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Zhao J, Schlößer HA, Wang Z, Qin J, Li J, Popp F, Popp MC, Alakus H, Chon SH, Hansen HP, Neiss WF, Jauch KW, Bruns CJ, Zhao Y. Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Inhibit Natural Killer Cell Function in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060874. [PMID: 31234517 PMCID: PMC6628179 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) induce pre-metastatic niche formation to promote metastasis. We isolated EVs from a highly-metastatic pancreatic cancer cell line and patient-derived primary cancer cells by ultracentrifugation. The protein content of EVs was analyzed by mass spectrometry. The effects of PDAC-derived EVs on natural kill (NK) cells were investigated by flow cytometry. The serum EVs' TGF-β1 levels were quantified by ELISA. We found that integrins were enriched in PDAC-derived EVs. The expression of NKG2D, CD107a, TNF-α, and INF-γ in NK cells was significantly downregulated after co-culture with EVs. NK cells also exhibited decreased levels of CD71 and CD98, as well as impaired glucose uptake ability. In addition, NK cell cytotoxicity against pancreatic cancer stem cells was attenuated. Moreover, PDAC-derived EVs induced the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in NK cells. Serum EVs' TGF-β1 was significantly increased in PDAC patients. Our findings emphasize the immunosuppressive role of PDAC-derived EVs and provide new insights into our understanding of NK cell dysfunction regarding pre-metastatic niche formation in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Zhao
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
- Department of General, Visceral und Vascular Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Hans A Schlößer
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Zhefang Wang
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jie Qin
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Felix Popp
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Marie Christine Popp
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Hakan Alakus
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Seung-Hun Chon
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Hinrich P Hansen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, CECAD Center of Excellence on "Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases", Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Wolfram F Neiss
- Department of Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Karl-Walter Jauch
- Department of General, Visceral und Vascular Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Christiane J Bruns
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of General, Visceral und Tumor Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
- Department of General, Visceral und Vascular Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Popp FC, Popp MC, Zhao Y, Betzler C, Kropf S, Garlipp B, Benckert C, Kalinski T, Lippert H, Bruns CJ. Protocol of the PANCALYZE trial: a multicenter, prospective study investigating the tumor biomarkers CXCR4, SMAD4, SOX9 and IFIT3 in patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma to predict the pattern of recurrence of the disease. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:229. [PMID: 28356064 PMCID: PMC5371262 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies today with an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Biomarker analysis helps to better understand tumor biology and might emerge as a tool to develop personalized therapies. The aim of the study is to investigate four promising biomarkers to predict the clinical course and particularly the pattern of tumor recurrence after surgical resection. DESIGN Patients undergoing surgery for PDAC can be enrolled into the PANCALYZE trial. Biomarker expression of CXCR4, SMAD4, SOX9 and IFIT3 will be prospectively assessed by immunohistochemistry and verified by rt.-PCR from tumor and adjacent healthy pancreatic tissue of surgical specimen. Immunohistochemistry expression pattern of all four biomarkers will be combined into a single score. Beginning with the hospital stay clinical data from enrolled patients will be collected and followed. Different adjuvant chemotherapy protocols will be used to create subgroups. The combined biomarker expression score will be correlated with the further clinical course of the patients to test the hypothesis if CXCR4 positive, SMAD4 negative, SOX9 positive, IFIT3 positive tumors will predominantly develop metastatic spread. DISCUSSION Pancreatic cancer is associated with different patterns of progression requiring personalized therapeutic strategies. Biomarker expression analysis might be a tool to predict the pattern of tumor recurrence and discriminate patients that develop systemic metastatic disease from those with tumors that rather develop local recurrence over time. This data might lead to personalized adjuvant treatment decisions as patients with tumors that stay localized might benefit from adjuvant local therapies like radiochemotherapy as compared to those with systemic recurrence who would benefit exclusively from chemotherapy. Moreover, the pattern of propagation might be a predefined characteristic of pancreatic cancer determined by the genetic signature of the tumor. In the future, biomarker expression analysis could be performed on tumor biopsies to develop personalized therapeutic pathways right after diagnosis of cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00006179 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix C. Popp
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marie Christine Popp
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christopher Betzler
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Siegfried Kropf
- Institute for Biometrics and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Garlipp
- Clinic for General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Clinic Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Benckert
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Kalinski
- Department of Pathology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans Lippert
- Institute for Quality Control in Operative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christiane J. Bruns
- Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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