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Herrera-Yáñez MG, Guerrero-Cruz JA, Ghiasi M, Elnaggar H, de la Torre-Rangel A, Bernal-Guzmán LA, Flores-Moreno R, de Groot FMF, Delgado-Jaime MU. Fitting Multiplet Simulations to L-Edge XAS Spectra of Transition-Metal Complexes Using an Adaptive Grid Algorithm. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3738-3760. [PMID: 36808900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
A new methodology based on an adaptive grid algorithm followed by an analysis of the ground state from the fit parameters is presented to analyze and interpret experimental XAS L2,3-edge data. The fitting method is tested first in a series of multiplet calculations for d0-d7 systems and for which the solution is known. In most cases, the algorithm is able to find the solution, except for a mixed-spin Co2+ Oh complex, where it instead revealed a correlation between the crystal field and the electron repulsion parameters near spin-crossover transition points. Furthermore, the results for the fitting of previously published experimental data sets on CaO, CaF2, MnO, LiMnO2, and Mn2O3 are presented and their solution discussed. The presented methodology has allowed the evaluation of the Jahn-Teller distortion in LiMnO2, which is consistent with the observed implications in the development of batteries, which use this material. Moreover, a follow-up analysis of the ground state in Mn2O3 has demonstrated an unusual ground state for the highly distorted site which would be impossible to optimize in a perfect octahedral environment. Ultimately, the presented methodology can be used in the analysis of X-ray absorption spectroscopy data measured at the L2,3-edge for a large number of materials and molecular complexes of first-row transition metals and can be expanded to the analysis of other X-ray spectroscopic data in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María G Herrera-Yáñez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Col. Olímpica, 44430 Guadalajara Jal., México
| | - J Alberto Guerrero-Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Col. Olímpica, 44430 Guadalajara Jal., México
| | - Mahnaz Ghiasi
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hebatalla Elnaggar
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 place Jussieu, 75052 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Andrea de la Torre-Rangel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Col. Olímpica, 44430 Guadalajara Jal., México
| | - L Alejandra Bernal-Guzmán
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Col. Olímpica, 44430 Guadalajara Jal., México
| | - Roberto Flores-Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Col. Olímpica, 44430 Guadalajara Jal., México
| | - Frank M F de Groot
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mario U Delgado-Jaime
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Col. Olímpica, 44430 Guadalajara Jal., México
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Huyke DA, Ramachandran A, Ramirez-Neri O, Guerrero-Cruz JA, Gee LB, Braun A, Sokaras D, Garcia-Estrada B, Solomon EI, Hedman B, Delgado-Jaime MU, DePonte DP, Kroll T, Santiago JG. Millisecond timescale reactions observed via X-ray spectroscopy in a 3D microfabricated fused silica mixer. Corrigendum. J Synchrotron Radiat 2022; 29:930. [PMID: 35511027 PMCID: PMC9070710 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522002806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A figure in the article by Huyke et al. [(2021), J. Synchrotron Rad. 28, 1100-1113] is corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Edward I. Solomon
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Britt Hedman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Daniel P. DePonte
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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3
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Huyke DA, Ramachandran A, Ramirez-Neri O, Guerrero-Cruz JA, Gee LB, Braun A, Sokaras D, Garcia-Estrada B, Solomon EI, Hedman B, Delgado-Jaime MU, DePonte DP, Kroll T, Santiago JG. Millisecond timescale reactions observed via X-ray spectroscopy in a 3D microfabricated fused silica mixer. J Synchrotron Radiat 2021; 28:1100-1113. [PMID: 34212873 PMCID: PMC8284405 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521003830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Determination of electronic structures during chemical reactions remains challenging in studies which involve reactions in the millisecond timescale, toxic chemicals, and/or anaerobic conditions. In this study, a three-dimensionally (3D) microfabricated microfluidic mixer platform that is compatible with time-resolved X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy (XAS and XES, respectively) is presented. This platform, to initiate reactions and study their progression, mixes a high flow rate (0.50-1.5 ml min-1) sheath stream with a low-flow-rate (5-90 µl min-1) sample stream within a monolithic fused silica chip. The chip geometry enables hydrodynamic focusing of the sample stream in 3D and sample widths as small as 5 µm. The chip is also connected to a polyimide capillary downstream to enable sample stream deceleration, expansion, and X-ray detection. In this capillary, sample widths of 50 µm are demonstrated. Further, convection-diffusion-reaction models of the mixer are presented. The models are experimentally validated using confocal epifluorescence microscopy and XAS/XES measurements of a ferricyanide and ascorbic acid reaction. The models additionally enable prediction of the residence time and residence time uncertainty of reactive species as well as mixing times. Residence times (from initiation of mixing to the point of X-ray detection) during sample stream expansion as small as 2.1 ± 0.3 ms are also demonstrated. Importantly, an exploration of the mixer operational space reveals a theoretical minimum mixing time of 0.91 ms. The proposed platform is applicable to the determination of the electronic structure of conventionally inaccessible reaction intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Edward I. Solomon
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Britt Hedman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Daniel P. DePonte
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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van der Linden M, van Bunningen AJ, Delgado-Jaime MU, Detlefs B, Glatzel P, Longo A, de Groot FMF. Insights into the Synthesis Mechanism of Ag 29 Nanoclusters. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2018; 122:28351-28361. [PMID: 30774744 PMCID: PMC6369667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b09360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The current understanding of the synthesis mechanisms of noble metal clusters is limited, in particular for Ag clusters. Here, we present a detailed investigation into the synthesis process of atomically monodisperse Ag29 clusters, prepared via reduction of AgNO3 in the presence of dithiolate ligands. Using optical spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray spectroscopy, it was determined that the synthesis involves a rapid nucleation and growth to species with up to a few hundred Ag atoms. From these larger species, Ag29 clusters are formed and their concentration increases steadily over time. Oxygen plays an important role in the etching of large particles to Ag29. No other stable Ag cluster species are observed at any point during the synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marte van der Linden
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Arnoldus J. van Bunningen
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mario U. Delgado-Jaime
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino Garcia Barragán
1421, 44430 Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Blanka Detlefs
- European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Pieter Glatzel
- European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Alessandro Longo
- Netherlands
Organization for Scientific Research at ESRF, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)-CNR, UOS Palermo, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hunault MOJY, Khan W, Minár J, Kroll T, Sokaras D, Zimmermann P, Delgado-Jaime MU, de Groot FMF. Local vs Nonlocal States in FeTiO 3 Probed with 1s2pRIXS: Implications for Photochemistry. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:10882-10892. [PMID: 28872322 PMCID: PMC5636175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metal-metal charge transfer (MMCT) is expected to be the main mechanism that enables the harvesting of solar light by iron-titanium oxides for photocatalysis. We have studied FeTiO3 as a model compound for MMCT with 1s2pRIXS at the Fe K-edge. The high-energy resolution XANES enables distinguishing five pre-edge features. The three first well distinct RIXS features are assigned to electric quadrupole transitions to the localized Fe* 3d states, shifted to lower energy by the 1s core-hole. Crystal field multiplet calculations confirm the speciation of divalent iron. The contribution of electric dipole absorption due to local p-d mixing allowed by the trigonal distortion of the cation site is supported by DFT and CFM calculations. The two other nonlocal features are assigned to electric dipole transitions to excited Fe* 4p states mixed with the neighboring Ti 3d states. The comparison with DFT calculations demonstrates that MMCT in ilmenite is favored by the hybridization between the Fe 4p and delocalized Ti 3d orbitals via the O 2p orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrtille O. J. Y. Hunault
- Inorganic Chemistry
and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterial Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilayat Khan
- New Technologies-Research Center, University
of West Bohemia, Univerzitni
8, 306 14 Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Minár
- New Technologies-Research Center, University
of West Bohemia, Univerzitni
8, 306 14 Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Patric Zimmermann
- Inorganic Chemistry
and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterial Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mario U. Delgado-Jaime
- Inorganic Chemistry
and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterial Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Inorganic Chemistry
and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterial Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Liu B, van Schooneveld MM, Cui YT, Miyawaki J, Harada Y, Eschemann TO, de Jong KP, Delgado-Jaime MU, de Groot FMF. In-Situ 2p3d Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering Tracking Cobalt Nanoparticle Reduction. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2017; 121:17450-17456. [PMID: 28845208 PMCID: PMC5563841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b04325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In-situ carbon-thermal reduction of cobalt oxide nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes was studied by cobalt 2p3d resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS). The in-situ 2p X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and RIXS measurements were performed at 500, 600, and 700 °C, where four consistent excitation energies were used for RIXS acquisitions. After 700 °C reduction, the XAS spectrum shows a cobalt metal-like shape, while the RIXS spectra reveal the minority cobalt monoxide phase. The holistic fit on both XAS and RIXS data reveals the respective contributions from metal and monoxide. We show that the relative precision to determine the monoxide content changes from ∼5.6% in XAS results to better than 0.8% in the RIXS analysis, suggesting that RIXS is a useful tool to track the oxidation state of nanoparticles under in situ conditions. We determined a relative radiative ratio (P) factor of approximately 5, where this factor gives the ratio between the relative strengths of the radiative decay channels compared to the nonradiative channels in CoO and Co metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Liu
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Matti M. van Schooneveld
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Yi-Tao Cui
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Jun Miyawaki
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Harada
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Thomas O. Eschemann
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Krijn P. de Jong
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Mario U. Delgado-Jaime
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Inorganic
Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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7
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Chandrasena RU, Yang W, Lei Q, Delgado-Jaime MU, Wijesekara KD, Golalikhani M, Davidson BA, Arenholz E, Kobayashi K, Kobata M, de Groot FMF, Aschauer U, Spaldin NA, Xi X, Gray AX. Strain-Engineered Oxygen Vacancies in CaMnO 3 Thin Films. Nano Lett 2017; 17:794-799. [PMID: 28103040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel pathway to control and stabilize oxygen vacancies in complex transition-metal oxide thin films. Using atomic layer-by-layer pulsed laser deposition (PLD) from two separate targets, we synthesize high-quality single-crystalline CaMnO3 films with systematically varying oxygen vacancy defect formation energies as controlled by coherent tensile strain. The systematic increase of the oxygen vacancy content in CaMnO3 as a function of applied in-plane strain is observed and confirmed experimentally using high-resolution soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in conjunction with bulk-sensitive hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (HAXPES). The relevant defect states in the densities of states are identified and the vacancy content in the films quantified using the combination of first-principles theory and core-hole multiplet calculations with holistic fitting. Our findings open up a promising avenue for designing and controlling new ionically active properties and functionalities of complex transition-metal oxides via strain-induced oxygen-vacancy formation and ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravini U Chandrasena
- Department of Physics, Temple University , 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
- Temple Materials Institute, Temple University , 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Weibing Yang
- Department of Physics, Temple University , 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
- Temple Materials Institute, Temple University , 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Qingyu Lei
- Department of Physics, Temple University , 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
- Temple Materials Institute, Temple University , 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Mario U Delgado-Jaime
- Inorganic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Kanishka D Wijesekara
- Department of Physics, Temple University , 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
- Temple Materials Institute, Temple University , 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Maryam Golalikhani
- Department of Physics, Temple University , 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
- Temple Materials Institute, Temple University , 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Bruce A Davidson
- Department of Physics, Temple University , 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Elke Arenholz
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Keisuke Kobayashi
- Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kobata
- Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Frank M F de Groot
- Inorganic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Aschauer
- Materials Theory, ETH Zurich , Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicola A Spaldin
- Materials Theory, ETH Zurich , Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoxing Xi
- Department of Physics, Temple University , 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
- Temple Materials Institute, Temple University , 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Alexander X Gray
- Department of Physics, Temple University , 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
- Temple Materials Institute, Temple University , 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Abstract
A molybdenum L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) study is presented for native and oxidized MoFe protein of nitrogenase as well as Mo-Fe model compounds. Recently collected data on MoFe protein (in oxidized and reduced forms) is compared to previously published Mo XAS data on the isolated FeMo cofactor in NMF solution and put in context of the recent Mo K-edge XAS study, which showed a MoIII assignment for the molybdenum atom in FeMoco. The L3-edge data are interpreted within a simple ligand-field model, from which a time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) approach is proposed as a way to provide further insights into the analysis of the molybdenum L3-edges. The calculated results reproduce well the relative spectral trends that are observed experimentally. Ultimately, these results give further support for the MoIII assignment in protein-bound FeMoco, as well as isolated FeMoco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnar Bjornsson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany ; Present address: Science Institute University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Mario U Delgado-Jaime
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Frederico A Lima
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany ; Present address: Centro Nacional de Pesquisa,em Energia e Materiais, Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory - LNLS, CP 6192 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Sippel
- Institute for Biochemistry Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Schlesier
- Institute for Biochemistry Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Weyhermüller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Institute for Biochemistry Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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