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Tamhankar A, Wensien M, Jannuzzi SAV, Chatterjee S, Lassalle-Kaiser B, Tittmann K, DeBeer S. In Solution Identification of the Lysine-Cysteine Redox Switch with a NOS Bridge in Transaldolase by Sulfur K-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4263-4267. [PMID: 38607253 PMCID: PMC11056971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
A novel covalent post-translational modification (lysine-NOS-cysteine) was discovered in proteins, initially in the enzyme transaldolase of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NgTAL) [Nature 2021, 593, 460-464], acting as a redox switch. The identification of this novel linkage in solution was unprecedented until now. We present detection of the NOS redox switch in solution using sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The oxidized NgTAL spectrum shows a distinct shoulder on the low-energy side of the rising edge, corresponding to a dipole-allowed transition from the sulfur 1s core to the unoccupied σ* orbital of the S-O group in the NOS bridge. This feature is absent in the XAS spectrum of reduced NgTAL, where Lys-NOS-Cys is absent. Our experimental and calculated XAS data support the presence of a NOS bridge in solution, thus potentially facilitating future studies on enzyme activity regulation mediated by the NOS redox switches, drug discovery, biocatalytic applications, and protein design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Tamhankar
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Marie Wensien
- Department
of Molecular Enzymology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermonotowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sergio A. V. Jannuzzi
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sayanti Chatterjee
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667 Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Kai Tittmann
- Department
of Molecular Enzymology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermonotowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Funk LM, Poschmann G, Rabe von Pappenheim F, Chari A, Stegmann KM, Dickmanns A, Wensien M, Eulig N, Paknia E, Heyne G, Penka E, Pearson AR, Berndt C, Fritz T, Bazzi S, Uranga J, Mata RA, Dobbelstein M, Hilgenfeld R, Curth U, Tittmann K. Multiple redox switches of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease in vitro provide opportunities for drug design. Nat Commun 2024; 15:411. [PMID: 38195625 PMCID: PMC10776599 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Besides vaccines, the development of antiviral drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 is critical for preventing future COVID outbreaks. The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), a cysteine protease with essential functions in viral replication, has been validated as an effective drug target. Here, we show that Mpro is subject to redox regulation in vitro and reversibly switches between the enzymatically active dimer and the functionally dormant monomer through redox modifications of cysteine residues. These include a disulfide-dithiol switch between the catalytic cysteine C145 and cysteine C117, and generation of an allosteric cysteine-lysine-cysteine SONOS bridge that is required for structural stability under oxidative stress conditions, such as those exerted by the innate immune system. We identify homo- and heterobifunctional reagents that mimic the redox switching and inhibit Mpro activity. The discovered redox switches are conserved in main proteases from other coronaviruses, e.g. MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, indicating their potential as common druggable sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Marie Funk
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Proteome Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Rabe von Pappenheim
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ashwin Chari
- Department of Structural Dynamics, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kim M Stegmann
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antje Dickmanns
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marie Wensien
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nora Eulig
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elham Paknia
- Department of Structural Dynamics, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabi Heyne
- Department of Structural Dynamics, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elke Penka
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arwen R Pearson
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg University, HARBOR, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg, 22761, Germany
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Fritz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophia Bazzi
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jon Uranga
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo A Mata
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Dobbelstein
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute for Biochemistry, Lübeck University, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg - Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Site, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ute Curth
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai Tittmann
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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