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Sureda-Gómez M, Iaccarino I, De Bolòs A, Meyer MA, Balsas P, Richter J, Rodríguez ML, López C, Carreras-Caballé M, Glaser S, Nadeu F, Jares P, Siciliano MC, Bellan C, Tornambè S, Boccacci R, Clot G, Leoncini L, Campo E, Siebert R, Amador V, Klapper W. SOX11 expression is restricted to EBV-negative Burkitt lymphoma and associates with molecular genetic features. Blood 2024:blood.2023023242. [PMID: 38620074 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023023242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
SRY-related HMG-box gene 11 (SOX11) is a transcription factor overexpressed in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), a subset of Burkitt lymphomas (BL) and precursor lymphoid cell neoplasms but is absent in normal B-cells and other B-cell lymphomas. SOX11 has an oncogenic role in MCL but its contribution to BL pathogenesis remains uncertain. Here, we observed that the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and SOX11 expression were mutually exclusive in BL. SOX11 expression in EBV- BL was associated with an IG∷MYC translocation generated by aberrant class switch recombination, while in EBV-/SOX11- tumors the IG∷MYC translocation was mediated by mistaken somatic hypermutations. Interestingly, EBV- SOX11 expressing BL showed higher frequency of SMARCA4 and ID3 mutations compared to EBV-/SOX11- cases. By RNA-sequencing, we identified a SOX11-associated gene expression profile, with functional annotations showing partial overlap with the SOX11 transcriptional program of MCL. Contrary to MCL, no differences on cell migration or BCR signaling were found between SOX11- and SOX11+ BL cells. However, SOX11+ BL showed higher adhesion to VCAM-1 than SOX11- BL cell lines. Here we demonstrate that EBV- BL comprises two subsets of cases based on SOX11 expression. The mutual exclusion of SOX11 and EBV, and the association of SOX11 with a specific genetic landscape suggest a role of SOX11 in the early pathogenesis of BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sureda-Gómez
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anna De Bolòs
- (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Cristina López
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, 89091, Ulm, Germany., Germany
| | | | - Selina Glaser
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ferran Nadeu
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain., Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guillem Clot
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain., Spain
| | | | - Elías Campo
- Department of Hematology Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain., Spain
| | | | - Virginia Amador
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain., Spain
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2
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De Bolòs A, Sureda-Gómez M, Carreras-Caballé M, Rodríguez ML, Clot G, Beà S, Giné E, Campo E, Balsas P, Amador V. SOX11/PRDX2 axis modulates redox homeostasis and chemoresistance in aggressive mantle cell lymphoma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7863. [PMID: 38570586 PMCID: PMC10991377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an incurable B-cell neoplasm characterized by an aggressive behavior, short responses to conventional therapies and SOX11 overexpression, which is associated with aggressive disease features and inferior clinical outcome of patients. Oxidative stress is known to induce tumorigenesis and tumor progression, whereas high expression levels of antioxidant genes have been associated with chemoresistance in different cancers. However, the role of oxidative stress in MCL pathogenesis and the involvement of SOX11 regulating redox homeostasis in MCL cells are largely unknown. Here, by integrating gene set enrichment analysis of two independent series of MCL, we observed that SOX11+ MCL had higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels compared to SOX11- MCL primary tumors and increased expression of Peredoxine2 (PRDX2), which upregulation significantly correlated with SOX11 overexpression, higher ROS production and worse overall survival of patients. SOX11 knockout (SOX11KO) significantly reduced PRDX2 expression, and SOX11KO and PRDX2 knockdown (PRDX2KD) had increased ROS levels and ROS-mediated tumor cell death upon treatment with drugs, compared to control MCL cell lines. Our results suggest an aberrant redox homeostasis associated with chemoresistance in aggressive MCL through SOX11-mediated PRDX2 upregulation, highlighting PRDX2 as promising target for new therapeutic strategies to overcome chemoresistance in aggressive MCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna De Bolòs
- Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/ Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Sureda-Gómez
- Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/ Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Carreras-Caballé
- Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/ Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta-Leonor Rodríguez
- Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/ Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Clot
- Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/ Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Beà
- Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/ Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Giné
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elias Campo
- Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/ Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Balsas
- Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/ Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Amador
- Centre Esther Koplowitz (CEK), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/ Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Morsy MHA, Lilienthal I, Lord M, Merrien M, Wasik AM, Amador V, Sureda-Gómez M, Johansson HJ, Lehtiö J, García-Torre B, Martin-Subero JI, Tsesmetzis N, Tao S, Schinazi RF, Kim B, Sorteberg AL, Wickström M, Sheppard D, Rassidakis GZ, Taylor IA, Christensson B, Campo E, Herold N, Sander B. SOX11 is a novel binding partner and endogenous inhibitor of SAMHD1 ara-CTPase activity in mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2024:blood.2023022241. [PMID: 38237141 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023022241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartate (HD) domain containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase with ara-CTPase activity that confers cytarabine (ara-C) resistance in several haematological malignancies. Targeting SAMHD1's ara-CTPase activity has recently been demonstrated to enhance ara-C efficacy in acute myeloid leukemia. Here, we identify the transcription factor SRY-related HMG-box containing protein 11 (SOX11) as a novel direct binding partner and first known endogenous inhibitor of SAMHD1. SOX11 is aberrantly expressed not only in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), but also in some Burkitt lymphomas. Co-immunoprecipitation of SOX11 followed by mass spectrometry in MCL cell lines identified SAMHD1 as the top SOX11 interaction partner which was validated by proximity ligation assay. In vitro, SAMHD1 bound to the HMG box of SOX11 with low-micromolar affinity. In situ crosslinking studies further indicated that SOX11-SAMHD1 binding resulted in a reduced tetramerization of SAMHD1. Functionally, expression of SOX11 inhibited SAMHD1 ara-CTPase activity in a dose-dependent manner resulting in ara-C sensitization in cell lines and in a SOX11-inducible mouse model of MCL. In SOX11-negative MCL, SOX11-mediated ara-CTPase inhibition could be mimicked by adding the recently identified SAMHD1 inhibitor hydroxyurea. Taken together, our results identify SOX11 as a novel SAMHD1 interaction partner and its first known endogenous inhibitor with potentially important implications for clinical therapy stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Beatriz García-Torre
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Sijia Tao
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | | | - Baek Kim
- Emory University, Altanla, Georgia, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Ian A Taylor
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elías Campo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Birgitta Sander
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sureda-Gómez M, Balsas P, Rodríguez ML, Nadeu F, De Bolòs A, Eguileor Á, Kulis M, Castellano G, López C, Giné E, Demajo S, Jares P, Martín-Subero JI, Beà S, Campo E, Amador V. Tumorigenic role of Musashi-2 in aggressive mantle cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2023; 37:408-421. [PMID: 36509891 PMCID: PMC9898029 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SOX11 overexpression has been associated with aggressive behavior of mantle cell lymphomas (MCL). SOX11 is overexpressed in embryonic and cancer stem cells (CSC) of some tumors. Although CSC have been isolated from primary MCL, their relationship to SOX11 expression and contribution to MCL pathogenesis and clinical evolution remain unknown. Here, we observed enrichment in leukemic and hematopoietic stem cells gene signatures in SOX11+ compared to SOX11- MCL primary cases. Musashi-2 (MSI2) emerged as one of the most significant upregulated stem cell-related genes in SOX11+ MCLs. SOX11 is directly bound to the MSI2 promoter upregulating its expression in vitro. MSI2 intronic enhancers were strongly activated in SOX11+ MCL cell lines and primary cases. MSI2 upregulation was significantly associated with poor overall survival independently of other high-risk features of MCL. MSI2 knockdown decreased the expression of genes related to apoptosis and stem cell features and significantly reduced clonogenic growth, tumor cell survival and chemoresistance in MCL cells. MSI2-knockdown cells had reduced tumorigenic engraftment into mice bone marrow and spleen compared to control cells in xenotransplanted mouse models. Our results suggest that MSI2 might play a key role in sustaining stemness and tumor cell survival, representing a possible novel target for therapeutic interventions in MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sureda-Gómez
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Balsas
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.510933.d0000 0004 8339 0058Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta-Leonor Rodríguez
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Nadeu
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.510933.d0000 0004 8339 0058Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna De Bolòs
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Eguileor
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Kulis
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Castellano
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina López
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.510933.d0000 0004 8339 0058Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Giné
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.510933.d0000 0004 8339 0058Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Hematology Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Demajo
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Jares
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.510933.d0000 0004 8339 0058Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José I. Martín-Subero
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.510933.d0000 0004 8339 0058Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain ,grid.425902.80000 0000 9601 989XInstitució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Beà
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.510933.d0000 0004 8339 0058Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain ,grid.410458.c0000 0000 9635 9413Hematopathology Section, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elias Campo
- grid.10403.360000000091771775Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.510933.d0000 0004 8339 0058Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain ,grid.410458.c0000 0000 9635 9413Hematopathology Section, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Amador
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Sureda-Gómez M, Balsas P, Rodríguez ML, Nadeu F, De Bolòs A, Eguileor Á, Kulis M, Castellano G, Martin-Subero JI, Demajo S, Jares P, Giné E, Campo E, Amador V. Abstract 777: Deciphering the role of MSI2 as a regulator of mantle cell lymphoma stem-like properties. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a mature B cell neoplasm with two distinct biological subtypes regarding clinical, molecular and pathological features. Conventional MCL (cMCL) subtype is characterized by high aggressiveness and poor outcome with frequent relapses after initial response to treatment, suggesting the presence of a population of cancer stem cells (CSC) able to self-renew and responsible for drug resistance. SOX11 embryonic transcription factor is aberrantly overexpressed mostly in cMCL and has an oncogenic role in MCL. MCL-CSC have been isolated from MCL cases by different groups. However, its relationship to SOX11 expression and contribution to MCL clinical features and aggressive behavior remains unknown. We hypothesized that SOX11 may promote stem cell-like properties through the activation of stem cell-related genes, leading to an aggressive and incurable tumor in MCL patients. Here, we integrated the differential gene expression profile (GEP) between SOX11+ and SOX11- MCL primary cases with stem cell-related genes, and specific SOX11 ChIP-chip and epigenetic data in MCL cell lines and primary cases, to identify potential mediators of CSC directly regulated by SOX11 in MCL. We observed an enrichment of hematopoietic (HSC) and leukemic stem cells (LSC) gene signatures in SOX11+ compared to SOX11- MCL primary cases. MSI2, an RNA binding protein that maintains self-renewal and prevents differentiation in HSC, emerged as one of the most significant upregulated CSC-related gene in SOX11+ compared to SOX11- MCLs, positively correlating with SOX11 expression in MCL primary cases. Our in vitro experiments showed that SOX11 binds to MSI2 regulatory regions increasing its expression in MCL cells. MSI2 enhancers located in intronic regions were activated in SOX11+ but not in SOX11- MCL cell lines and primary cases. MSI2 upregulation significantly associated with poor overall survival, independently of common risk factors (SOX11 expression, high copy number alterations, 17p/TP53, 11q/ATM and 9p/CDKN2A alterations), in MCL patients. MSI2 knockdown MCL cell lines had a gene expression profile enriched in proapoptotic-related genes; whereas HSC and LSC gene signatures were downregulated compared to its control cells. MSI2 knockdown or MSI2 inhibition with Ro 08-2750 treatment decreased clonogenic growth, tumor survival and chemoresistance in MCL cells. SOX11+/MSI2 high MCL primary leukemic samples showed higher percentage of ALDH+ cells compared to SOX11-/MSI2 low samples, which decreased after Ro 08-2750 treatment. Besides, MSI2 silencing delayed tumor growth in vivo in MCL xenograft mice models. Overall, our results suggest that SOX11+ MCL cases acquire stemness features through the upregulation of MSI2 expression, which promotes chemoresistance, self-renewal and tumor survival. MSI2 represents a novel biomarker for MCL-CSC and therapeutic target for relapsed MCL.
Citation Format: Marta Sureda-Gómez, Patricia Balsas, Marta Leonor Rodríguez, Ferran Nadeu, Anna De Bolòs, Álvaro Eguileor, Marta Kulis, Giancarlo Castellano, José Ignacio Martin-Subero, Santiago Demajo, Pedro Jares, Eva Giné, Elias Campo, Virginia Amador. Deciphering the role of MSI2 as a regulator of mantle cell lymphoma stem-like properties [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 777.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eva Giné
- 2IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Liu B, Sureda-Gómez M, Zhen Y, Amador V, Reverter D. A quaternary tetramer assembly inhibits the deubiquitinating activity of USP25. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4973. [PMID: 30478318 PMCID: PMC6255862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
USP25 deubiquitinating enzyme is a key member of the ubiquitin system, which acts as a positive regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling by promoting the deubiquitination and stabilization of tankyrases. USP25 is characterized by the presence of a long insertion in the middle of the conserved catalytic domain. The crystal structure of USP25 displays an unexpected homotetrameric quaternary assembly that is directly involved in the inhibition of its enzymatic activity. The tetramer is assembled by the association of two dimers and includes contacts between the coiled-coil insertion domain and the ubiquitin-binding pocket at the catalytic domain, revealing a distinctive autoinhibitory mechanism. Biochemical and kinetic assays with dimer, tetramer and truncation constructs of USP25 support this mechanism, displaying higher catalytic activity in the dimer assembly. Moreover, the high stabilization of tankyrases in cultured cells by ectopic expression of a constitutive dimer of USP25 supports a biological relevance of this tetramerization/inhibition mechanism. USP25 is a deubiquitinating enzyme and a positive regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Here the authors present the crystal structure of USP25 in a tetrameric inactive state and their biochemical and kinetic assays support an USP25 autoinhibitory mechanism that is mediated through a dimer to tetramerization transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain.,Dept. de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Serra Hunter Fellow, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Marta Sureda-Gómez
- Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBABS), Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Yang Zhen
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain.,Dept. de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Serra Hunter Fellow, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Virginia Amador
- Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBABS), Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - David Reverter
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain. .,Dept. de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Serra Hunter Fellow, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain.
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