1
|
Breu M, Sandesjö F, Milos RI, Svoboda J, Salzer J, Schneider L, Reichelt JB, Bertolini A, Blaschek A, Fink K, Höftberger R, Lycke J, Rostásy K, Seidl R, Siegert S, Wickström R, Kornek B. Rituximab treatment in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31:e16228. [PMID: 38375947 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Rituximab (RTX) is frequently used off-label in multiple sclerosis. However, studies on the risk-benefit profile of RTX in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis are scarce. METHODS In this multicenter retrospective cohort study, patients with pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis from Sweden, Austria and Germany, who received RTX treatment were identified by chart review. Annualized relapse rates, Expanded Disability Status Scale scores and magnetic resonance imaging parameters (new T2 lesions and contrast-enhancing lesions) were assessed before and during RTX treatment. The proportion of patients who remained free from clinical and disease activity (NEDA-3) during RTX treatment was calculated. Side effects such as infusion-related reactions, infections and laboratory abnormalities were assessed. RESULTS Sixty-one patients received RTX during a median (interquartile range) follow-up period of 20.9 (35.6) months. The annualized relapse rate decreased from 0.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38-0.92) to 0.03 (95% CI 0.02-0.14). The annual rate of new T2 lesions decreased from 1.25 (95% CI 0.70-2.48) to 0.08 (95% CI 0.03-0.25) and annual rates of new contrast-enhancing lesions decreased from 0.86 (95% CI 0.30-3.96) to 0. Overall, 70% of patients displayed no evidence of disease activity (NEDA-3). Adverse events were observed in 67% of patients. Six patients discontinued treatment due to ongoing disease activity or adverse events. CONCLUSION Our study provides class IV evidence that RTX reduces clinical and radiological activity in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Breu
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fredrik Sandesjö
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ruxandra-Iulia Milos
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Svoboda
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Salzer
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lisa Schneider
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Benedikt Reichelt
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annikki Bertolini
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Witten/Herdecke, Children's Hospital Datteln, Datteln, Germany
| | - Astrid Blaschek
- Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Fink
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Lycke
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Witten/Herdecke, Children's Hospital Datteln, Datteln, Germany
| | - Rainer Seidl
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandy Siegert
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ronny Wickström
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Kornek
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Quack L, Glatter S, Wegener-Panzer A, Cleaveland R, Bertolini A, Endmayr V, Seidl R, Breu M, Wendel E, Schimmel M, Baumann M, Rauchenzauner M, Pritsch M, Boy N, Muralter T, Kluger G, Makoswski C, Kraus V, Leiz S, Loehr-Nilles C, Kreth JH, Braig S, Schilling S, Kern J, Blank C, Tro Baumann B, Vieth S, Wallot M, Reindl M, Ringl H, Wandinger KP, Leypoldt F, Höftberger R, Rostásy K. Autoantibody status, neuroradiological and clinical findings in children with acute cerebellitis. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2023; 47:118-130. [PMID: 38284996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute cerebellitis (AC) in children and adolescents is an inflammatory disease of the cerebellum due to viral or bacterial infections but also autoimmune-mediated processes. OBJECTIVE To investigate the frequency of autoantibodies in serum and CSF as well as the neuroradiological features in children with AC. MATERIAL AND METHODS Children presenting with symptoms suggestive of AC defined as acute/subacute onset of cerebellar symptoms and MRI evidence of cerebellar inflammation or additional CSF pleocytosis, positive oligoclonal bands (OCBs), and/or presence of autoantibodies in case of negative cerebellar MRI. Children fulfilling the above-mentioned criteria and a complete data set including clinical presentation, CSF studies, testing for neuronal/cerebellar and MOG antibodies as well as MRI scans performed at disease onset were eligible for this retrospective multicenter study. RESULTS 36 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria for AC (f:m = 14:22, median age 5.5 years). Ataxia was the most common cerebellar symptom present in 30/36 (83 %) in addition to dysmetria (15/36) or dysarthria (13/36). A substantial number of children (21/36) also had signs of encephalitis such as somnolence or seizures. In 10/36 (28 %) children the following autoantibodies (abs) were found: MOG-abs (n = 5) in serum, GFAPα-abs (n = 1) in CSF, GlyR-abs (n = 1) in CSF, mGluR1-abs (n = 1) in CSF and serum. In two further children, antibodies were detected only in serum (GlyR-abs, n = 1; GFAPα-abs, n = 1). MRI signal alterations in cerebellum were found in 30/36 children (83 %). Additional supra- and/or infratentorial lesions were present in 12/36 children, including all five children with MOG-abs. Outcome after a median follow-up of 3 months (range: 1 a 75) was favorable with an mRS ≤2 in 24/36 (67 %) after therapy. Antibody (ab)-positive children were significantly more likely to have a better outcome than ab-negative children (p = .022). CONCLUSION In nearly 30 % of children in our study with AC, a range of abs was found, underscoring that autoantibody testing in serum and CSF should be included in the work-up of a child with suspected AC. The detection of MOG-abs in AC does expand the MOGAD spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Quack
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Childreńs Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - S Glatter
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Wegener-Panzer
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Childreńs Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - R Cleaveland
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Childreńs Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - A Bertolini
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Childreńs Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - V Endmayr
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - R Seidl
- Department of Pediatrics, Bethanien Hospital, Moers, Germany
| | - M Breu
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E Wendel
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Olgahospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Schimmel
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Clinic of Pediatrics, Augsburg University Hospital, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - M Baumann
- Department of Pediatric I, Pediatric Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Rauchenzauner
- Department of Pediatric I, Pediatric Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Centre of Epilepsy for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Hospital for Neuropediatrics and Neurological Rehabilitation, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - M Pritsch
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Children's Hospital DRK Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - N Boy
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Muralter
- Centre of Epilepsy for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Hospital for Neuropediatrics and Neurological Rehabilitation, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - G Kluger
- Centre of Epilepsy for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Hospital for Neuropediatrics and Neurological Rehabilitation, Vogtareuth, Germany; Research Institute for Rehabilitation, Transition, and Palliation, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - C Makoswski
- Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - V Kraus
- Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Leiz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hospital Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany
| | - C Loehr-Nilles
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Klinikum Mutterhaus der Borromäerinnen, Trier, Germany
| | - J H Kreth
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Social Pediatric Center, Klinikum Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - S Braig
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - S Schilling
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Clinic of Pediatrics, Barmherzige Brüder St. Hedwig Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Kern
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - C Blank
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital St. Marien, Landshut, Germany
| | - B Tro Baumann
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Children's Hospital DRK Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - S Vieth
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Wallot
- Department of Pediatrics, Bethanien Hospital, Moers, Germany
| | - M Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Ringl
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiology, Klinik Donaustadt, Vienna, Austria
| | - K P Wandinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - F Leypoldt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - R Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - K Rostásy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Childreńs Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nikolaus M, Rausch P, Rostásy K, Bertolini A, Wickström R, Johannsen J, Denecke J, Breu M, Schimmel M, Diepold K, Haeusler M, Quade A, Berger A, Rosewich H, Steen C, von Au K, Dreesmann M, Finke C, Bartels F, Kaindl AM, Schuelke M, Knierim E. Retrospective Pediatric Cohort Study Validates NEOS Score and Demonstrates Applicability in Children With Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2023; 10:10/3/e200102. [PMID: 36948591 PMCID: PMC10032577 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDARE) is the most common form of autoimmune encephalitis in children and adults. Although our understanding of the disease mechanisms has progressed, little is known about estimating patient outcomes. Therefore, the NEOS (anti-NMDAR Encephalitis One-Year Functional Status) score was introduced as a tool to predict disease progression in NMDARE. Developed in a mixed-age cohort, it currently remains unclear whether NEOS can be optimized for pediatric NMDARE. METHODS This retrospective observational study aimed to validate NEOS in a large pediatric-only cohort of 59 patients (median age of 8 years). We reconstructed the original score, adapted it, evaluated additional variables, and assessed its predictive power (median follow-up of 20 months). Generalized linear regression models were used to examine predictability of binary outcomes based on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). In addition, neuropsychological test results were investigated as alternative cognitive outcome. RESULTS The NEOS score reliably predicted poor clinical outcome (mRS ≥3) in children in the first year after diagnosis (p = 0.0014) and beyond (p = 0.036, 16 months after diagnosis). A score adapted to the pediatric cohort by adjusting the cutoffs of the 5 NEOS components did not improve predictive power. In addition to these 5 variables, further patient characteristics such as the "Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) status" and "age at disease onset" influenced predictability and could potentially be useful to define risk groups. NEOS also predicted cognitive outcome with higher scores associated with deficits of executive function (p = 0.048) and memory (p = 0.043). DISCUSSION Our data support the applicability of the NEOS score in children with NMDARE. Although not yet validated in prospective studies, NEOS also predicted cognitive impairment in our cohort. Consequently, the score could help identify patients at risk of poor overall clinical outcome and poor cognitive outcome and thus aid in selecting not only optimized initial therapies for these patients but also cognitive rehabilitation to improve long-term outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Nikolaus
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Rausch
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Annikki Bertolini
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronny Wickström
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessika Johannsen
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Denecke
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Breu
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Mareike Schimmel
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Diepold
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Haeusler
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Annegret Quade
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Berger
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Rosewich
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Steen
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja von Au
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Mona Dreesmann
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Finke
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederik Bartels
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela M Kaindl
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Schuelke
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen Knierim
- From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.N., A.M.K., M.S., E.K.) and Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics (P.R.), Kiel; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R., A.B.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany; Neuropediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics (J.J., J.D.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.S.), University Children's Hospital Augsburg; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (K.D.), Hospital Kassel; Department of Pediatrics (M.H., A.Q.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics (A.B.), München Klinik Harlaching, Munich; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology (H.R.), Georg August University, Göttingen; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (K.v.), Vivantes Hospital Friedrichshain, Berlin; Department of Pediatrics (M.D.), Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Potsdam; Department of Neurology (C.F., F.B.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (A.M.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (M.S., E.K.), Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carta S, Cobo Calvo Á, Armangué T, Saiz A, Lechner C, Rostásy K, Breu M, Baumann M, Höftberger R, Ayzenberg I, Schwake C, Sepulveda M, Martínez-Hernández E, Olivé-Cirera G, Arrambide G, Tintoré M, Bernard-Valnet R, Du Pasquier R, Brilot F, Ramanathan S, Schanda K, Gajofatto A, Ferrari S, Sechi E, Flanagan EP, Pittock SJ, Redenbaugh V, Reindl M, Marignier R, Mariotto S. Significance of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibodies in CSF: A Retrospective Multicenter Study. Neurology 2023; 100:e1095-e1108. [PMID: 36526426 PMCID: PMC10074465 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although the diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is based on serum MOG antibodies (MOG-Abs) positivity, patients with coexisting or restricted MOG-Abs in the CSF have been reported. The aim of this study is to characterize the relevance of CSF MOG-Abs positivity in clinical practice. METHODS Eleven medical centers retrospectively collected clinical and laboratory data of adult and pediatric patients with suspected inflammatory CNS disease and MOG-Abs positivity in serum and/or CSF using live cell-based assays. Comparisons were performed using parametric or nonparametric tests, as appropriate. Potential factors of unfavorable outcomes were explored by Cox proportional hazard models and logistic regression. RESULTS The cohort included 255 patients: 139 (55%) women and 132 (52%) children (i.e., <18-year-old). Among them, 145 patients (56.8%) had MOG-Abs in both serum and CSF (MOG-Abs seropositive and CSF positive), 79 (31%) only in serum (MOG-Abs seropositive and CSF negative), and 31 (12%) only in CSF (MOG-Abs seronegative and CSF positive). MOG-Abs seronegative and CSF positive predominated in adults (22% vs 3% of children), presented more commonly with motor (n = 14, 45%) and sensory symptoms (n = 13, 42%), and all but 4 (2 multiple sclerosis, 1 polyradiculoneuritis, and 1 Susac syndrome) had a final diagnosis compatible with MOGAD. When comparing seropositive patients according to MOG-Abs CSF status, MOG-Abs seropositive and CSF positive patients had a higher Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) at nadir during the index event (median 4.5, interquartile range [IQR] 3.0-7.5 vs 3.0, IQR 2.0-6.8, p = 0.007) and presented more commonly with sensory (45.5% vs 24%, p = 0.002), motor (33.6% vs 19%, p = 0.021), and sphincter symptoms (26.9% vs 7.8%, p = 0.001) than MOG-Abs seropositive and CSF negative. At the last follow-up, MOG-Abs seropositive and CSF positive cases had more often persistent sphincter dysfunction (17.3% vs 4.3%, p = 0.008). Compared with seropositive patients, those MOG-Abs seronegative and CSF positive had higher disability at the last follow-up (p ≤ 0.001), and MOG-Abs seronegative and CSF positive status were independently associated with an EDSS ≥3.0. DISCUSSION Paired serum and CSF MOG-Abs positivity are common in MOGAD and are associated with a more severe clinical presentation. CSF-only MOG-Abs positivity can occur in patients with a phenotype suggestive of MOGAD and is associated with a worse outcome. Taken together, these data suggest a clinical interest in assessing CSF MOG-Abs in patients with a phenotype suggestive of MOGAD, regardless of the MOG-Abs serostatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carta
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Álvaro Cobo Calvo
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Thaís Armangué
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Albert Saiz
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Christian Lechner
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Markus Breu
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Matthias Baumann
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Romana Höftberger
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Carolin Schwake
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Maria Sepulveda
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Eugenia Martínez-Hernández
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Gemma Olivé-Cirera
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Georgina Arrambide
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Mar Tintoré
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Raphael Bernard-Valnet
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Sudarshini Ramanathan
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Kathrin Schanda
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Alberto Gajofatto
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Sergio Ferrari
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Elia Sechi
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Eoin P Flanagan
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Sean J Pittock
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Vyanka Redenbaugh
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Markus Reindl
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Romain Marignier
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Sara Mariotto
- From the Neurology Unit (S.C., A.G., S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (A.C.C., G.A., M.T.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (CEMCAT), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (T.A., A.S., M.S., E.M-H., G.O-C.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and, University of Barcelona, Spain; Division of Pediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), University of Witten/Herdecke Childrens' Hospital, Datteln, Germany; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology (M.B.), Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (I.A., C.S.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.B-V., R.d.P.), Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Health and Brain and Mind Centre (F.B.), Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Department of Neurology (K.S., M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences (E.S.), University of Sassari, Italy; Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (E.P.F., S.J.P., V.R.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester; Service de Neurologie (R.M.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Breu M, Lechner C, Schneider L, Tobudic S, Winkler S, Siegert S, Baumann M, Seidl R, Berger T, Kornek B. Humoral immune response following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination and infection in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 143:19-25. [PMID: 36966598 PMCID: PMC9979636 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Currently, there is no data available on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) and little is known about the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in this age group. We therefore investigated humoral immune responses after Covid-19 vaccination and/or infection in POMS. Methods We retrospectively analyzed seroconversion rates and SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody levels in 30 POMS and 1 pediatric CIS patient treated with either no disease-modifying therapy (no DMT), immunomodulatory DMT (IM-DMT), or immunosuppressive DMT (IS-DMT) from two Austrian MS centers. Results Median age at MS onset was 15.39 years (IQR 1.97). Median age at first COVID-19 vaccination was 17.43 years (IQR 2.76). After two vaccine doses, seroconversion (≥0.8 BAU/ml) was reached in 25/28 patients (89.3%). All patients with no DMT or IM-DMT generated robust immune responses to vaccination (seroconversion: no DMT: 6/6, IM-DMT: 7/7 (100%); median titers: no DMT: 2075 BAU (IQR 1268.50), IM-DMT: 2500 BAU (IQR 0)). In the IS-DMT group seroconversion was achieved in 12/14 patients (80%), median titers were 50.8 BAU (IQR 254.63). Titers were significantly higher in no DMT versus IS-DMT (p=0.012) and in IM-DMT versus IS-DMT (p=0.001). Infection with SARS-CoV-2 occurred in 11 of 31 patients and symptoms were mild in all cases. One relapse occurred after infection, but no relapses were documented after vaccination. Conclusions Generally, mRNA vaccinations were well tolerated in POMS patients with and without DMT. Immune response was significantly reduced in patients treated with IS-DMT. No unexpected adverse events or relapses related to vaccinations were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Breu
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Correspondence to: Markus Breu, MD, PhD, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Tel: +431 40400 32580. Fax: +431 40400 74710
| | - Christian Lechner
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Schneider
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Selma Tobudic
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Winkler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandy Siegert
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Baumann
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rainer Seidl
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Kornek
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wendel EM, Thonke HS, Bertolini A, Baumann M, Blaschek A, Merkenschlager A, Karenfort M, Kornek B, Lechner C, Pohl D, Pritsch M, Schanda K, Schimmel M, Thiels C, Waltz S, Wiegand G, Anlar B, Barisic N, Blank C, Breu M, Broser P, Della Marina A, Diepold K, Eckenweiler M, Eisenkölbl A, Freilinger M, Gruber-Sedlmayr U, Hackenberg A, Iff T, Knierim E, Koch J, Kutschke G, Leiz S, Lischetzki G, Nosadini M, Pschibul A, Reiter-Fink E, Rohrbach D, Salandin M, Sartori S, Schlump JU, Stoffels J, Strautmanis J, Tibussek D, Tüngler V, Utzig N, Reindl M, Rostásy K. Temporal Dynamics of MOG Antibodies in Children With Acquired Demyelinating Syndrome. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2022; 9:9/6/e200035. [PMID: 36229191 PMCID: PMC9562044 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective The spectrum of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody–associated disorder (MOGAD) comprises monophasic diseases such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), optic neuritis (ON), and transverse myelitis and relapsing courses of these presentations. Persistently high MOG antibodies (MOG immunoglobulin G [IgG]) are found in patients with a relapsing disease course. Prognostic factors to determine the clinical course of children with a first MOGAD are still lacking. The objective of the study is to assess the clinical and laboratory prognostic parameters for a risk of relapse and the temporal dynamics of MOG‐IgG titers in children with MOGAD in correlation with clinical presentation and disease course. Methods In this prospective multicenter hospital-based study, children with a first demyelinating attack and complete data set comprising clinical and radiologic findings, MOG-IgG titer at onset, and clinical and serologic follow-up data were included. Serum samples were analyzed by live cell-based assay, and a titer level of ≥1:160 was classified as MOG-IgG–positive. Results One hundred sixteen children (f:m = 57:59) with MOGAD were included and initially diagnosed with ADEM (n = 59), unilateral ON (n = 12), bilateral ON (n = 16), myelitis (n = 6), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (n = 8) or encephalitis (n = 6). The median follow-up time was 3 years in monophasic and 5 years in relapsing patients. There was no significant association between disease course and MOG-IgG titers at onset, sex, age at presentation, or clinical phenotype. Seroconversion to MOG-IgG–negative within 2 years of the initial event showed a significant risk reduction for a relapsing disease course. Forty-two/one hundred sixteen patients (monophasic n = 26, relapsing n = 16) had serial MOG-IgG testing in years 1 and 2 after the initial event. In contrast to relapsing patients, monophasic patients showed a significant decrease of MOG-IgG titers during the first and second years, often with seroconversion to negative titers. During the follow-up, MOG-IgG titers were persistently higher in relapsing than in monophasic patients. Decrease in MOG-IgG of ≥3 dilution steps after the first and second years was shown to be associated with a decreased risk of relapses. In our cohort, no patient experienced a relapse after seroconversion to MOG-IgG–negative. Discussion In this study, patients with declining MOG-IgG titers, particularly those with seroconversion to MOG-IgG–negative, are shown to have a significantly reduced relapse risk.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zrzavy T, Endmayr V, Bauer J, Macher S, Mossaheb N, Schwaiger C, Ricken G, Winklehner M, Glatter S, Breu M, Wimmer I, Kovacs GG, Risser DU, Klupp N, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Roetzer T, Rommer P, Berger T, Gelpi E, Lassmann H, Graus F, Dalmau J, Höftberger R. Neuropathological Variability within a Spectrum of NMDAR-Encephalitis. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:725-737. [PMID: 34562035 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the neuropathological features of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-encephalitis in an archival autopsy cohort. METHODS We examined four autopsies from patients with NMDAR-encephalitis; two patients were untreated, three had comorbidities: small cell lung cancer, brain post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), and overlapping demyelination. RESULTS The two untreated patients had inflammatory infiltrates predominantly composed of perivascular and parenchymal CD3+ /CD8- T cells and CD79a+ B cells/plasma cells in basal ganglia, amygdala, and hippocampus with surrounding white matter. The hippocampi showed a significant decrease of NMDAR-immunoreactivity that correlated with disease severity. The patient with NMDAR-encephalitis and immunosuppression for kidney transplantation developed a brain monomorphic PTLD. Inflammatory changes were compatible with NMDAR-encephalitis. Additionally, plasma cells accumulated in the vicinity of the necrotic tumor along with macrophages and activated microglia that strongly expressed pro-inflammatory activation markers HLA-DR, CD68, and IL18. The fourth patient developed demyelinating lesions in the setting of a relapse 4 years after NMDAR-encephalitis. These lesions exhibited the hallmarks of classic multiple sclerosis with radially expanding lesions and remyelinated shadow plaques without complement or immunoglobulin deposition, compatible with a pattern I demyelination. INTERPRETATION The topographic distribution of inflammation in patients with NMDAR-encephalitis reflects the clinical symptoms of movement disorders, abnormal behavior, and memory dysfunction with inflammation dominantly observed in basal ganglia, amygdala, and hippocampus, and loss of NMDAR-immunoreactivity correlates with disease severity. Co-occurring pathologies influence the spatial distribution, composition, and intensity of inflammation, which may modify patients' clinical presentation and outcome. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:725-737.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Zrzavy
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Endmayr
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Bauer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Macher
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nilufar Mossaheb
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carmen Schwaiger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerda Ricken
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Winklehner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Glatter
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Breu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Wimmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniele U Risser
- Center for Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Klupp
- Center for Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Roetzer
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paulus Rommer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobank-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francesc Graus
- Neuroimmunology Programme, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Dalmau
- Neuroimmunology Programme, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Breu M, Häfele C, Trimmel-Schwahofer P, Schmidt WM, Laconne F, Vodopiutz J, Male C, Dressler A. The relation of etiology based on the 2017 ILAE classification to the effectiveness of the ketogenic diet in drug-resistant epilepsy in childhood. Epilepsia 2021; 62:2814-2825. [PMID: 34453316 PMCID: PMC9290115 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effectiveness and safety of the ketogenic diet (KD) in drug‐resistant epilepsy in childhood in relation to the new 2017 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification of etiology. Methods A consecutive cohort of patients treated with the KD were categorized according to the ILAE classification into known (structural, genetic, metabolic, infectious, and immune‐mediated) and unknown etiology. Primary outcome was the frequency of patients achieving seizure freedom with the KD at 3 months, secondary outcomes were seizure reduction >50% at 3 months, and both seizure freedom and seizure reduction >50% at 6, 12 months, and at last follow‐up (LFU), and adverse effects. Outcomes were compared between etiology groups. Results Etiology was known in 70% (129/183). Outcomes did not differ at 3 months (known vs unknown: seizure freedom 28% vs 33%, seizure reduction 62 vs 67%), but seizure freedom was significantly less frequent in known etiology at 6 months (26% vs 43%) and beyond (22% vs 37%). Logistic regression identified duration of epilepsy, number of previous antiseizure medications (ASMs), and age‐appropriate psychomotor development as positive determinants of outcome. Among individual etiology groups, the effectiveness of KD was relatively best for genetic (33% at LFU) and poorest for metabolic etiology (8% at LFU). The small number of patients with infectious and immune‐mediated etiology requires larger numbers in each etiology group to corroborate our results. No differences in type and frequency of adverse effects (in 71%) between etiology groups were observed, requiring medical intervention in 21%. Significance The KD was most effective in genetic and unknown etiology, many unknowns probably represent yet unidentified genetic causes. We recommend consequent diagnostic and genetic work‐up to identify etiologies that respond best to the KD. The KD should be offered early to infants with genetic epilepsy before deterioration of epileptic symptoms and of psychomotor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Breu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Affiliated Partner of the ERN EpiCARE, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chiara Häfele
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Affiliated Partner of the ERN EpiCARE, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Trimmel-Schwahofer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Affiliated Partner of the ERN EpiCARE, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang M Schmidt
- Neuromuscular Research Department, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franco Laconne
- Institute for Medical Genetics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Vodopiutz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Affiliated Partner of the ERN EpiCARE, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Male
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Affiliated Partner of the ERN EpiCARE, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anastasia Dressler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Affiliated Partner of the ERN EpiCARE, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Breu M, Häfele C, Glatter S, Trimmel-Schwahofer P, Golej J, Male C, Feucht M, Dressler A. Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus at a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: A Single-Center Experience. Front Neurol 2021; 12:669296. [PMID: 34149600 PMCID: PMC8209375 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.669296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To evaluate the use of the ketogenic diet (KD) for treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) at a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Design: A retrospective analysis of all pediatric patients treated for SRSE with the KD at our center was performed using patient data from our prospective longitudinal KD database. Setting: SRSE is defined as refractory SE that continues or recurs 24 h or more after initiation of anesthetic drugs. We describe the clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) findings of all children treated with KD at our PICU. The KD was administered as add-on after failure of standard treatment. Response was defined as EEG seizure resolution (absence of seizures and suppression–burst ratio ≥50%). Patients: Eight consecutive SRSE patients (four females) treated with KD were included. Median age at onset of SRSE was 13.6 months (IQR 0.9–105), and median age at KD initiation was 13.7 months (IQR 1.9 months to 8.9 years). Etiology was known in 6/8 (75%): genetic in 4 (50%), structural in 1 (12.5%), and autoimmune/inflammatory in 1 (12.5%). Main Results: Time from onset of SRSE to initiation of KD was median 6 days (IQR 1.3–9). Time until clinically relevant ketosis (beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) >2 mmol/L in serum) was median 68.0 h (IQR 27.3–220.5). Higher ketosis was achieved when a higher proportion of enteral feeds was possible. Four (50%) patients responded to KD treatment within 7 days. During follow-up (median 4.2 months, IQR 1.6–12.3), 5/8 patients—three of them responders—died within 3–12 months after SRSE. Conclusions: In eight patients with SRSE due to severe etiologies including Alpers syndrome, we report an initial 50% response to KD. KD was used early in SRSE and sufficient levels of ketosis were reached early in most patients. Higher ketosis was achieved with combined enteral and parenteral feedings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Breu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chiara Häfele
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Glatter
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johann Golej
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Male
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martha Feucht
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anastasia Dressler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bruijstens AL, Wendel EM, Lechner C, Bartels F, Finke C, Breu M, Flet-Berliac L, de Chalus A, Adamsbaum C, Capobianco M, Laetitia G, Hacohen Y, Hemingway C, Wassmer E, Lim M, Baumann M, Wickström R, Armangue T, Rostasy K, Deiva K, Neuteboom RF. E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: Part 5 - Treatment of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 29:41-53. [PMID: 33176999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the understanding about the different clinical phenotypes, diagnostic and prognostic factors of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disorders (MOGAD) has significantly increased. However, there is still lack of evidence-based treatment protocols for acute attacks and children with a relapsing course of the disease. Currently used acute and maintenance treatment regimens are derived from other demyelinating central nervous system diseases and are mostly centre-specific. Therefore, this part of the Paediatric European Collaborative Consensus attempts to provide recommendations for acute and maintenance therapy based on clinical experience and evidence available from mainly retrospective studies. In the acute attack, intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) leads to a favourable outcome in the majority of patients and can be followed by tapering of oral steroids up to a maximum of three months to maintain the benefit of acute treatment by suppressing disease activity. Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) and plasmapheresis constitute second-line therapies in case of insufficient response to IVMP. After a first relapse, maintenance treatment should be started in order to prevent further relapses and the possibility of permanent sequelae. Four first-line therapies consisting of rituximab (RTX), azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil or monthly IVIG have been identified by the consensus group. In case of further relapses despite maintenance treatment, the consensus group recommends treatment escalation with RTX or IVIG, followed by combining those two, and ultimately adding maintenance oral steroids. Many open questions remain which need to be addressed in further international prospective evaluation of MOGAD treatment. This international collaboration is essential to expand the state of current knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva-Maria Wendel
- Department of Paediatrics, Klinikum Stuttgart/Olgahospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Lechner
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Frederik Bartels
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin / Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Finke
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin / Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Breu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Paediatric Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorraine Flet-Berliac
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospitals Paris-Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Aliénor de Chalus
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospitals Paris-Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Catherine Adamsbaum
- Paediatric Radiology Department, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospitals Paris-Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Marco Capobianco
- Department of Neurology and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Giorgi Laetitia
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospitals Paris-Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Yael Hacohen
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology / Department of Paediatric Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Cheryl Hemingway
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Evangeline Wassmer
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ming Lim
- Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Matthias Baumann
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronny Wickström
- Neuropaediatric Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Thaís Armangue
- Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Paediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kevin Rostasy
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany
| | - Kumaran Deiva
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospitals Paris-Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA
| | - Rinze F Neuteboom
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jarius S, Lechner C, Wendel EM, Baumann M, Breu M, Schimmel M, Karenfort M, Marina AD, Merkenschlager A, Thiels C, Blaschek A, Salandin M, Leiz S, Leypoldt F, Pschibul A, Hackenberg A, Hahn A, Syrbe S, Strautmanis J, Häusler M, Krieg P, Eisenkölbl A, Stoffels J, Eckenweiler M, Ayzenberg I, Haas J, Höftberger R, Kleiter I, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Ringelstein M, Ruprecht K, Siebert N, Schanda K, Aktas O, Paul F, Reindl M, Wildemann B, Rostásy K. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. Part 2: Results from 108 lumbar punctures in 80 pediatric patients. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:262. [PMID: 32883358 PMCID: PMC7470445 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01825-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New-generation, cell-based assays have demonstrated a robust association of serum autoantibodies to full-length human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) with (mostly recurrent) optic neuritis, myelitis, and brainstem encephalitis, as well as with neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-like or acute-disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like presentations. However, only limited data are yet available on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in MOG-IgG-associated encephalomyelitis (MOG-EM; also termed MOG antibody-associated disease, MOGAD). OBJECTIVE To describe systematically the CSF profile in children with MOG-EM. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cytological and biochemical findings (including white cell counts [WCC] and differentiation; frequency and patterns of oligoclonal bands; IgG/IgM/IgA and albumin concentrations and CSF/serum ratios; intrathecal IgG/IgM/IgA fractions; locally produced IgG/IgM/IgA concentrations; immunoglobulin class patterns; IgG/IgA/IgM reibergrams; Link index; measles/rubella/zoster [MRZ] reaction; other anti-viral and anti-bacterial antibody indices; CSF total protein; CSF L-lactate) from 108 lumbar punctures in 80 pediatric patients of mainly Caucasian descent with MOG-EM were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Most strikingly, CSF-restricted oligoclonal IgG bands, a hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS), were absent in 89% of samples (N = 96), and the MRZ reaction, the most specific laboratory marker of MS known so far, in 100% (N = 29). If present at all, intrathecal IgG synthesis was low, often transient and mostly restricted to acute attacks. Intrathecal IgM synthesis was present in 21% and exclusively detectable during acute attacks. CSF WCC were elevated in 54% of samples (median 40 cells/μl; range 6-256; mostly lymphocytes and monocytes; > 100/μl in 11%). Neutrophils were present in 71% of samples; eosinophils, activated lymphocytes, and plasma cells were seen only rarely (all < 7%). Blood-CSF barrier dysfunction (as indicated by an elevated albumin CSF/serum ratio) was present in 46% of all samples (N = 79) and at least once in 48% of all patients (N = 67) tested. CSF alterations were significantly more frequent and/or more pronounced in patients with acute spinal cord or brain disease than in patients with acute ON and varied strongly depending on attack severity. CSF L-lactate levels correlated significantly with the spinal cord lesions load (measured in vertebral segments) in patients with acute myelitis (p = 0.0099). An analysis of pooled data from the pediatric and the adult cohort showed a significant relationship of QAlb (p < 0.0005), CST TP (p < 0.0001), and CSF L-lactate (p < 0.0003) during acute attacks with age. CONCLUSION MOG-IgG-associated EM in children is characterized by CSF features that are distinct from those in MS. With regard to most parameters, no marked differences between the pediatric cohort and the adult cohort analyzed in Part 1 were noted. Our findings are important for the differential diagnosis of pediatric MS and MOG-EM and add to the understanding of the immunopathogenesis of this newly described autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christian Lechner
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eva M Wendel
- Department of Pediatrics, Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Baumann
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Breu
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mareike Schimmel
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Medical University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Michael Karenfort
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Adela Della Marina
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Merkenschlager
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Charlotte Thiels
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Astrid Blaschek
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Leiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- Neuroimmunology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Pschibul
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Hackenberg
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Steffen Syrbe
- Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of General Pediatrics, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jurgis Strautmanis
- Department of Neurology, Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Martin Häusler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Krieg
- Department of Pediatrics, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Astrid Eisenkölbl
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's and Children's Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Johannes Stoffels
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Neuburg, Neuburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eckenweiler
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Haas
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Mirjam Korporal-Kuhnke
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadja Siebert
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schanda
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Neuburg, Neuburg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Paolilo RB, Hacohen Y, Yazbeck E, Armangue T, Bruijstens A, Lechner C, Apostolos-Pereira SL, Martynenko Y, Breu M, de Medeiros Rimkus C, Wassmer E, Baumann M, Papetti L, Capobianco M, Kornek B, Rostásy K, da Paz JA, Ciccarelli O, Lim M, Saiz A, Neuteboom R, Marignier R, Hemingway C, Sato DK, Deiva K. Treatment and outcome of aquaporin-4 antibody-positive NMOSD: A multinational pediatric study. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2020; 7:7/5/e837. [PMID: 32732259 PMCID: PMC7413715 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective To describe the clinical phenotypes, treatment response, and outcome of children with antibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4-Ab) neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Methods Retrospective, multicenter, and multinational study of patients with AQP4-Ab NMOSD aged <18 years at disease onset from a center in Brazil and 13 European centers. Data on demographics, clinical findings, and laboratory results were analyzed; calculation of annualized relapse rates (ARRs) pre- and on-treatment with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and of ORs for predictors of poor outcome was performed. Results A total of 67 children were identified. At last follow-up (median 4 years, interquartile range 2–10 years), 37/67(57.8%) were found to have permanent disability. A more severe disease course was seen in the non-White ethnicity with both a shorter time to first relapse (p = 0.049) and a worse Expanded Disability Status Scale score at last follow-up (p = 0.008). The median ARR on treatment was 0.18 on azathioprine (n = 39, range 0–4), 0 on mycophenolate mofetil (n = 18, range 0–3), and 0 on rituximab (n = 29, range 0–2). No patient treated with rituximab as first-line therapy relapsed. Optic neuritis at onset was associated with a poor visual outcome below 20/200 (OR 8.669, 95% CI 1.764–42.616, p = 0.008), and a younger age at onset was associated with cognitive impairment (OR 0.786, 95% CI 0.644–0.959, p = 0.018). Conclusions AQP4-Ab NMOSD in children is an aggressive disease with permanent disabilities observed in over half the cohort. All DMTs were associated with a reduction of ARR. First-line rituximab prevented further clinical relapses. International consensus on treatment protocols for children is required to reduce heterogeneity of treatment regimens used worldwide. Classification of evidence This study provides Class IV evidence that for children with AQP4-Ab NMOSD, all DMTs, particularly first-line rituximab, reduced the ARR and prevented further clinical relapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Barbosa Paolilo
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
| | - Yael Hacohen
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Elise Yazbeck
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Thais Armangue
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Arlette Bruijstens
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Christian Lechner
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Samira Luisa Apostolos-Pereira
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Yana Martynenko
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Markus Breu
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Carolina de Medeiros Rimkus
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Evangeline Wassmer
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Matthias Baumann
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Laura Papetti
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Marco Capobianco
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Barbara Kornek
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - José Albino da Paz
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Ming Lim
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Albert Saiz
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Rinze Neuteboom
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Romain Marignier
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Cheryl Hemingway
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Douglas Kazutoshi Sato
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Kumaran Deiva
- From the Department of Neurology (R.B.P., S.L.A.-P., J.A.d.P.) and Department of Radiology (INRAD) (C.d.M.R.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Brazil; Queen Square MS Centre (Y.H., O.C.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H., C.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Assistance Publue-Hôpitaux de Paris (E.Y., K.D.), University Hospitals Paris South, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.) and Neurology Service (A.S.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, and Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Deu (SJD) Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (A.B., R.N.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Paediatric Neurology (C.L., M.B.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Center of Physical Therapy and Pain Medicine INNOVO (Y.M.), Lviv, Ukraine; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.B.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Department of Neurology (B.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Pediatric Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience (L.P.), Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.C.) and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre (M.C.), University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Vestische Kinder und Jugendklinik, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Neurology Department (R.M.), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (R.M., K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (Brains), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Inserm UMR 1184 (K.D.), Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, CEA, IDMIT, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
De Simoni D, Ricken G, Winklehner M, Koneczny I, Karenfort M, Hustedt U, Seidel U, Abdel-Mannan O, Munot P, Rinaldi S, Steen C, Freilinger M, Breu M, Seidl R, Reindl M, Wanschitz J, Lleixà C, Bernert G, Wandinger KP, Junker R, Querol L, Leypoldt F, Rostásy K, Höftberger R. Antibodies to nodal/paranodal proteins in paediatric immune-mediated neuropathy. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2020; 7:e763. [PMID: 32487720 PMCID: PMC7286658 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Desiree De Simoni
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Gerda Ricken
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Michael Winklehner
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Inga Koneczny
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Michael Karenfort
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Ulf Hustedt
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Ulrich Seidel
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Omar Abdel-Mannan
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Pinki Munot
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Simon Rinaldi
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Claudia Steen
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Michael Freilinger
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Markus Breu
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Rainer Seidl
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Markus Reindl
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Julia Wanschitz
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Cinta Lleixà
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Günther Bernert
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Wandinger
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Ralf Junker
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Luis Querol
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany.
| | - Romana Höftberger
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry (D.D.S., G.R., M.W., I.K., R.H.), Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.D.S.), University Hospital St. Poelten, Austria; Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology (M.K.), University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neuropediatric Rehabilitation (U.H.), Vamed Clinic Hattingen, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (U.S.), Charité University, Berlin, Germany; Paediatric Neurology (O.A.-M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (P.M.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine (C.S.), St Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (M.F., M.B., R.S.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (M.R., J.W.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (C.L., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain; SMZ Süd (G.B.), Kaiser-Franz Josef Hospital with Gottfried von Preyer Children Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry (K.-P.W., R.J., F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bartels F, Krohn S, Nikolaus M, Johannsen J, Wickström R, Schimmel M, Häusler M, Berger A, Breu M, Blankenburg M, Stoffels J, Hendricks O, Bernert G, Kurlemann G, Knierim E, Kaindl A, Rostásy K, Finke C. Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Outcome Predictors in Pediatric Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:148-159. [PMID: 32314416 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate disease symptoms, and clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and to perform longitudinal volumetric MRI analyses in a European multicenter cohort of pediatric anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDARE) patients. METHODS We studied 38 children with NMDARE (median age = 12.9 years, range =1-18) and a total of 82 MRI scans for volumetric MRI analyses compared to matched healthy controls. Mixed-effect models and brain volume z scores were applied to estimate longitudinal brain volume development. Ordinal logistic regression and ordinal mixed models were used to predict disease outcome and severity. RESULTS Initial MRI scans showed abnormal findings in 15 of 38 (39.5%) patients, mostly white matter T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensities. Volumetric MRI analyses revealed reductions of whole brain and gray matter as well as hippocampal and basal ganglia volumes in NMDARE children. Longitudinal mixed-effect models and z score transformation showed failure of age-expected brain growth in patients. Importantly, patients with abnormal MRI findings at onset were more likely to have poor outcome (Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category score > 1, incidence rate ratio = 3.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.31-9.31, p = 0.012) compared to patients with normal MRI. Ordinal logistic regression models corrected for time from onset confirmed abnormal MRI at onset (odds ratio [OR] = 9.90, 95% CI = 2.51-17.28, p = 0.009), a presentation with sensorimotor deficits (OR = 13.71, 95% CI = 2.68-24.73, p = 0.015), and a treatment delay > 4 weeks (OR = 5.15, 95% CI = 0.47-9.82, p = 0.031) as independent predictors of poor clinical outcome. INTERPRETATION Children with NMDARE exhibit significant brain volume loss and failure of age-expected brain growth. Abnormal MRI findings, a clinical presentation with sensorimotor deficits, and a treatment delay > 4 weeks are associated with worse clinical outcome. These characteristics represent promising prognostic biomarkers in pediatric NMDARE. ANN NEUROL 2020 ANN NEUROL 2020;88:148-159.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Bartels
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Krohn
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Nikolaus
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessika Johannsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronny Wickström
- Neuropediatric Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mareike Schimmel
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martin Häusler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatric and Social Pediatrics, Medical University Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Berger
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, München Klinik Harlaching, Munich, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Weiden, Weiden, Germany
| | - Markus Breu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Blankenburg
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Olgahospital Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany
| | - Johannes Stoffels
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Neuburg, Neuburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Hendricks
- Department of Pediatrics, Marienhospital Bottrop, Bottrop, Germany
| | - Günther Bernert
- Department of Pediatrics, Gottfried von Preyer's Children's Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerd Kurlemann
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ellen Knierim
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela Kaindl
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany
| | - Carsten Finke
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lechner C, Breu M, Wendel EM, Kornek B, Schanda K, Baumann M, Reindl M, Rostásy K. Epidemiology of Pediatric NMOSD in Germany and Austria. Front Neurol 2020; 11:415. [PMID: 32670175 PMCID: PMC7326092 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are severe inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system mainly characterized by recurrent episodes of uni- or bilateral optic neuritis (ON), transverse myelitis (TM) and brainstem syndromes (BS). The majority of adult patients has serum antibodies directed against the water channel protein aquaporin 4 (AQP4-abs). In pediatric patients, AQP4-abs are less, while antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-abs) are more frequently detectable than in adults. Some children with NMOSD have neither AQP4- nor MOG-ab (double-seronegative). Objective: Evaluation of epidemiological data regarding incidence and prevalence of pediatric NMOSD in Germany and Austria. Methods: We recruited pediatric NMOSD patients between 1 March 2017 and 28 February 2019 with five different tools: (1) ESPED (Surveillance Unit for Rare Pediatric Disorders in Germany), (2) ESNEK (Surveillance for Rare Neurological Disorders during Childhood), (3) pediatric neurology working group within the Austrian Society of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, (4) BIOMARKER Study and (5) NEMOS (Neuromyelitis optica Study Group). We requested data regarding clinical symptoms, antibody status, therapy regimen and response via a standardized questionnaire. Results: During the 2-year recruitment period, 46 (both incidental and prevalent) patients with a suspected diagnosis of NMOSD were brought to our attention. Twenty-two of these patients did not fulfill the inclusion criteria. Of the remaining 24 children, 22 had a median age at onset of 11 (range 3–17) years and 16/22 were female (72.7%) (no data in two patients). Sixteen of 24 patients were AQP4-ab positive (67%), 4/24 MOG-ab positive (16.7%), three children were double-seronegative and in one patient no antibody testing was done. We calculated an incidence rate of 0.022 per 100,000 person-years for Germany, while there was no incidental case in Austria during the recruitment period. The prevalence rate was 0.147 and 0.267 per 100,000 persons in Germany and Austria, respectively. Conclusion: Pediatric NMOSD, with and without associated antibodies, are very rare even considering the different limitations of our study. An unexpected finding was that a considerable proportion of patients was tested neither for AQP4- nor MOG-abs during diagnostic work-up, which should prompt to establish and disseminate appropriate guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lechner
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Breu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Wendel
- Department of Pediatrics, Olgahospital Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Barbara Kornek
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Schanda
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Baumann
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Reindl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wegener-Panzer A, Cleaveland R, Wendel EM, Baumann M, Bertolini A, Häusler M, Knierim E, Reiter-Fink E, Breu M, Sönmez Ö, Della Marina A, Peters R, Lechner C, Piepkorn M, Roll C, Höftberger R, Leypoldt F, Reindl M, Rostásy K. Clinical and imaging features of children with autoimmune encephalitis and MOG antibodies. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2020; 7:7/4/e731. [PMID: 32358225 PMCID: PMC7217659 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective To describe the presentations, radiologic features, and outcomes of children with autoimmune encephalitis associated with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG abs). Methods Identification of children fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for possible autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and testing positive for serum MOG abs. Chart review and comprehensive analysis of serum MOG abs using live cell assays and rat brain immunohistochemistry. Results Ten children (4 girls, 6 boys) with AE and serum MOG abs were identified. The median age at onset was 8.0 years (range: 4–16 years). Children presented with a combination of encephalopathy (10/10), headache (7/10), focal neurologic signs (7/10), or seizures (6/10). CSF pleocytosis was common (9/10, median 80 white cell count/μL, range: 21–256). Imaging showed cortical and deep gray matter involvement in all in addition to juxtacortical signal alterations in 6/10 children. No involvement of other white matter structures or contrast enhancement was noted. MOG abs were detected in all children (median titer 1:640; range: 1:320–1:10,540). Nine children had a favorable outcome at discharge (modified Rankin scale of < 2). Five of 10 children had up to 3 additional demyelinating relapses associated with persisting MOG abs. One child had NMDA receptor (NMDAR) abs at initial presentation. A second child had a third demyelinating episode with MOG abs with overlapping NMDAR encephalitis. Discussion AE associated with serum MOG abs represents a distinct form of autoantibody-mediated encephalitis in children. We therefore recommend including MOG abs testing in the workup of children with suspected AE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wegener-Panzer
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Cleaveland
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Wendel
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Baumann
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annikki Bertolini
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Häusler
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ellen Knierim
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Edith Reiter-Fink
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Breu
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Özcan Sönmez
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Adela Della Marina
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Renate Peters
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Lechner
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Piepkorn
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claudia Roll
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Reindl
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- From the Department of Radiology (A.W.-P., R.C.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (E.-M.W.), Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M. Baumann, C.L.), Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.B., K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke; Department of Pediatrics (M.H.), Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (E.K.), Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (E.K.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.R.-F., M. Breu), Medical University of Vienna; St. Anna Children´s Hospital (E.R.-F.), Vienna, Austria; Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin (Ö.S.), Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics (A.D.M.), Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics (R.P.), Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology (M.P.), Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover Germany; Department of Neonatology (C.R.), Pediatric Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Institute of Neurology (R.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology (F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Breu M, Glatter S, Höftberger R, Freilinger M, Kircher K, Kasprian G, Seidl R, Kornek B. Two Cases of Pediatric AQP4-Antibody Positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder Successfully Treated with Tocilizumab. Neuropediatrics 2019; 50:193-196. [PMID: 30913570 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1684004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
B cell depletion with the anti-CD20-antibody rituximab is widely considered treatment of choice for long-term immunotherapy in aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-antibody positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). However, up to 30% of patients suffer from relapses despite complete B cell depletion. In these cases, the IL6 (interleukin-6)-receptor blocking antibody tocilizumab has been suggested as an alternative. We report two female adolescents with AQP4-antibody positive NMOSD who relapsed under rituximab treatment and clinically stabilized after switching to monthly administrations of tocilizumab. Our data suggest that early escalation of therapy with tocilizumab may lead to stabilization of disease activity in pediatric NMOSD patients who relapse under B cell depletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Breu
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Glatter
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Freilinger
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Kircher
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Seidl
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Kornek
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Breu M, Reisinger D, Tao L, Wu D, Zhang Y, Budde MD, Fatemi A, Pathak AP, Zhang J. In vivo high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging of the developing neonatal rat cortex and its relationship to glial and dendritic maturation. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1815-1829. [PMID: 31011813 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01878-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is increasingly utilized as a sensitive tool for studying brain maturation and injuries during the neonatal period. In this study, we acquired high resolution in vivo DTI data from neonatal rat brains from postnatal day 2 (P2) to P10 and correlated temporal changes in DTI derived markers with microstructural organization of glia, axons, and dendrites during this critical period of brain development. Group average images showed dramatic temporal changes in brain morphology, fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). Most cortical regions showed a monotonous decline in FA and an initial increase in MD from P2 to P8 that declined slightly by P10. Qualitative histology revealed rapid maturation of the glial and dendritic networks in the developing cortex. In the cingulate and motor cortex, the decreases in FA over time significantly correlated with structural anisotropy values computed from histological sections stained with glial and dendritic markers. However, in the sensory and visual cortex, other factors probably contributed to the observed decreases in FA. We did not observe any significant correlations between FA and structural anisotropy computed from the axonal histological marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Breu
- Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Reisinger
- Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Liangcheng Tao
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yajing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew D Budde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arvind P Pathak
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiangyang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, 660 First Avenue, Room 207, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pförringer D, Breu M, Crönlein M, Kolisch R, Kanz KG. Closure simulation for reduction of emergency patient diversion: a discrete agent-based simulation approach to minimizing ambulance diversion. Eur J Med Res 2018; 23:32. [PMID: 29884227 PMCID: PMC5994037 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-018-0330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The city of Munich uses web-based information system IVENA to promote exchange of information regarding hospital offerings and closures between the integrated dispatch center and hospitals to support coordination of the emergency medical services. Hospital crowding resulting in closures and thus prolonged transportation time poses a major problem. An innovative discrete agent model simulates the effects of novel policies to reduce closure times and avoid crowding. Methods For this analysis, between 2013 and 2017, IVENA data consisting of injury/disease, condition, age, estimated arrival time and assigned hospital or hospital-closure statistics as well as underlying reasons were examined. Two simulation experiments with three policy variations are performed to gain insights on the influence of diversion policies onto the outcome variables. Results A total of 530,000+ patients were assigned via the IVENA system and 200,000+ closures were requested during this time period. Some hospital units request a closure on more than 50% of days. The majority of hospital closures are not triggered by the absolute number of patient arrivals, but by a sudden increase within a short time period. Four of the simulations yielded a specific potential for shortening of overall closure time in comparison to the current status quo. Conclusion Effective solutions against crowding require common policies to limit closure status periods based on quantitative thresholds. A new policy in combination with a quantitative arrival sensor system may reduce closing hours and optimize patient flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Pförringer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Unfallchirurgie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - M Breu
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Unfallchirurgie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.,TUM School of Management, Technische Universität München, Arcisstr. 21, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - M Crönlein
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Unfallchirurgie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - R Kolisch
- TUM School of Management, Technische Universität München, Arcisstr. 21, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - K-G Kanz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Unfallchirurgie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Körtvélyessy P, Breu M, Pawlitzki M, Metz I, Heinze HJ, Matzke M, Mawrin C, Rommer P, Kovacs GG, Mitter C, Reindl M, Brück W, Wandinger KP, Lassmann H, Höftberger R, Leypoldt F. ADEM-like presentation, anti-MOG antibodies, and MS pathology: TWO case reports. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2017; 4:e335. [PMID: 28331892 PMCID: PMC5350621 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Körtvélyessy
- Department of Neurology (P.K., M.P., H.-J.H., M.M.), Institute of Neuropathology (C.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg (P.K.), Germany; Institute of Neurology (M.B., G.G.K., R.H.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Department of Neurology (P.R.), Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (C.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, and Department of Neuroimmunology (H.L.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (H.-J.H.), Magdeburg; Department of Neurology (M.M.), MEDIAN NRZ Flechtingen, Germany; Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Neuroimmunology (K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Breu
- Department of Neurology (P.K., M.P., H.-J.H., M.M.), Institute of Neuropathology (C.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg (P.K.), Germany; Institute of Neurology (M.B., G.G.K., R.H.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Department of Neurology (P.R.), Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (C.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, and Department of Neuroimmunology (H.L.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (H.-J.H.), Magdeburg; Department of Neurology (M.M.), MEDIAN NRZ Flechtingen, Germany; Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Neuroimmunology (K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc Pawlitzki
- Department of Neurology (P.K., M.P., H.-J.H., M.M.), Institute of Neuropathology (C.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg (P.K.), Germany; Institute of Neurology (M.B., G.G.K., R.H.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Department of Neurology (P.R.), Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (C.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, and Department of Neuroimmunology (H.L.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (H.-J.H.), Magdeburg; Department of Neurology (M.M.), MEDIAN NRZ Flechtingen, Germany; Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Neuroimmunology (K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Imke Metz
- Department of Neurology (P.K., M.P., H.-J.H., M.M.), Institute of Neuropathology (C.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg (P.K.), Germany; Institute of Neurology (M.B., G.G.K., R.H.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Department of Neurology (P.R.), Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (C.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, and Department of Neuroimmunology (H.L.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (H.-J.H.), Magdeburg; Department of Neurology (M.M.), MEDIAN NRZ Flechtingen, Germany; Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Neuroimmunology (K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- Department of Neurology (P.K., M.P., H.-J.H., M.M.), Institute of Neuropathology (C.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg (P.K.), Germany; Institute of Neurology (M.B., G.G.K., R.H.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Department of Neurology (P.R.), Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (C.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, and Department of Neuroimmunology (H.L.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (H.-J.H.), Magdeburg; Department of Neurology (M.M.), MEDIAN NRZ Flechtingen, Germany; Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Neuroimmunology (K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mike Matzke
- Department of Neurology (P.K., M.P., H.-J.H., M.M.), Institute of Neuropathology (C.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg (P.K.), Germany; Institute of Neurology (M.B., G.G.K., R.H.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Department of Neurology (P.R.), Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (C.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, and Department of Neuroimmunology (H.L.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (H.-J.H.), Magdeburg; Department of Neurology (M.M.), MEDIAN NRZ Flechtingen, Germany; Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Neuroimmunology (K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Mawrin
- Department of Neurology (P.K., M.P., H.-J.H., M.M.), Institute of Neuropathology (C.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg (P.K.), Germany; Institute of Neurology (M.B., G.G.K., R.H.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Department of Neurology (P.R.), Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (C.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, and Department of Neuroimmunology (H.L.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (H.-J.H.), Magdeburg; Department of Neurology (M.M.), MEDIAN NRZ Flechtingen, Germany; Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Neuroimmunology (K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paulus Rommer
- Department of Neurology (P.K., M.P., H.-J.H., M.M.), Institute of Neuropathology (C.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg (P.K.), Germany; Institute of Neurology (M.B., G.G.K., R.H.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Department of Neurology (P.R.), Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (C.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, and Department of Neuroimmunology (H.L.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (H.-J.H.), Magdeburg; Department of Neurology (M.M.), MEDIAN NRZ Flechtingen, Germany; Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Neuroimmunology (K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Department of Neurology (P.K., M.P., H.-J.H., M.M.), Institute of Neuropathology (C.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg (P.K.), Germany; Institute of Neurology (M.B., G.G.K., R.H.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Department of Neurology (P.R.), Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (C.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, and Department of Neuroimmunology (H.L.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (H.-J.H.), Magdeburg; Department of Neurology (M.M.), MEDIAN NRZ Flechtingen, Germany; Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Neuroimmunology (K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Mitter
- Department of Neurology (P.K., M.P., H.-J.H., M.M.), Institute of Neuropathology (C.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg (P.K.), Germany; Institute of Neurology (M.B., G.G.K., R.H.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Department of Neurology (P.R.), Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (C.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, and Department of Neuroimmunology (H.L.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (H.-J.H.), Magdeburg; Department of Neurology (M.M.), MEDIAN NRZ Flechtingen, Germany; Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Neuroimmunology (K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Reindl
- Department of Neurology (P.K., M.P., H.-J.H., M.M.), Institute of Neuropathology (C.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg (P.K.), Germany; Institute of Neurology (M.B., G.G.K., R.H.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Department of Neurology (P.R.), Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (C.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, and Department of Neuroimmunology (H.L.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (H.-J.H.), Magdeburg; Department of Neurology (M.M.), MEDIAN NRZ Flechtingen, Germany; Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Neuroimmunology (K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Department of Neurology (P.K., M.P., H.-J.H., M.M.), Institute of Neuropathology (C.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg (P.K.), Germany; Institute of Neurology (M.B., G.G.K., R.H.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Department of Neurology (P.R.), Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (C.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, and Department of Neuroimmunology (H.L.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (H.-J.H.), Magdeburg; Department of Neurology (M.M.), MEDIAN NRZ Flechtingen, Germany; Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Neuroimmunology (K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Wandinger
- Department of Neurology (P.K., M.P., H.-J.H., M.M.), Institute of Neuropathology (C.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg (P.K.), Germany; Institute of Neurology (M.B., G.G.K., R.H.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Department of Neurology (P.R.), Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (C.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, and Department of Neuroimmunology (H.L.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (H.-J.H.), Magdeburg; Department of Neurology (M.M.), MEDIAN NRZ Flechtingen, Germany; Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Neuroimmunology (K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neurology (P.K., M.P., H.-J.H., M.M.), Institute of Neuropathology (C.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg (P.K.), Germany; Institute of Neurology (M.B., G.G.K., R.H.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Department of Neurology (P.R.), Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (C.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, and Department of Neuroimmunology (H.L.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (H.-J.H.), Magdeburg; Department of Neurology (M.M.), MEDIAN NRZ Flechtingen, Germany; Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Neuroimmunology (K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Department of Neurology (P.K., M.P., H.-J.H., M.M.), Institute of Neuropathology (C.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg (P.K.), Germany; Institute of Neurology (M.B., G.G.K., R.H.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Department of Neurology (P.R.), Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (C.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, and Department of Neuroimmunology (H.L.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (H.-J.H.), Magdeburg; Department of Neurology (M.M.), MEDIAN NRZ Flechtingen, Germany; Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Neuroimmunology (K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- Department of Neurology (P.K., M.P., H.-J.H., M.M.), Institute of Neuropathology (C.M.), University Hospital Magdeburg; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg (P.K.), Germany; Institute of Neurology (M.B., G.G.K., R.H.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (M.B.), Department of Neurology (P.R.), Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology (C.M.), Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, and Department of Neuroimmunology (H.L.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (H.-J.H.), Magdeburg; Department of Neurology (M.M.), MEDIAN NRZ Flechtingen, Germany; Clinical Department of Neurology (M.R.), Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Neuroimmunology (K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Neurology (K.-P.W.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck; and Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Breu M, Zhang J, Porambo M, Pletnikov MV, Goeral K, Kakara M, Johnston MV, Fatemi A. Diffusion Tensor Imaging Abnormalities in the Cerebral White Matter Correlate with Sex-Dependent Neurobehavioral Deficits in Adult Mice with Neonatal Ischemia. Dev Neurosci 2016; 38:83-95. [PMID: 26977597 DOI: 10.1159/000442943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal white matter injury (NWMI) is the leading cause of cerebral palsy in prematurely born children. In order to develop a test bed for therapeutics, we recently reported a mouse model of NWMI by using a modified Rice-Vannucci model of neonatal ischemia on postnatal day 5 (P5) in CD-1 mice. We have previously shown that these mice illustrate initial neuroinflammation and oligodendroglial differentiation arrest followed by long-term dysmyelination, periventricular astrogliosis and axonal injury, resembling human NWMI. The objective of this study was to determine the sex-dependent long-term effects of neonatal brain injury on neurobehavioral and advanced in vivo neuroimaging indices in this mouse model, and to correlate these variables with histopathology. METHODS After right common artery ligation on P5, in vivo T2-weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were performed on ligated and control animals at 4 and 8 weeks. Common sets of regions of interest were used to compare fractional anisotropy (FA) values between ischemic and control mice. Behavioral testing (open field, startle response and grip strength) was performed at adult age. Finally, the animals were sacrificed for immunohistochemical (IHC) assessment of major white matter tracts. RESULTS DTI revealed significant sex-dependent changes in FA values ipsi- and contralateral to the ligation. Behavioral testing showed decreased reaction to acoustic stimuli in males but not females. Similarly, increased number of rearings and lack of novelty-induced habituation in the open field were encountered only in the male subgroup. Several regional correlations were found between FA values and these behavioral alterations. IHC studies revealed degeneration of mature oligodendrocytes and damage of white matter tracts in ligated animals, as previously reported in this model, and showed regional correlation with in vivo FA values and behavioral alterations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest structural sex-dependent long-term abnormalities after neonatal ischemia. These changes lead to behavioral deficits resembling common problems of patients with cerebral palsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Breu
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Md., USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Falahati S, Breu M, Waickman AT, Phillips AW, Arauz EJ, Snyder S, Porambo M, Goeral K, Comi AM, Wilson MA, Johnston MV, Fatemi A. Ischemia-induced neuroinflammation is associated with disrupted development of oligodendrocyte progenitors in a model of periventricular leukomalacia. Dev Neurosci 2013; 35:182-96. [PMID: 23445614 DOI: 10.1159/000346682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation in crossing white matter tracts is a hallmark of noncystic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), the leading pathology underlying cerebral palsy in prematurely born infants. Recent studies indicate that neuroinflammation within an early time window can produce long-lasting defects in oligodendroglial maturation, myelination deficit, as well as disruption of transcription factors important in oligodendroglial maturation. We recently reported an ischemic mouse model of PVL, induced by unilateral neonatal carotid artery ligation, leading to selective long-lasting bilateral myelination deficits, ipsilateral thinning of the corpus callosum, ventriculomegaly, as well as evidence of axonopathy. Here, we report that permanent unilateral carotid ligation on postnatal day 5 in CD-1 mice induces an inflammatory response, as defined by microglial activation and recruitment, as well as significant changes in cytokine expression (increased IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β1, and TNF-α) following ischemia. Transient reduction in counts of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) at 24 and 48 h after ischemia, a shift in OPC cell size and morphology towards the more immature form, as well as likely migration of OPCs were found. These OPC changes were topographically associated with areas showing microglial activation, and OPC counts negatively correlated with increased microglial staining. The presented data show a striking neuroinflammatory response in an ischemia-induced model of PVL, associated with oligodendroglial injury. Future studies modulating the neuroinflammatory response in this model may contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between microglia and OPCs in PVL and open opportunities for future therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Falahati
- The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kull C, Breu M, Hoffmann M, Rittmann WW. [Paralyses of the recurrent laryngeal nerve following strumectomy in late follow-up]. Helv Chir Acta 1989; 55:545-8. [PMID: 2715019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Over a period of 5 years, 323 patients underwent an operation on a goiter. A postoperative paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve occurred in 31 patients, most in malignancies and recurrent goiters. 26 patients were controlled at least 1 year after operation. 65% of the patients have a fully recovered voice and normal vocal cord function. Another 14% showed a normal voice for daily use by functional compensation of the paralysis. Only in 4 patients (16%) the operation resulted in a permanent modest or severe hoarseness as consequence of a thyroidectomy in cancer.
Collapse
|