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Bozó É, Ervasti H, Halonen N, Shokouh SHH, Tolvanen J, Pitkänen O, Järvinen T, Pálvölgyi PS, Szamosvölgyi Á, Sápi A, Konya Z, Zaccone M, Montalbano L, De Brauwer L, Nair R, Martínez-Nogués V, San Vicente Laurent L, Dietrich T, Fernández de Castro L, Kordas K. Bioplastics and Carbon-Based Sustainable Materials, Components, and Devices: Toward Green Electronics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:49301-49312. [PMID: 34609829 PMCID: PMC8532127 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The continuously growing number of short-life electronics equipment inherently results in a massive amount of problematic waste, which poses risks of environmental pollution, endangers human health, and causes socioeconomic problems. Hence, to mitigate these negative impacts, it is our common interest to substitute conventional materials (polymers and metals) used in electronics devices with their environmentally benign renewable counterparts, wherever possible, while considering the aspects of functionality, manufacturability, and cost. To support such an effort, in this study, we explore the use of biodegradable bioplastics, such as polylactic acid (PLA), its blends with polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and composites with pyrolyzed lignin (PL), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), in conjunction with processes typical in the fabrication of electronics components, including plasma treatment, dip coating, inkjet and screen printing, as well as hot mixing, extrusion, and molding. We show that after a short argon plasma treatment of the surface of hot-blown PLA-PHB blend films, percolating networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) having sheet resistance well below 1 kΩ/□ can be deposited by dip coating to make electrode plates of capacitive touch sensors. We also demonstrate that the bioplastic films, as flexible dielectric substrates, are suitable for depositing conductive micropatterns of SWCNTs and Ag (1 kΩ/□ and 1 Ω/□, respectively) by means of inkjet and screen printing, with potential in printed circuit board applications. In addition, we exemplify compounded and molded composites of PLA with PL and MWCNTs as excellent candidates for electromagnetic interference shielding materials in the K-band radio frequencies (18.0-26.5 GHz) with shielding effectiveness of up to 40 and 46 dB, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Bozó
- Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, PO Box 4500, FI-90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Henri Ervasti
- Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, PO Box 4500, FI-90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Niina Halonen
- Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, PO Box 4500, FI-90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Seyed Hossein Hosseini Shokouh
- Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, PO Box 4500, FI-90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jarkko Tolvanen
- Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, PO Box 4500, FI-90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Olli Pitkänen
- Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, PO Box 4500, FI-90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Topias Järvinen
- Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, PO Box 4500, FI-90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Petra S Pálvölgyi
- Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, PO Box 4500, FI-90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ákos Szamosvölgyi
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. tér 1, Szeged 6720, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Reaction Kinetics and Surface Chemistry Research Group, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. tér 1, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - András Sápi
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. tér 1, Szeged 6720, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Reaction Kinetics and Surface Chemistry Research Group, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. tér 1, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Konya
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. tér 1, Szeged 6720, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Reaction Kinetics and Surface Chemistry Research Group, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. tér 1, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Marta Zaccone
- Proplast-Consorzio per la Promozione della Cultura Plastica, Via Roberto di Ferro, 86, 15122 Alessandria (AL), Italy
| | - Luana Montalbano
- Proplast-Consorzio per la Promozione della Cultura Plastica, Via Roberto di Ferro, 86, 15122 Alessandria (AL), Italy
| | - Laurens De Brauwer
- Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant VZW, Rodenhuizekaai 1, 9042 Desteldonk (Gent), Belgium
| | - Rakesh Nair
- Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant VZW, Rodenhuizekaai 1, 9042 Desteldonk (Gent), Belgium
| | | | - Leire San Vicente Laurent
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Health Division, Parque Tecnológico de Álava, Leonardo Da Vinci, 11, E-01510 Miñano, Araba, Spain
| | - Thomas Dietrich
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Health Division, Parque Tecnológico de Álava, Leonardo Da Vinci, 11, E-01510 Miñano, Araba, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández de Castro
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Health Division, Parque Tecnológico de Álava, Leonardo Da Vinci, 11, E-01510 Miñano, Araba, Spain
| | - Krisztian Kordas
- Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, PO Box 4500, FI-90570 Oulu, Finland
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Monti M, Zaccone M, Frache A, Torre L, Armentano I. Dielectric Spectroscopy of PP/MWCNT Nanocomposites: Relationship with Crystalline Structure and Injection Molding Condition. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11020550. [PMID: 33671659 PMCID: PMC7927038 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we study the correlation between the dielectric behavior of polypropylene/multi-walled carbon nanotube (PP/MWCNT) nanocomposites and the morphology with regard to the crystalline structure, nanofiller dispersion and injection molding conditions. As a result, in the range of the percolation threshold the dielectric behavior shifts to a more frequency-independent behavior, as the mold temperature increases. Moreover, the position further from the gate appears as the most conductive. This effect has been associated to a modification of the morphology of the MWCNT clusters induced by both the flow of the molten polymer during the processing phase and the variation of the crystalline structure, which is increasingly constituted by γ-phase as the mold temperature increases. The obtained results allow one to understand the effect of tuning the processing condition in the frequency-dependent electrical behavior of PP/MWCNT injection-molded nanocomposites, which can be successfully exploited for an advanced process/product design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Monti
- Proplast, Via Roberto di Ferro 86, 15122 Alessandria, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (I.A.); Tel.: +39-01311859782 (M.M.); +39-0761-357163 (I.A.)
| | - Marta Zaccone
- Proplast, Via Roberto di Ferro 86, 15122 Alessandria, Italy;
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Polytechnic of Turin, INSTM Research Unit, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Alberto Frache
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Polytechnic of Turin, INSTM Research Unit, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Luigi Torre
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Armentano
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), Tuscia University, Largo dell’Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (I.A.); Tel.: +39-01311859782 (M.M.); +39-0761-357163 (I.A.)
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Singh S, Patel M, Schwendemann D, Zaccone M, Geng S, Maspoch ML, Oksman K. Effect of Chitin Nanocrystals on Crystallization and Properties of Poly(lactic acid)-Based Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E726. [PMID: 32214000 PMCID: PMC7183044 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystalline phase of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has crucial effects on its own properties and nanocomposites. In this study, the isothermal crystallization of PLA, triethyl citrate-plasticized PLA (PLA-TEC), and its nanocomposite with chitin nanocrystals (PLA-TEC-ChNC) at different temperatures and times was investigated, and the resulting properties of the materials were characterized. Both PLA and PLA-TEC showed extremely low crystallinity at isothermal temperatures of 135, 130, 125 °C and times of 5 or 15 min. In contrast, the addition of 1 wt % of ChNCs significantly improved the crystallinity of PLA under the same conditions owing to the nucleation effect of the ChNCs. The samples were also crystallized at 110 °C to reach their maximal crystallinity, and PLA-TEC-ChNC achieved 48% crystallinity within 5 min, while PLA and PLA-TEC required 40 min to reach a similar level. Moreover, X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the addition of ChNCs resulted in smaller crystallite sizes, which further influenced the barrier properties and hydrolytic degradation of the PLA. The nanocomposites had considerably lower barrier properties and underwent faster degradation compared to PLA-TEC110. These results confirm that the addition of ChNCs in PLA leads to promising properties for packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Singh
- Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97 187 Luleå, Sweden; (S.S.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (S.G.)
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (EEBE-UPC), C/Colom 114, Terrassa 08222, Spain;
| | - Mitul Patel
- Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97 187 Luleå, Sweden; (S.S.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (S.G.)
| | - Daniel Schwendemann
- Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97 187 Luleå, Sweden; (S.S.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (S.G.)
- IWK Institut für Werkstofftechnik und Kunststoffverarbeitung, CH-8640 Rapperswil, Switzerland
| | - Marta Zaccone
- Proplast, Via Roberto di Ferro 86, 15122 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Shiyu Geng
- Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97 187 Luleå, Sweden; (S.S.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (S.G.)
| | - Maria Lluisa Maspoch
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (EEBE-UPC), C/Colom 114, Terrassa 08222, Spain;
| | - Kristiina Oksman
- Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97 187 Luleå, Sweden; (S.S.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (S.G.)
- Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3BS, Canada
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