E, Paraskeva K. Sixty- versus thirty-seconds papillary balloon dilation after sphincterotomy for the treatment of large bile duct stones: a randomized controlled trial. Dig Liver Dis 2013. [PMID: 23195665 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy followed by endoscopic papillary balloon dilation is a promising method for large stones. However, there are no data on the optimal duration of papillary balloon dilation after a biliary sphincterotomy. AIMS To compare the effectiveness and complications of the endoscopic papillary balloon dilation for 60s versus 30s after endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy. METHODS A total of 124 patients with bile duct stones, submitted for endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy plus endoscopic papillary balloon dilation, were prospectively randomized to either the 60-s dilation group (G60, n = 60) or the 30-s dilation group (G30, n = 64). RESULTS The complete removal of bile duct stones was similar: group G30, 55/64 (86%) versus group G60, 51/60 (85%); p = 0.9. The rates of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography pancreatitis were also similar: 2 (3.1%) in group G30 versus 2 (3.3%) in group G60, p = 0.9. Post-procedural bleeding occurred in 2 cases (3.1%) in group G30 versus 4 (6.6%) in group G60, (p = 0.17). Two perforations of moderate severity were observed, one in each group. CONCLUSIONS 30-s papillary balloon dilation, performed after endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy for the management of bile duct stones, was equally effective to the 60-s papillary balloon dilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorios A Paspatis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Benizelion General Hospital, Heraklion-Crete, Greece.
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Opioids play an important role in every aspect of modern anesthetic practice. Remifentanil is an ultra-short-acting opioid featuring a unique pharmacokinetic profile allowing clinical versatility and improved control of its action. In this review, we assess the pharmacology of remifentanil, its clinical uses as well as safety issues on its action on the major organ systems and in particular clinical settings. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW A synthesis of evidence from a MEDLINE search for articles from 1993 to 2009 for available up-to-date information on remifentanil and its current applications and safety profile. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN A synopsis of the unique pharmacokinetic properties of remifentanil and its action on major organ systems will provide insight on the safe and effective use of the drug in a variety of clinical settings. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Remifentanil is a valuable opioid in the armamentarium of the clinician, providing great clinical flexibility and safety but vigilance is required to avoid pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Stroumpos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Benizelion General Hospital, L Knossou, Heraklion, Crete 71409, Greece.
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Charoniti I, Theodoropoulou A, Vardas E, Oustamanolakis P, Manolaraki M, Ieromonachou P, Anastasiadou A, Paspatis GA. Combination of adrenaline injection and detachable snare application as haemostatic preventive measures, before polypectomy of large colonic polyps in children. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:3381-2. [PMID: 17415643 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Paspatis GA, Charoniti I, Manolaraki M, Vardas E, Papanikolaou N, Anastasiadou A, Gritzali A. Synergistic sedation with oral midazolam as a premedication and intravenous propofol versus intravenous propofol alone in upper gastrointestinal endoscopies in children: a prospective, randomized study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 43:195-9. [PMID: 16877984 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000228099.04702.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the present study was to compare the required dose of intravenous (IV) propofol between group A (synergistic sedation with an oral dose of midazolam combined with IV propofol) and group B (IV propofol alone), in diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) in pediatric patients. The secondary objective was to compare the safety, the efficacy, the ease of IV line placement and the ease of separation from parents between the 2 groups. METHODS Fifty-four consecutive children (aged 3 y or older) who underwent UGIE were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 medication regimens. Patients in group A (n = 26, mean age: 8.1 y) received midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) orally. Thirty minutes after the midazolam dose was given, repeated IV doses of propofol 0.5 mg/kg were administered titrated to achieve the level of deep sedation. Patients in group B (n = 28, mean age: 9 y) received IV propofol alone with the same methodology and sedation end point. RESULTS The mean dose (1.8 +/- 0.7 mg/kg) of propofol administered in group A patients was remarkably lower compared with that (2.9 +/- 0.9 mg/kg) of group B. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that among sex, age, ASA grade and the type of sedation, the synergistic sedation was the only factor associated with the ease of IV line placement (chi(2) = 16.3, P < 0.001) and the ease of separation from parents (chi(2) = 41.6, P < 0.001). Additional multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that among sex, age, ASA grade and the type of sedation, synergistic sedation was the only factor associated with a higher level of patient comfort (chi(2) = 35.5, P < 0.001). The recovery time was significantly shorter in group B patients (7.7 +/- 3.6 min) compared with that of group A (25.9 +/- 4.1 minutes) (P < 0.01). The 2 regimens were equally safe. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that synergistic sedation with an oral dose of midazolam combined with propofol may benefit the children who undergo UGIE with regard to lower mean dose of propofol used, easier IV line placement, easier separation from the parents, less pain induced by the IV line placement and greater patient comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorios A Paspatis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Benizelion General Hospital, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Paspatis GA, Manolaraki M, Xirouchakis G, Papanikolaou N, Chlouverakis G, Gritzali A. Synergistic sedation with midazolam and propofol versus midazolam and pethidine in colonoscopies: a prospective, randomized study. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97:1963-7. [PMID: 12190161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to compare the safety and efficacy of the synergistic sedation with a low dose of midazolam combined with propofol versus the standard regimen of midazolam and pethidine for conscious sedation in colonoscopy in a group of patients that included a sufficient number of elderly patients with several comorbidities. METHODS A total of 120 consecutive patients undergoing colonoscopy in a prospective study were randomly assigned to one of two medication regimens (55 patients were over 65 yr). Patients in group A (n = 64) received i.v. 2 mg (<70 kg b.w.) or 3 mg (>70 kg b.w.) of midazolam and a median dose of 80 mg of propofol (range 40-150). Patients in group B (n = 56) received i.v. a median dose of 5 mg of midazolam (range 3-7) and 75 mg of pethidine (range 50-125). The patient's comfort level was assessed by a 4-point scale 24 h after the procedure. The time to recover from sedation was assessed at 5, 10, and 30 min after the procedure by using the Aldrete score. RESULTS Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that among sex, age, duration of the test, American Society of Anesthesiologists' Physical Status Classification grade, and the sort of sedation, the synergistic sedation with midazolam and propofol was the only factor associated with a higher level of patient comfort (chi2 = 5.5, p < 0.05). Additional multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that among sex, age, duration of the test, American Society of Anesthesiologists' Physical Status Classification grade, and the sort of sedation, the synergistic sedation with midazolam and propofol was the only factor associated with a quicker patient recovery time (chi2 = 24.5, p < 0.01; chi2 = 51.7, p < 0.01; chi2 = 148.4, p < 0.01 for Aldrete in 10 min, 20 min, and 30 min, respectively). The endoscopist's evaluation of patient sedation and cardiorespiratory parameters were similar in both groups and in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the synergistic sedation with a low dose of midazolam combined with propofol was superior to a standard combination of midazolam and the opioid pethidine for colonoscopies as far as the patient comfort and recovery times are concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorios A Paspatis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Benizelion General Hospital, Heraklion-Crete, Greece
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