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S Alivand M, Habiba U, Ghasemian M, Askari S, Webley PA. Amine-Functionalized Meso-Macroporous Polymers for Efficient CO 2 Capture from Ambient Air. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:17411-17421. [PMID: 38557056 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, direct air capture (DAC) of carbon dioxide (CO2) using solid nanoadsorbents has garnered attention as a negative emission technology with high energy efficiency. Although operational, the large-scale deployment of DAC technologies has been significantly delayed due to the low performance and high cost of solid DAC nanoadsorbents. Herein, we present a novel family of meso-macroporous melamine formaldehyde (MF) materials with a facile preparation methodology, low capital cost, and unique physicochemical characteristics for DAC. The fabricated MF materials exhibit an extra-large pore volume of 5.19 cm3/g with a 24.6 nm average pore diameter. We show that the synthesized MF materials can be used as substrates and impregnated with different amounts of tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) to act as chemical nanoadsorbents for DAC. Owing to the ultrahigh pore volume of MF, a substantial amount of 71 wt % TEPA (i.e., MF-TEPA71%) can be loaded, resulting in 2.65 mmol/g of CO2 uptake under DAC conditions. In addition, the superior physicochemical properties of MF lead to a high CO2 loading of 2.07 mmol/g with low TEPA loading in MF-TEPA33%. The prepared MF-TEPA nanoadsorbents can be successfully employed in different shapes (i.e., droplets, pellets, and coatings) and maintain their superiority across different temperatures and CO2 concentrations. This study provides a promising approach for developing meso-macroporous substrates through a straightforward and scalable synthesis method, representing a new avenue for the next generation of DAC nanoadsorbents with superior performance for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood S Alivand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Umma Habiba
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mohsen Ghasemian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Saeed Askari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Paul A Webley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Alivand MS, Stevens GW, Mumford KA. Reply to: The impact of thermodynamics when using a catalyst for conventional carbon capture solvent regeneration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4137. [PMID: 37443088 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39695-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masood S Alivand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W Stevens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Mumford
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Alivand MS, McQuillan RV, Momeni A, Zavabeti A, Stevens GW, Mumford KA. Facile Fabrication of Monodispersed Carbon Sphere: A Pathway Toward Energy-Efficient Direct Air Capture (DAC) Using Amino Acids. Small 2023:e2300150. [PMID: 37058083 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Direct removal of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from the atmosphere, known as direct air capture (DAC) is attracting worldwide attention as a negative emission technology to control atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, the energy-intensive nature of CO2 absorption-desorption processes has restricted deployment of DAC operations. Catalytic solvent regeneration is an effective solution to tackle this issue by accelerating CO2 desorption at lower regeneration temperatures. This work reports a one-step synthesis methodology to prepare monodispersed carbon nanospheres (MCSs) using trisodium citrate as a structure-directing agent with acidic sites. The assembly of citrate groups on the surface of MCSs enables consistent spherical growth morphology, reduces agglomeration and enhances water dispersibility. The functionalization-assisted synthesis produces uniform, hydrophilic nanospheres of 100-600 nm range. This work also demonstrates that the prepared MCSs can be further functionalized with strong Brønsted acid sites, providing high proton donation ability. Furthermore, the materials can be effectively used in a wide range of amino acid solutions to substantially accelerate CO2 desorption (25.6% for potassium glycinate and 41.1% for potassium lysinate) in the DAC process. Considering the facile synthesis of acidic MCSs and their superior catalytic efficiency, these findings are expected to pave a new path for energy-efficient DAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood S Alivand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Rebecca V McQuillan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Arash Momeni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W Stevens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Mumford
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Askarieh M, Farshidi H, Rashidi A, Pourreza A, Alivand MS. Comparative evaluation of MIL-101(Cr)/calcium alginate composite beads as potential adsorbents for removing water vapor from air. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Raji M, Dashti A, Alivand MS, Asghari M. Novel prosperous computational estimations for greenhouse gas adsorptive control by zeolites using machine learning methods. J Environ Manage 2022; 307:114478. [PMID: 35093752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To predict CO2 adsorptive capture, as a vital environmental issue, using different zeolites including 5A, 13X, T-Type, SSZ-13, and SAPO-34, different models have been developed by implementing artificial intelligence algorithms. Hybrid adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (Hybrid-ANFIS), particle swarm optimization-adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (PSO-ANFIS) and the least-squares support vector machine (LSSVM) modeling optimized with the coupled simulated annealing (CSA) optimization have been employed for the models. The developed models, validated by utilizing various graphical and statistical methods exhibited that the Hybrid-ANFIS model estimations for the gas adsorption on 5A, T-Type, SSZ-13, and SAPO-34 zeolites with average absolute relative deviation (AARD) % of 8.21, 1.92, 4.99 and 2.26, and PSO ANFIS model estimations for the gas adsorption on zeolite 13X with an AARD of 4.85% were in good agreement with corresponding experimental data. It could be deduced that the proposed models were more prosperous and efficient in favor of the design and analysis of adsorption processes than previous ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Raji
- Separation Processes Research Group (SPRG), University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, Behshahr, Mazandaran, Iran; Chemical Engineering Department, University of Kashan, Ghotb-e-Ravandi Bolvd., Kashan, Iran
| | - Amir Dashti
- Separation Processes Research Group (SPRG), University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, Behshahr, Mazandaran, Iran; Chemical Engineering Department, University of Kashan, Ghotb-e-Ravandi Bolvd., Kashan, Iran
| | - Masood S Alivand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Morteza Asghari
- Separation Processes Research Group (SPRG), University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, Behshahr, Mazandaran, Iran.
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Alivand MS, Mazaheri O, Wu Y, Zavabeti A, Christofferson AJ, Meftahi N, Russo SP, Stevens GW, Scholes CA, Mumford KA. Engineered assembly of water-dispersible nanocatalysts enables low-cost and green CO 2 capture. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1249. [PMID: 35273166 PMCID: PMC8913730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalytic solvent regeneration has attracted broad interest owing to its potential to reduce energy consumption in CO2 separation, enabling industry to achieve emission reduction targets of the Paris Climate Accord. Despite recent advances, the development of engineered acidic nanocatalysts with unique characteristics remains a challenge. Herein, we establish a strategy to tailor the physicochemical properties of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for the synthesis of water-dispersible core-shell nanocatalysts with ease of use. We demonstrate that functionalized nanoclusters (Fe3O4-COOH) effectively induce missing-linker deficiencies and fabricate mesoporosity during the self-assembly of MOFs. Superacid sites are created by introducing chelating sulfates on the uncoordinated metal clusters, providing high proton donation capability. The obtained nanomaterials drastically reduce the energy consumption of CO2 capture by 44.7% using only 0.1 wt.% nanocatalyst, which is a ∽10-fold improvement in efficiency compared to heterogeneous catalysts. This research represents a new avenue for the next generation of advanced nanomaterials in catalytic solvent regeneration. Catalytic solvent regeneration is of interest to reduce energy consumption in CO2 separation, however, the development of engineered nanocatalysts remains a challenge. Here, a new avenue is presented for the next generation of advanced metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in energy-efficient CO2 capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood S Alivand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, 3010, Australia
| | - Omid Mazaheri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, 3010, Australia.,School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, 3010, Australia
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, 3010, Australia
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, 3010, Australia.,School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, 3001, Australia
| | - Andrew J Christofferson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, 3001, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, 3000, Australia
| | - Nastaran Meftahi
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, 3000, Australia
| | - Salvy P Russo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, 3000, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W Stevens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, 3010, Australia
| | - Colin A Scholes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, 3010, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Mumford
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, 3010, Australia.
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Alivand MS, Mazaheri O, Wu Y, Zavabeti A, Stevens GW, Scholes CA, Mumford KA. Water-Dispersible Nanocatalysts with Engineered Structures: The New Generation of Nanomaterials for Energy-Efficient CO 2 Capture. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:57294-57305. [PMID: 34812613 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The high energy demand of CO2 absorption-desorption technologies has significantly inhibited their industrial utilization and implementation of the Paris Climate Accord. Catalytic solvent regeneration is of considerable interest due to its low operating temperature and high energy efficiency. Of the catalysts available, heterogeneous catalysts have exhibited relatively poor performances and are hindered by other challenges, which have slowed their large-scale deployment. Herein, we report a facile and eco-friendly approach for synthesizing water-dispersible Fe3O4 nanocatalysts coated with a wide range of amino acids (12 representative molecules) in aqueous media. The acidic properties of water-dispersible nanocatalysts can be easily tuned by introducing different functional groups during the hydrothermal synthesis procedure. We demonstrate that the prepared nanocatalysts can be used in energy-efficient CO2 capture plants with ease-of-use, at very low concentrations (0.1 wt %) and with extra-high efficiencies (up to ∼75% energy reductions). They can be applied in a range of solutions, including amino acids (i.e., short-chain, long-chain, and cyclic) and amines (i.e., primary, tertiary, and primary-tertiary mixture). Considering the superiority of the presented water-dispersible nanocatalysts, this technology is expected to provide a new pathway for the development of energy-efficient CO2 capture technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood S Alivand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Omid Mazaheri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W Stevens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Colin A Scholes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Mumford
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Alivand MS, Tehrani NHMH, Askarieh M, Ghasemy E, Esrafili MD, Ahmadi R, Anisi H, Tavakoli O, Rashidi A. Defect engineering-induced porosity in graphene quantum dots embedded metal-organic frameworks for enhanced benzene and toluene adsorption. J Hazard Mater 2021; 416:125973. [PMID: 34492882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The emerging environmental issues necessitate the engineering of novel and well-designed nanoadsorbents for advanced separation and purification applications. Despite recent advances, the facile synthesis of hierarchical micro-mesoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with tuned structures has remained a challenge. Herein, we report a simple defect engineering approach to manipulate the framework, induce mesoporosity, and crease large pore volumes in MIL-101(Cr) by embedding graphene quantum dots (GQDs) during its self-assembly process. For instance, MIL-101@GQD-3 (Vmeso: 0.68 and Vtot: 1.87 cm3/g) exhibited 300.0% and 53.3% more meso and total pore volume compared to those of the conventional MIL-101 (Vmeso: 0.17 and Vtot: 1.22 cm3/g), respectively, resulting in 1.7 and 2.8 times greater benzene and toluene loading at 1 bar and 25 °C. In addition, we found that MIL-101@GQD-3 retained its superiority over a wide range of VOC concentrations and operating temperature (25-55 °C) with great cyclic capacity and energy-efficient regeneration. Considering the simplicity of the adopted technique to induce mesoporosity and tune the nanoporous structure of MOFs, the presented GQD incorporation technique is expected to provide a new pathway for the facile synthesis of advanced materials for environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood S Alivand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Haj Mohammad Hossein Tehrani
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Askarieh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Ghasemy
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National De La Recherché, Varennes, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mehdi D Esrafili
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Raziyeh Ahmadi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Anisi
- School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Tavakoli
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alimorad Rashidi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran.
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Hossein Tehrani NHM, Alivand MS, Rashidi A, Rahbar Shamskar K, Samipoorgiri M, Esrafili MD, Mohammady Maklavany D, Shafiei-Alavijeh M. Preparation and characterization of a new waste-derived mesoporous carbon structure for ultrahigh adsorption of benzene and toluene at ambient conditions. J Hazard Mater 2020; 384:121317. [PMID: 31586916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a series of nanoporous carbon materials were synthesized using Iranian asphaltene as a low-cost carbon source and modified by melamine as a new nitrogen-rich promoter (M-IANC). The adsorption capacity of benzene and toluene on the synthesized M-IANCs was measured at low and high concentrations by an in-house built apparatus. The results demonstrated that the addition of melamine remarkably increased the mesoporous volume (up to 1.61 cm3/g) in the nanoporous carbon structure and, subsequently, created a large surface area (2692 m2/g) and pore volume (1.71 cm3/g). The resulting M-IANC-C nanostructure (melamine:PIA mass ratio of 1:2) depicted 228.18 wt.% and 82.08 wt.% adsorption capacity for benzene and toluene, respectively, which were 19.4 and 2.8 times higher than commercial activated carbon. In addition to the distinguished adsorptive behavior for benzene and toluene removal, M-IANC-C exhibited higher cyclic adsorption capacity than those of unmodified IANC sample after four consecutive cycles. The adsorption mechanism and the role of melamine groups in the adsorption of benzene and toluene were also studied by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Besides the inexpensive cost of the carbon source (asphaltene), results also indicate that the M-IANC can be a suitable candidate for VOC adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Haj Mohammad Hossein Tehrani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran; Chemical Engineering Department, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masood S Alivand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alimorad Rashidi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kobra Rahbar Shamskar
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Samipoorgiri
- Chemical Engineering Department, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi D Esrafili
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
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Abstract
Magnetic core–shell structured Fe3O4@Fe(ii)–MOF nanoparticles have enabled the temporal control of RAFT polymerization via an “on–off” process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Reyhani
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Omid Mazaheri
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Melbourne
- Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food
| | - Masood S. Alivand
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Kathryn A. Mumford
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Greg Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Melbourne
- Australia
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Alivand MS, Mazaheri O, Wu Y, Stevens GW, Scholes CA, Mumford KA. Data in brief on CO 2 absorption-desorption of aqueous-based amino acid solvents with phase change behaviour. Data Brief 2019; 27:104741. [PMID: 31763398 PMCID: PMC6864343 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The data presented in this paper are related to the published research article “Development of aqueous-based phase change amino acid solvents for energy-efficient CO2 capture: The role of antisolvent” [1]. The raw and analyzed data include the equilibrium and kinetics of CO2 absorption, the density and concentration of different CO2-containing species at upper and lower liquid phases, and particle size distribution of solid particles precipitated during CO2 absorption of aqueous and aqueous-based amino acid solvents. In addition, the SEM images of solid precipitates at the end of CO2 absorption are presented. The detailed values of this phase change amino acid solvent are crucial for large-scale implementation of CO2 capture systems with phase change behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood S. Alivand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Peter Cook Centre for CCS Research, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Omid Mazaheri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Peter Cook Centre for CCS Research, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W. Stevens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Peter Cook Centre for CCS Research, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Colin A. Scholes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Peter Cook Centre for CCS Research, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Kathryn A. Mumford
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Peter Cook Centre for CCS Research, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Corresponding author. Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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