A genome-wide approach reveals novel imprinted genes expressed in the human placenta

Genomic imprinting characterizes genes with a monoallelic expression, which is dependent on the parental origin of each allele. Approximately 150 imprinted genes are known to date, in humans and mice but, though computational searches have tried to extract intrinsic characteristics of these genes to identify new ones, the existing list is probably far from being comprehensive. We used a high-throughput strategy by diverting the classical use of genotyping microarrays to compare the genotypes of mRNA/cDNA vs. genomic DNA to identify new genes presenting monoallelic expression, starting from human placental material. After filtering of data, we obtained a list of 1,082 putative candidate monoallelic SNPs located in more than one hundred candidate genes. Among these, we found known imprinted genes, such as IPW, GRB10, INPP5F and ZNF597, which contribute to validate the approach. We also explored some likely candidates of our list and identified seven new imprinted genes, including ZFAT, ZFAT-AS1, GLIS3, NTM, MAGI2, ZC3H12Cand LIN28B, four of which encode zinc finger transcription factors. They are, however, not imprinted in the mouse placenta, except for Magi2. We analyzed in more details the ZFAT gene, which is paternally expressed in the placenta (as ZFAT-AS1, a non-coding antisense RNA) but biallelic in other tissues. The ZFAT protein is expressed in endothelial cells, as well as in syncytiotrophoblasts. The expression of this gene is, moreover, downregulated in placentas from complicated pregnancies. With this work we increase by about 10% the number of known imprinted genes in humans.

In vivo activation of invariant Vα14 natural killer T?cells byα-galactosylceramide sequentially induces Fas-dependent and -independent cytotoxicity

The present study was designed to clarify the cytotoxic capacities of invariant V alpha 14 natural killer T (iNKT) cells activated in vivo. We found that as early as 2 h after a single injection of alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), sorted iNKT splenocytes from treated mice kill Fas-transfected target cells. The implication of the Fas pathway in this lysis was strengthened by both the blockage of cytotoxicity in the presence of anti-Fas ligand (FasL) monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the up-regulation of FasL expression on iNKT cells. Sorted NK cells did not participate in the lytic activity at this time point. Yet, they became cytotoxic later on, 24 h post-treatment, when target cell lysis was mainly independent of the Fas pathway. This type of cell killing was predominant at this later time point, even though iNKT cells conserved a slight Fas-dependent cytotoxicity. NK cells failed to acquire the ability to kill target cells when IFN-gamma production in alpha-GalCer-injected mice was blocked by anti-IFN-gamma mAb, underscoring the major role of this cytokine. In conclusion, our findings provide the first direct evidence that iNKT cells can exert Fas-dependent cytotoxicity very shortly after in vivo alpha-GalCer activation and later, through IFN-gamma secretion, enable NK cells to kill target cells in a Fas-independent pathway.

Pro-Th1 Cytokines Promote Fas-Dependent Apoptosis of Immature Peripheral Basophils

We have previously characterized immature hemopoietic cells of the basophil lineage as a lin(-)c-kit(-) population, which responds to IL-3 by enhancing its histamine synthesis through histidine decarboxylase activation. Herein, we show both in vitro and in vivo that exposure to the pro-Th1 cytokines IL-12 and IL-18 promotes Fas-dependent apoptosis of these cells in the spleen. This conclusion was supported by the following findings: 1) A 24-h treatment with IL-12 plus IL-18 enhanced Fas expression and annexin staining among basophil precursor-enriched lin(-)c-kit(-) splenocytes. 2) Fas or Fas ligand deficiency in mutant mice abolished the inhibitory effect of IL-12 plus IL-18 on IL-3-induced histamine production. 3) The large spectrum inhibitor of the caspase cascade, benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp fluoromethylketone, significantly reduced the effect of IL-12 plus IL-18. The inhibition of histamine production was mediated through NK cells, since it failed to occur upon stimulation of spleen cells from NK cell-deficient mice or after NK cell depletion. IL-12 plus IL-18 rendered NK cells cytotoxic against Fas-transfected target cells and promoted their production of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, which are both essential for sensitizing histamine-producing cells to the Fas death pathway. This is the first evidence that pro-Th1 cytokines can promote apoptosis of immature peripheral histamine-producing cells, thus limiting Th2 immune responses. Comparable in vivo data as well as increased histamine production in the spleen of aged Fas-deficient lpr mice support its physiological relevance.