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Ivoilova A, Mikhalchenko LV, Tsmokalyuk A, Leonova M, Lalov A, Mozharovskaia P, Kozitsina AN, Ivanova AV, Rusinov VL. Redox Conversions of 5-Methyl-6-nitro-7-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1,2,4triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidinide L-Arginine Monohydrate as a Promising Antiviral Drug. Molecules 2021; 26:5087. [PMID: 34443674 PMCID: PMC8400642 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the results of a study of electrochemical transformations in aqueous and aprotic media of 5-methyl-6-nitro-7-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidinide l-arginine monohydrate (1a, Triazid) obtained by electrochemical methods and ESR spectroscopy. The effect of pH on the current and the reduction potential of 1a in an aqueous Britton-Robinson buffer solution was studied. It was found that 1a is irreversibly reduced in aqueous acidic media on a glassy carbon electrode in one stage with the participation of six electrons and the formation of 5-methyl-6-amino-7-oxo-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin. The electroreduction of 1a in DMF on a background of tetrabutylammonium salts proceeds in two stages, controlled by the kinetics of second-order reactions. In the first stage, the reduction of 1a is accompanied by protonation by the initial compound of the basic intermediate products formed in the electrode reaction (self-protonation mechanism). The second quasi-reversible stage of the electroreduction 1a corresponds to the formation of a dianion radical upon the reduction of the heterocyclic anion 5-methyl-6-nitro-7-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin, which is formed upon the potentials of the first peak. The ESR spectrum of the radical dianion was recorded upon electroreduction of Triazid in the presence of Bu4NOH. The effect of the formation of ion pairs on the reversibility of the second peak of the 1a transformation is shown. A change in the rate and regioselectivity of the protonation of the dianion radical in the presence of Na+ and Li+ ions is assumed. The results of studying the electroreduction of 1a by ESR spectroscopy with a TEMPO trap make it possible to assume the simultaneous formation of both a nitroxyl radical and a radical with the spin density localized on the nitrogen at the 4 position of the six-membered ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ivoilova
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Ural Federal University, 19, Mira St, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (A.I.); (A.T.); (P.M.); (A.N.K.); (A.V.I.)
| | - Ludmila V. Mikhalchenko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.M.); (M.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Anton Tsmokalyuk
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Ural Federal University, 19, Mira St, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (A.I.); (A.T.); (P.M.); (A.N.K.); (A.V.I.)
| | - Marina Leonova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.M.); (M.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrey Lalov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.M.); (M.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Polina Mozharovskaia
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Ural Federal University, 19, Mira St, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (A.I.); (A.T.); (P.M.); (A.N.K.); (A.V.I.)
| | - Alisa N. Kozitsina
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Ural Federal University, 19, Mira St, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (A.I.); (A.T.); (P.M.); (A.N.K.); (A.V.I.)
| | - Alla V. Ivanova
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Ural Federal University, 19, Mira St, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (A.I.); (A.T.); (P.M.); (A.N.K.); (A.V.I.)
| | - Vladimir L. Rusinov
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Ural Federal University, 19, Mira St, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (A.I.); (A.T.); (P.M.); (A.N.K.); (A.V.I.)
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 Sofia Kovalevsky St, 620137 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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Leonova M, Gaisenok O. Features of the Course of COVID-19 in Health Care Workers of a Non-infectious
Hospital. CRMR 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573398x17666210823124048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Health Care Workers (HCWs) are at high risk of SARS-COV-2 infection
and COVID-19 disease, not only in the chain of care for COVID-19 patients but also in non-infectious
health care organizations that provide routine medical care to the population.
Objective:
To analyze features of the course of COVID-19 in HCWs of a non-infectious hospital
(non-IH).
Methods and Materials:
A retrospective analysis of COVID-19 cases of HCWs of a non-infectious
hospital (non-IH) due to a local outbreak during the “second wave” of the pandemic, despite the
use of PPE.
Results:
7 HCWs out of 23 employees were infected and had a confirmed COVID-19 infection.
All pointed to the presence of contact at work (patients, colleagues) as the main possible contamination
factor. The development of COVID-pneumonia was observed in 4 persons; 2 of them were hospitalized.
The most common symptoms were fever with a maximum temperature rise of 37.8-39
°C, weakness, chest pain, cough, and loss of smell. The duration of the persistence of symptoms of
the disease was up to 16 days. The elimination of coronavirus in most patients was noted after the
10th day.
Conclusion:
HCWs in non-IH providing routine medical care are at increased risk of contracting
COVID-19 due to contact with infected patients or colleagues. The development of COVID-19 disease
in HCWs leads to long-term disability, which creates tension in the work of non-IH. To reduce
the risk of infection for non-IH HCWs, stated precautions are necessary: strict adherence to
PPE use, mandatory testing of SARS-COV-2, and planning observational wards for unexamined
patients hospitalized for medical care for other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Leonova
- IPO Society for Pharmacoeconomic Research, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Gaisenok
- IPO Society for Pharmacoeconomic Research, Moscow, Russia
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Chung M, Collura MG, Flanagan G, Freemire B, Hanlet PM, Jana MR, Johnson RP, Kaplan DM, Leonova M, Moretti A, Popovic M, Schwarz T, Tollestrup A, Torun Y, Yonehara K. Pressurized H2 RF cavities in ionizing beams and magnetic fields. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:184802. [PMID: 24237526 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.184802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A major technological challenge in building a muon cooling channel is operating rf cavities in multitesla external magnetic fields. We report the first proof-of-principle experiment of a high pressure gas-filled rf cavity for use with intense ionizing beams and strong external magnetic fields. rf power consumption by beam-induced plasma is investigated with hydrogen and deuterium gases with pressures between 20 and 100 atm and peak rf gradients between 5 and 50 MV/m. The low pressure case agrees well with an analytical model based on electron and ion mobilities. Varying concentrations of oxygen gas are investigated to remove free electrons from the cavity and reduce the rf power consumption. Measurements of the electron attachment time to oxygen and rate of ion-ion recombination are also made. Additionally, we demonstrate the operation of the gas-filled rf cavity in a solenoidal field of up to 3 T, finding no major magnetic field dependence. All these results indicate that a high pressure gas-filled cavity is a viable technology for muon ionization cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chung
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
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Jana MR, Chung M, Freemire B, Hanlet P, Leonova M, Moretti A, Palmer M, Schwarz T, Tollestrup A, Torun Y, Yonehara K. Measurement of transmission efficiency for 400 MeV proton beam through collimator at Fermilab MuCool Test Area using Chromox-6 scintillation screen. Rev Sci Instrum 2013; 84:063301. [PMID: 23822337 DOI: 10.1063/1.4808275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The MuCool Test Area (MTA) at Fermilab is a facility to develop the technology required for ionization cooling for a future Muon Collider and∕or Neutrino Factory. As part of this research program, feasibility studies of various types of RF cavities in a high magnetic field environment are in progress. As a unique approach, we have tested a RF cavity filled with a high pressure hydrogen gas with a 400 MeV proton beam in an external magnetic field (B = 3 T). Quantitative information about the number of protons passing through this cavity is an essential requirement of the beam test. The MTA is a flammable gas (hydrogen) hazard zone. Due to safety reasons, no active (energized) beam diagnostic instrument can be used. Moreover, when the magnetic field is on, current transformers (toroids) used for beam intensity measurements do not work due to the saturation of the ferrite material of the transformer. Based on these requirements, we have developed a passive beam diagnostic instrumentation using a combination of a Chromox-6 scintillation screen and CCD camera. This paper describes details of the beam profile and position obtained from the CCD image with B = 0 T and B = 3 T, and for high and low intensity proton beams. A comparison is made with beam size obtained from multi-wires detector. Beam transmission efficiency through a collimator with a 4 mm diameter hole is measured by the toroids and CCD image of the scintillation screen. Results show that the transmission efficiency estimated from the CCD image is consistent with the toroid measurement, which enables us to monitor the beam transmission efficiency even in a high magnetic field environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Jana
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA.
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Klimochkin Y, Osyanin V, Sidorina N, Leonova M, Belanov E, Serova O, Balakhin S, Bormotov N. Identification and Characterization of Azolo-1,3-benzoxazines and Condensed Benzopyrans as Potent Non-nucleoside Inhibitors of Orthopoxviruses. Antiviral Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Klimochkin Y, Baimuratov M, Knyazeva E, Baleeva N, Leonova M, Skomorokhov M, Belanov E, Balakhnin S. Antiviral Properties of New Cage Compounds. Antiviral Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.03.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Klimochkin Y, Osyanin V, Golovin E, Leonova M, Konkov S, Kilyaeva N, Bormotov N, Serova O, Balakhnin S, Belanov E. The Activity of the New Adamantane Derivatives Against the Orthopoxviruses. Antiviral Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.02.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Klimochkin Y, Osyanin V, Krasnikov P, Leonova M, Golovin E, Balakhnin S, Belanov E. Antiviral Activity of New Derivatives of Cage Compounds. Antiviral Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.02.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Klimochkin Y, Leonova M, Reznikov A, Shiraev A, Golovin E, Belanov E. Nucleoside Phosphonate Analogues Modified by Lipophilic Cage Moiety as Potential Antiviral Agents. Antiviral Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.02.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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