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Fullem KR, Pena MM, Potnis N, Goss EM, Minsavage GV, Iriarte FB, Holland A, Jones JB, Paret ML. Unexpected Diversity of Pseudomonads Associated with Bacterial Leaf Spot of Cucurbits in the Southeastern United States. Plant Dis 2024; 108:592-598. [PMID: 37822097 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-23-1081-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial leaf spot of cucurbits (BLS) is an emerging disease in the southeastern United States that is capable of causing widespread outbreaks under conducive conditions. Historically attributed solely to the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans, recent studies have identified additional P. syringae pathovars as causal agents of the disease. To further investigate the identity and diversity of P. syringae strains associated with BLS in the southeastern United States, 47 bacterial isolates were recovered from symptomatic cucurbits from Florida, Alabama, and Georgia. Strains were characterized using the LOPAT testing scheme, fluorescence, and pathogenicity to watermelon and squash seedlings. Thirty-eight fluorescent isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing and were further characterized with 16S rRNA, four gene multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) phylogeny, and average nucleotide identity analysis. Thirty-four isolates were identified as members of the P. syringae species complex, including P. syringae sensu stricto (12), P. alliivorans (12), P. capsici (nine), and P. viridiflava (one). An additional four isolates were found to belong to the Pseudomonas genus outside of the syringae species complex, though they did not share 95% or greater average nucleotide identity to any validly published species and are believed to belong to three novel Pseudomonas species. These results reveal an unpredicted level of diversity of Pseudomonas strains associated with BLS in the region and show the benefits of whole-genome sequencing for strain identification. Identification of P. capsici, which is capable of causing disease at higher temperatures than P. syringae, as a causal agent of BLS may also affect management strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten R Fullem
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Michelle M Pena
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Erica M Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Fanny B Iriarte
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL
| | - Auston Holland
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Mathews L Paret
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL
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Carvalho R, Tapia JH, Minsavage GV, Jones JB, Paret ML. Elucidating the Mode of Action of Hybrid Nanoparticles of Cu/Zn against Copper Tolerant Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Phytopathology 2024. [PMID: 38302452 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-23-0339-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The widespread presence of tolerance to copper in Xanthomonas species has resulted in the need to develop alternative approaches to control plant diseases caused by xanthomonads. In recent years, nanotechnological approaches have resulted in the identification of novel materials to control plant pathogens. While many metal-based nanomaterials have shown promise for disease control, an important question relates to the mode of action of these new materials. In this study we used several approaches such as SEM, propidium monoazide qPCR, epifluorescence microscopy and RNA sequencing to elucidate the mode of action of a Cu/Zn hybrid nanoparticle against copper tolerant strains of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. We demonstrate that Cu/Zn, unlike Kocide 3000, did not activate copper resistance genes (i.e. copA and copB) in the copper-tolerant bacterium, but functioned by disrupting the bacterial cell structure and perturbing important biological processes such as cell respiration and chemical homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Carvalho
- University of Florida, 3463, Plant Pathology, Gainesville, Florida, United States;
| | - Jose H Tapia
- University of Florida, 3463, Plant Pathology, Gainesville, Florida, United States;
| | - Gerald V Minsavage
- University of Florida, Plant Pathology, Gainesville, Florida, United States;
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- University of Florida, 3463, Plant Patholgoy Dept., Gainesville, Florida, United States;
| | - Mathews L Paret
- NFREC, University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy, Florida, United States, 32351;
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3
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Choudhary M, Minsavage GV, Goss EM, Timilsina S, Coutinho TA, Vallad GE, Paret ML, Jones JB. Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Classification of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. eucalypti and Computational Analysis of the Type III Secretion System. Phytopathology 2024; 114:47-60. [PMID: 37505057 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-23-0150-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas spp. infect a wide range of annual and perennial plants. Bacterial blight in young seedlings of Eucalyptus spp. in Indonesia was originally identified as X. perforans. However, these strains failed to elicit a hypersensitive response (HR) on either tomatoes or peppers. Two of the strains, EPK43 and BCC 972, when infiltrated into tomato and pepper leaves, failed to grow to significant levels in comparison with well-characterized X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans (Xp) strains. Furthermore, spray inoculation of 'Bonny Best' tomato plants with a bacterial suspension of the Eucalyptus strains resulted in no obvious symptoms. We sequenced the whole genomes of eight strains isolated from two Eucalyptus species between 2007 and 2015. The strains had average nucleotide identities (ANIs) of at least 97.8 with Xp and X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria (Xeu) strains, both of which are causal agents of bacterial spot of tomatoes and peppers. A comparison of the Eucalyptus strains revealed that the ANI values were >99.99% with each other. Core genome phylogeny clustered all Eucalyptus strains with X. euvesicatoria pv. rosa. They formed separate clades, which included X. euvesicatoria pv. alangii, X. euvesicatoria pv. citrumelonis, and X. euvesicatoria pv. alfalfae. Based on ANI, phylogenetic relationships, and pathogenicity, we designated these Eucalyptus strains as X. euvesicatoria pv. eucalypti (Xee). Comparative analysis of sequenced strains provided unique profiles of type III secretion effectors. Core effector XopD, present in all pathogenic Xp and Xeu strains, was absent in the Xee strains. Comparison of the hrp clusters of Xee, Xp, and Xeu genomes revealed that HrpE in Xee strains was very different from that in Xp and Xeu. To determine if it was functional, we deleted the gene and complemented with the Xee hrpE, confirming it was essential for secretion of type III effectors. HrpE has a hypervariable N-terminus in Xanthomonas spp., in which the N-terminus of Xee strains differs significantly from those of Xeu and Xp strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Choudhary
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598
| | - Gerald V Minsavage
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Erica M Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Sujan Timilsina
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Teresa A Coutinho
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351
| | - Gary E Vallad
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomes/Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mathews L Paret
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Choudhary M, Pereira J, Davidson EB, Colee J, Santra S, Jones JB, Paret ML. Improved Persistence of Bacteriophage Formulation with Nano N-Acetylcysteine-Zinc Sulfide and Tomato Bacterial Spot Disease Control. Plant Dis 2023; 107:3933-3942. [PMID: 37368450 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-23-0255-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages are biocontrol agents used to manage bacterial diseases. They have long been used against plant pathogenic bacteria; however, several factors impede their use as a reliable disease management strategy. Short-lived persistence on plant surfaces under field conditions results mainly from rapid degradation by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. Currently, there are no effective commercial formulations that protect phages from UV. The phage ΦXp06-02-1, which lyses strains of the tomato bacterial spot pathogen Xanthomonas perforans, was mixed with different concentrations of the nanomaterial N-acetylcysteine surface-coated manganese-doped zinc sulfide (NAC-ZnS; 3.5 nm). In vitro, NAC-ZnS at 10,000 μg/ml formulated phage, when exposed to UV for 1 min, provided statistically equivalent plaque-forming unit (PFU) recovery as phages that were not exposed to UV. NAC-ZnS had no negative effect on the phage's ability to lyse bacterial cells under in vitro conditions. NAC-ZnS reduced phage degradation over time in comparison with the nontreated control, whereas N-acetylcysteine-zinc oxide (NAC-ZnO) had no effect. In fluorescent light, without UV exposure, NAC-ZnO-formulated phages were more infective than NAC-ZnS-formulated phages. The nanomaterial-phage mixture did not cause any phytotoxicity when applied to tomato plants. Following exposure to sunlight, the NAC-ZnS formulation improved phage persistence in the phyllosphere by 15 times compared with nonformulated phages. NAC-ZnO-formulated phage populations were undetectable within 32 h, whereas NAC-ZnS-formulated phage populations were detected at 103 PFU/g. At 4 h of sunlight exposure, NAC-ZnS-formulated phages at 1,000 μg/ml significantly reduced tomato bacterial spot disease severity by 16.4% compared with nonformulated phages. These results suggest that NAC-ZnS can be used to improve the efficacy of phages for bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Choudhary
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- ICAR - National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, PUSA, New Delhi, India
| | - Jorge Pereira
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, U.S.A
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, U.S.A
| | - Edwin B Davidson
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, U.S.A
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, U.S.A
| | - James Colee
- Statistical Consulting Unit, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - Swadeshmukul Santra
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, U.S.A
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - Mathews L Paret
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
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Choudhary M, Liao YY, Huang Z, Pereira J, Santra S, Parajuli A, Da Silva S, Jones JB, Freeman JH, Paret ML. Novel magnesium-copper hybrid nanomaterials for management of bacterial spot of tomato. Plant Dis 2023. [PMID: 37990522 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-23-1776-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial spot of tomato (BST), predominantly caused by Xanthomonas perforans (Xp) in Florida, is one of the most devastating diseases in hot, humid environments. Bacterial resistance to copper-based bactericides and antibiotics makes disease management extremely challenging. This necessitates alternative solutions to manage the disease. In this study, we used two novel hybrid copper and magnesium nanomaterials noted as magnesium double-coated (Mg-Db) and magnesium-copper (Mg-Cu), to manage BST. In in vitro experiments, no viable cells were recovered following 4 h exposure to 500 µg/ml of both Mg-Db and Mg-Cu, while 100 and 200 µg/ml required 24 h of exposure for complete inhibition. In viability assay using live/dead cell straining method and epifluorescence microscopy, copper tolerant Xp cells were killed within 4 h by both Mg-Cu and Mg-Db nanomaterials at 500 µg/ml, but not by copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000). In the greenhouse, Mg-Db and Mg-Cu at 100-500 µg/ml significantly reduced BST severity compared to micron-sized commercial Cu bactericide Kocide 3000 and the growers' standard (copper hydroxide + mancozeb) (P < 0.05). In field studies, Mg-Db and Mg-Cu nanomaterials significantly reduced disease severity in two out for field trials. Mg-Db at 500 µg/ml reduced BST severity by 34% compared to the non-treated control without affecting yield in Fall, 2020. The use of hybrid nanomaterials at the highest concentrations (500 µg/ml) used in the field experiments can reduce copper use by 90% compared to the growers' standard. In addition, there was no phytotoxicity observed with the use of hybrid nanomaterials in the field. These results suggest the potential of novel magnesium-copper based hybrid nanomaterials to manage copper-tolerant bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Choudhary
- University of Florida, 3463, Department of plant pathology, Hull Road, Gainesville, Florida, United States, 32611-7011
- United States;
| | - Ying-Yu Liao
- North Carolina State University, 6798, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Varsity Research Bldg., Module 3, 1575 Varsity Drive Suite 1110, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States, 27695;
| | | | - Jorge Pereira
- University of Central Florida, 6243, NanoScience Technology Center, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, Florida, United States, 32826;
| | - Swadeshmukul Santra
- University of Central Florida, 6243, NanoScience Technology Center, Orlando, Florida, United States;
| | - Apekshaya Parajuli
- University of Florida, 3463, Department of Plant Pathology, Gainesville, Florida, United States;
| | - Susannah Da Silva
- University of Florida , North Florida Research and Education Center,, Quincy, Florida, United States;
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 53701, Plant Pathology, 2553 Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, Gainesville, Florida, United States, 32611
- University of Florida;
| | | | - Mathews L Paret
- University of Florida , North Florida Research and Education Center,, 155 Research Road, Quincy, Florida, United States, 32351;
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Jailani AAK, Paret ML. Development of a multiplex RT-RPA assay for simultaneous detection of three viruses in cucurbits. Mol Plant Pathol 2023; 24:1443-1450. [PMID: 37462133 PMCID: PMC10576173 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses and criniviruses, vectored by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), are important threats to crops worldwide. In recent years, the spread of cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV), cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) and cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) on cucurbit crops has been reported to cause devastating crop losses in many regions of the world. In this study, a multiplex recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay, an isothermal technique for rapid and simultaneous detection of DNA and RNA viruses CuLCrV, CYSDV and CCYV was developed. Highly specific and sensitive multiplex RPA primers for the coat protein region of these viruses were created and evaluated. The sensitivity of the multiplex RPA assay was examined using serially diluted plasmid containing the target regions. The results demonstrated that multiplex RPA primers have high sensitivity with a detection limit of a single copy of the viruses. The multiplex RPA primers were specific to the target as indicated by testing against other begomoviruses, potyviruses and an ilarvirus, and no nonspecific amplifications were noted. The primers simultaneously detected mixed infection of CCYV, CYSDV and CuLCrV in watermelon and squash crude extracts. This study is the first report of a multiplex RPA assay for simultaneous detection of mixed infection of DNA and RNA plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Abdul Kader Jailani
- North Florida Research and Education CenterUniversity of FloridaQuincyFloridaUSA
- Plant Pathology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Mathews L. Paret
- North Florida Research and Education CenterUniversity of FloridaQuincyFloridaUSA
- Plant Pathology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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7
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Liao YY, Pereira J, Huang Z, Fan Q, Santra S, White JC, De La Torre-Roche R, Da Silva S, Vallad GE, Freeman JH, Jones JB, Paret ML. Potential of Novel Magnesium Nanomaterials to Manage Bacterial Spot Disease of Tomato in Greenhouse and Field Conditions. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:plants12091832. [PMID: 37176889 PMCID: PMC10180654 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial spot of tomato is among the most economically relevant diseases affecting tomato plants globally. In previous studies, non-formulated magnesium oxide nanoparticles (nano-MgOs) significantly reduced the disease severity in greenhouse and field conditions. However, the aggregation of nano-MgO in liquid suspension makes it challenging to use in field applications. Therefore, we formulated two novel MgO nanomaterials (SgMg #3 and SgMg #2.5) and one MgOH2 nanomaterial (SgMc) and evaluated their physical characteristics, antibacterial properties, and disease reduction abilities. Among the three Mg nanomaterials, SgMc showed the highest efficacy against copper-tolerant strains of Xanthomonas perforans in vitro, and provided disease reduction in the greenhouse experiments compared with commercial Cu bactericide and an untreated control. However, SgMc was not consistently effective in field conditions. To determine the cause of its inconsistent efficacy in different environments, we monitored particle size, zeta potential, morphology, and crystallinity for all three formulated materials and nano-MgOs. The MgO particle size was determined by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) study confirmed a change in the crystallinity of MgO from a periclase to an Mg(OH)2 brucite crystal structure. As a result, the bactericidal activity correlated with the high crystallinity present in nano-MgOs and SgMc, while the inconsistent antimicrobial potency of SgMg #3 and SgMg #2.5 might have been related to loss of crystallinity. Future studies are needed to determine which specific variables impair the performance of these nanomaterials in the field compared to under greenhouse conditions. Although SgMc did not lead to significant disease severity reduction in the field, it still has the potential to act as an alternative to Cu against bacterial spot disease in tomato transplant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yu Liao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
| | - Jorge Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Ziyang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Qiurong Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
| | - Swadeshmukul Santra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Jason C White
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Roberto De La Torre-Roche
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Susannah Da Silva
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
| | - Gary E Vallad
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA
| | - Joshua H Freeman
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Mathews L Paret
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
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Jailani AAK, Iriarte FB, Paret ML. First report of Watermelon Crinkle Leaf-Associated Virus (WCLaV) -1 and WCLaV-2 infecting straightneck squash in the United States. Plant Dis 2023. [PMID: 37102729 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-23-0079-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Straightneck squash (Cucurbita pepo var. recticollis) is an important cucurbit crop in Florida. In early fall 2022, straightneck squash showing severe virus-like symptoms of yellowing, mild leaf crinkling (Supplementary Figure 1), unusual mosaic patterns and deformation on the surface of the fruit (Supplementary Figure 2), were observed in a ~15-ha straightneck squash field in Northwest FL with a disease incidence of ~ 30%. Based on the distinct symptoms and severity observed, multi-virus infection was hypothesized. Seventeen plants were sampled randomly for testing. Plants tested negative for zucchini yellow mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and squash mosaic virus, using ImmunoStrips® (Agdia, USA). Total RNA was extracted from 17 squash plants using Quick-RNA Mini Prep (Cat No.11-327, Zymo, USA). A conventional OneTaq® RT-PCR Kit (Cat No. E5310S, NEB, USA) was used to test plants for cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) (Jailani et al., 2021a) and watermelon crinkle leaf-associated virus (WCLaV-1) and WCLaV-2 (Hernandez et al., 2021). Plants were negative for CCYV and 12 out 17 plants were positive for WCLaV-1 and WCLaV-2 (genus Coguvirus, family Phenuiviridae) using specific primers targeting both RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and movement protein (MP) genes of both viruses (Hernandez et al., 2021). In addition, these 12 straightneck squash plants were also positive for watermelon mosaic potyvirus (WMV) based on RT-PCR and sequencing (Jailani et al., 2021b). The partial RdRP sequences for WCLaV-1 (OP389252) and WCLaV-2 (OP389254) shared 99% and 97.6% nt identity with isolates KY781184 and KY781187, respectively from China; the partial MP sequences for WCLaV-1 (OP389253) and WCLaV-2 (OP389255) shared 98.3% and 95.6% nt identity with isolate from Brazil (LC636069) and from China (MW751425), respectively. Additionally, the presence or absence of WCLaV-1 and WCLaV-2 were further confirmed using SYBR® Green-based real-time RT-PCR assay using different specific MP primers for WCLaV-1 (Adeleke et al., 2022), and newly designed specific MP primers for WCLaV-2 (WCLaV-2FP TTTGAACCAACTAAGGCAACATA/WCLaV-2RP-CCAACATCAGACCAGGGATTTA). Both viruses were detected in 12 out of 17 straightneck squash plants validating the conventional RT-PCR results. Co-infection of WCLaV-1 and WCLaV-2 with WMV resulted in more severe symptoms on leaves and fruits. Previously, both viruses were first reported in the USA on watermelon in Texas, (Hernandez et al., 2021), Florida (Hendricks et al., 2021), OK (Gilford and Ali., 2022), GA (Adeleke et al., 2022) and Zucchini in Florida (Iriarte et al., 2023). This is the first report of WCLaV-1 and WCLaV-2 on straightneck squash in the United States. These results indicate that WCLaV-1 and WCLaV-2 either in single or mixed infections are effectively spreading to other cucurbits beyond watermelon in FL. The need to assess mode(s) of transmission of these viruses is becoming more critical to develop best management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abdul Kader Jailani
- University of Florida North Florida Research and Education Center, 316813, Plant Pathology Department, 155, Research Road, Quincy, Florida, United States, 32351;
| | - Fanny B Iriarte
- University of Florida, 3463, North Florida Research and Education Center, Plant Pathology Department, Quincy, Florida, United States;
| | - Mathews L Paret
- University of Florida , North Florida Research and Education Center, Plant Pathology Department, Quincy, Florida, United States;
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Choudhary M, Sentil S, Jones JB, Paret ML. Non-coding deep learning models for tomato biotic and abiotic stress classification using microscopic images. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1292643. [PMID: 38259932 PMCID: PMC10800394 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1292643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Plant disease classification is quite complex and, in most cases, requires trained plant pathologists and sophisticated labs to accurately determine the cause. Our group for the first time used microscopic images (×30) of tomato plant diseases, for which representative plant samples were diagnostically validated to classify disease symptoms using non-coding deep learning platforms (NCDL). The mean F1 scores (SD) of the NCDL platforms were 98.5 (1.6) for Amazon Rekognition Custom Label, 93.9 (2.5) for Clarifai, 91.6 (3.9) for Teachable Machine, 95.0 (1.9) for Google AutoML Vision, and 97.5 (2.7) for Microsoft Azure Custom Vision. The accuracy of the NCDL platform for Amazon Rekognition Custom Label was 99.8% (0.2), for Clarifai 98.7% (0.5), for Teachable Machine 98.3% (0.4), for Google AutoML Vision 98.9% (0.6), and for Apple CreateML 87.3 (4.3). Upon external validation, the model's accuracy of the tested NCDL platforms dropped no more than 7%. The potential future use for these models includes the development of mobile- and web-based applications for the classification of plant diseases and integration with a disease management advisory system. The NCDL models also have the potential to improve the early triage of symptomatic plant samples into classes that may save time in diagnostic lab sample processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Choudhary
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, United States
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi, India
| | - Sruthi Sentil
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Jones
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, United States
| | - Mathews L. Paret
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, United States
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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10
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Carvalho R, Albu S, Timilsina S, Minsavage GV, Paret ML, Jones JB. Pseudomonas californiensis sp. nov. and Pseudomonas quasicaspiana sp. nov., isolated from ornamental crops in California. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Five bacterial strains were isolated from symptomatic leaves of Achillea millefolium, Delphinium sp. and Hydrangea sp. in California. Colonies isolated on King’s medium B (KMB) appeared white, mucoid and round, similar to
Pseudomonas
species. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA, rpoB, rpoD and gyrB genes placed the bacteria into three distinct groups within
Pseudomonas
that were most closely related to
Pseudomonas viridiflava
,
Pseudomonas cichorii
or
Pseudomonas caspiana
. To further characterize the strains, phenotypic analyses and the following tests were performed: fatty acid methyl ester composition, LOPAT, fluorescence on KMB, Biolog assay, and transmission electron microscopy. Finally, whole genome sequencing of the strains was conducted, and the sequences were compared with reference genomes of
Pseudomonas
species based on average nucleotide identity (ANI). The first group, which consists of three strains isolated from delphinium, hydrangea and achillea, had 95.6–96.9 % pairwise ANI between each other; the second group consists of two strains isolated from delphinium that had 100 % pairwise ANI. Although comparisons of the two groups with publicly available genomes revealed closest relationships with
P. viridiflava
(91.6 %),
P. caspiana
(88.3 %) and
P. asturiensis
(86.7 %), ANI values were less than 95 % compared to all validly published pseudomonads. Combining genomic and phenotypic data, we conclude that these strains represent two new species and the names proposed are Pseudomonas quasicaspiana sp. nov. (type strain DSMZ 11 30 42T=LMG 32 434T) for the strains isolated from delphinium, achillea and hydrangea and Pseudomonas californiensis sp. nov. (DSMZ 11 30 43T=LMG 32 432T) for the two strains isolated from delphinium. The specific epithets quasicaspiana and californiensis were selected based on the close phylogenetic relationship of strains with
P. caspiana
and on the geographic location of isolation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Carvalho
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32251, USA
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sebastian Albu
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, Plant Pest Diagnostics Laboratory, Sacramento, CA 95832-1448, USA
| | - Sujan Timilsina
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Gerald V. Minsavage
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Mathews L. Paret
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32251, USA
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Jones
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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11
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Parajuli A, Harmon CL, Minsavage GV, Jones DD, Timilsina S, Paret ML, Jones JB. Draft genome sequences of Pseudomonas amygdali pv. loropetali pathotype strain DSM 105780 PT, isolated from Florida. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:acmi000423. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogen that causes stem gall in Loropetalum chinense was first identified in Florida and Alabama in 2018 and named
Pseudomonas amygdali
pv. loropetali. We report the genome sequence of the pathotype strain of this pathogen,
Pseudomonas amygdali
pv. loropetali DSM105780 PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apekshya Parajuli
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, USA
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carrie L. Harmon
- Plant Diagnostic Center, Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Debra D. Jones
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sujan Timilsina
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mathews L. Paret
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, USA
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Jones
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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12
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Abstract
Bacterial diseases are a constant threat to crop production globally. Current management strategies rely on an array of tactics, including improved cultural practices; application of bactericides, plant activators, and biocontrol agents; and use of resistant varieties when available. However, effective management remains a challenge, as the longevity of deployed tactics is threatened by constantly changing bacterial populations. Increased scrutiny of the impact of pesticides on human and environmental health underscores the need for alternative solutions that are durable, sustainable, accessible to farmers, and environmentally friendly. In this review, we discuss the strengths and shortcomings of existing practices and dissect recent advances that may shape the future of bacterial disease management. We conclude that disease resistance through genome modification may be the most effective arsenal against bacterial diseases. Nonetheless, more research is necessary for developing novel bacterial disease management tactics to meet the food demand of a growing global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA;
| | - Peter Abrahamian
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA;
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, Florida, USA
- Plant Pathogen Confirmatory Diagnostic Laboratory, USDA-APHIS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Renato Carvalho
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA;
| | - Manoj Choudhary
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA;
| | - Mathews L Paret
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA;
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, Florida, USA
| | - Gary E Vallad
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA;
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA;
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13
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Babu B, Paret ML, Martini X, Knox GW, Riddle B, Ritchie L, Aldrich J, Kalischuk M, Da Silva S. Impact of Foliar Application of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl on Rose Rosette Disease and Rose Plant Quality. Plant Dis 2022; 106:818-827. [PMID: 34645302 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-21-0131-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rose rosette disease (RRD) caused by rose rosette emaravirus (RRV) is a major issue in the U.S. rose industry with no effective method for its management. This study evaluated the effect of foliar application of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), a plant systemic acquired resistance inducer, in reducing RRD disease severity on Rosa species cv. Radtkopink ('Pink Double Knock Out') under greenhouse conditions, and the effect of ASM on plant growth under commercial nursery production conditions. ASM at 50- or 100-mg/liter concentrations at weekly intervals significantly reduced RRD severity compared with the untreated control in two of the three greenhouse trials (P < 0.05). The plants in these trials were subsequently pruned and observed for symptoms, which further indicated that application of ASM at 50- or 100-mg/liter concentrations lowered disease severity compared with the untreated control (P < 0.05) in these two trials. Plants treated with ASM at 50- or 100-mg/liter concentrations had delayed incidence of RRD compared with the nontreated controls. Plants treated with ASM at the 50- or 100-mg/liter rate in all three trials either did not have RRV present or the virus was present in fewer leaf samples than untreated controls as indicated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis. Overall, plants treated with ASM at the 50-mg/liter concentration had 36 to 43% reduced RRD incidence compared with the water control. The treatment of two cultivars of rose, 'Radtkopink' and 'Meijocos' ('Pink Drift'), with weekly foliar applications of ASM at the three rates (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 oz/A) indicated that ASM had no negative effect on flowering or plant growth at even the highest rate of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Babu
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351
| | - Mathews L Paret
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351
- Plant Pathology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Xavier Martini
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Gary W Knox
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Barron Riddle
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351
| | - Laura Ritchie
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351
| | - Jim Aldrich
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351
| | - Melanie Kalischuk
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351
| | - Susannah Da Silva
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351
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14
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Monterrosa A, Paret ML, Ochoa R, Ulsamer A, Joseph SV. Temporal Incidence of Eriophyid Mites on Rose Rosette Disease-Symptomatic and -Asymptomatic Roses in Central Georgia, USA. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020228. [PMID: 35215170 PMCID: PMC8875826 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Rose rosette disease (RRD) is a serious disease of rose caused by the rose rosette virus (RRV). An eriophyid mite, Phyllocoptes fructiphilus, is the vector of RRV. The RRD symptoms affect the normal growth and development of rose plants. Because there is no cure for RRD, this disease threatens the rose industry, including container nurseries and cut flowers in the U.S. The seasonal occurrence and abundance of the vector and the locations they colonize on the plant are poorly studied in Georgia. The eriophyid mites are active from April to December on rose plants. The eriophyid mites were more abundant on the plants with RRD symptoms than on plants without any symptoms. The mites were found on both closed and opened flower buds alike. More mites were found on leaf bases and sepals than on other plant parts, such as leaf surfaces, stem, petals, anthers, stigma, and style. These results will help to develop integrated pest management strategies for the mite vector and reduce the spread of RRD. Abstract Phyllocoptes fructiphilus Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae) is the vector of rose rosette virus (RRV), which causes rose rosette disease (RRD) in North America. The RRD symptoms, such as witches’ broom, flower, and leaf deformation, disrupt the aesthetic appearance of plants and cause plant mortality. Because there is no cure for RRV, it is critical to manage the vector and reduce the spread of the virus. The information on the phenology of P. fructiphilus on rose plants is essential to develop management strategies and reduce its spread. Thus, the objectives of the study were to determine 1) the phenology of eriophyid mites (including P. fructiphilus) in central Georgia due to its widespread occurrence in the state and 2) the incidence of eriophyid mites on closed and opened flower buds and other plant parts. In central Georgia, eriophyid mites, including P. fructiphilus were active on both symptomatic and asymptomatic plants from April to December. The mite densities were greater during July and August than during the remaining months on asymptomatic plants. The mites were more abundant on the RRD-symptomatic than on the asymptomatic plants. Similar numbers of eriophyid mites were observed on closed and opened flower buds. Eriophyid mite densities were greater on sepals and leaf bases than on other plant parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Monterrosa
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA;
| | - Mathews L. Paret
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, North Florida Research and Education Center, 155 Research Road, Quincy, FL 32351, USA;
| | - Ronald Ochoa
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (R.O.); (A.U.)
| | - Andrew Ulsamer
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (R.O.); (A.U.)
| | - Shimat V. Joseph
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-770-228-7312
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15
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Osdaghi E, Jones JB, Sharma A, Goss EM, Abrahamian P, Newberry EA, Potnis N, Carvalho R, Choudhary M, Paret ML, Timilsina S, Vallad GE. A centenary for bacterial spot of tomato and pepper. Mol Plant Pathol 2021; 22:1500-1519. [PMID: 34472193 PMCID: PMC8578828 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
DISEASE SYMPTOMS Symptoms include water-soaked areas surrounded by chlorosis turning into necrotic spots on all aerial parts of plants. On tomato fruits, small, water-soaked, or slightly raised pale-green spots with greenish-white halos are formed, ultimately becoming dark brown and slightly sunken with a scabby or wart-like surface. HOST RANGE Main and economically important hosts include different types of tomatoes and peppers. Alternative solanaceous and nonsolanaceous hosts include Datura spp., Hyoscyamus spp., Lycium spp., Nicotiana rustica, Physalis spp., Solanum spp., Amaranthus lividus, Emilia fosbergii, Euphorbia heterophylla, Nicandra physaloides, Physalis pubescens, Sida glomerata, and Solanum americanum. TAXONOMIC STATUS OF THE PATHOGEN Domain, Bacteria; phylum, Proteobacteria; class, Gammaproteobacteria; order, Xanthomonadales; family, Xanthomonadaceae; genus, Xanthomonas; species, X. euvesicatoria, X. hortorum, X. vesicatoria. SYNONYMS (NONPREFERRED SCIENTIFIC NAMES) Bacterium exitiosum, Bacterium vesicatorium, Phytomonas exitiosa, Phytomonas vesicatoria, Pseudomonas exitiosa, Pseudomonas gardneri, Pseudomonas vesicatoria, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas cynarae pv. gardneri, Xanthomonas gardneri, Xanthomonas perforans. MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Colonies are gram-negative, oxidase-negative, and catalase-positive and have oxidative metabolism. Pale-yellow domed circular colonies of 1-2 mm in diameter grow on general culture media. DISTRIBUTION The bacteria are widespread in Africa, Brazil, Canada and the USA, Australia, eastern Europe, and south-east Asia. Occurrence in western Europe is restricted. PHYTOSANITARY CATEGORIZATION A2 no. 157, EU Annex designation II/A2. EPPO CODES XANTEU, XANTGA, XANTPF, XANTVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Osdaghi
- Department of Plant ProtectionCollege of AgricultureUniversity of TehranKarajIran
| | - Jeffrey B. Jones
- Plant Pathology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Plant Pathology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Erica M. Goss
- Plant Pathology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Peter Abrahamian
- Plant Pathology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Gulf Coast Research and Education CenterUniversity of FloridaWimaumaFloridaUSA
| | - Eric A. Newberry
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Renato Carvalho
- Plant Pathology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Manoj Choudhary
- Plant Pathology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Mathews L. Paret
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Florida Research and Education CenterUniversity of FloridaQuincyFloridaUSA
| | - Sujan Timilsina
- Plant Pathology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Gary E. Vallad
- Gulf Coast Research and Education CenterUniversity of FloridaWimaumaFloridaUSA
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16
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Liao YY, Huang Y, Carvalho R, Choudhary M, Da Silva S, Colee J, Huerta A, Vallad GE, Freeman JH, Jones JB, Keller A, Paret ML. Magnesium Oxide Nanomaterial, an Alternative for Commercial Copper Bactericides: Field-Scale Tomato Bacterial Spot Disease Management and Total and Bioavailable Metal Accumulation in Soil. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:13561-13570. [PMID: 34291924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is the most extensively used bactericide worldwide in many agricultural production systems. However, intensive application of Cu bactericide have increased the selection pressure toward Cu-tolerant pathogens, including Xanthomonas perforans, the causal agent of tomato bacterial spot. However, alternatives for Cu bactericides are limited and have many drawbacks including plant damage and inconsistent effectiveness under field conditions. Also, potential ecological risk on nontarget organisms exposed to field runoff containing Cu is high. However, due to lack of alternatives for Cu, it is still widely used in tomato and other crops around the world in both conventional and organic production systems. In this study, a Cu-tolerant X. perforans strain GEV485, which can tolerate eight tested commercial Cu bactericides, was used in all the field trials to evaluate the efficacy of MgO nanomaterial. Four field experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of intensive application of MgO nanomaterial on tomato bacterial spot disease severity, and one field experiment was conducted to study the impact of soil accumulation of total and bioavailable Cu, Mg, Mn, and Zn. In the first two field experiments, twice-weekly applications of 200 μg/mL MgO significantly reduced disease severity by 29-38% less in comparison to a conventional Cu bactericide Kocide 3000 and 19-30% less in comparison to the water control applied at the same frequency (p = 0.05). The disease severity on MgO twice-weekly was 12-32% less than Kocide 3000 + Mancozeb treatment. Single weekly applications of MgO had 13-19% higher disease severity than twice weekly application of MgO. In the second set of two field trials, twice-weekly applications of MgO at 1000 μg/mL significantly reduced disease severity by 32-40% in comparison to water control applied at the same frequency (p = 0.05). There was no negative yield impact in any of the trials. The third field experiment demonstrated that application of MgO did not result in significant accumulation of total and bioavailable Mg, Mn, Cu, or Zn in the root-associated soil and in soil farther away from the production bed compared to the water control. However, Cu bactericide contributed to significantly higher Mn, Cu, and Zn accumulation in the soil compared to water control (p = 0.05). This study demonstrates that MgO nanomaterial could be an alternative for Cu bactericide and have potential in reducing risks associated with development of tolerant strains and for reducing Cu load in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yu Liao
- Plant Pathology Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, Florida 32351, United States
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yuxiong Huang
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5131, United States
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Renato Carvalho
- Plant Pathology Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, Florida 32351, United States
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Manoj Choudhary
- Plant Pathology Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, Florida 32351, United States
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Susannah Da Silva
- Plant Pathology Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, Florida 32351, United States
| | - James Colee
- Statistical Consulting Unit, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Alejandra Huerta
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7613, United States
| | - Gary E Vallad
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, Florida 33598, United States
| | - Joshua H Freeman
- Plant Pathology Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, Florida 32351, United States
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Arturo Keller
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5131, United States
| | - Mathews L Paret
- Plant Pathology Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, Florida 32351, United States
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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17
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Jailani AAK, Iriarte F, Hochmuth R, Willis SM, Warren MW, Dey KK, Velez-Climent M, McVay J, Bag S, Paret ML. First Report of Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus affecting Watermelon in USA. Plant Dis 2021; 106:774. [PMID: 34420364 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-21-0639-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a high nutrient crop, high in vitamins and very popular in the U.S and globally. The crop was harvested from 101,800 acres with a value of $560 million in the U.S (USDA-NASS, 2020). California, Florida, Georgia and Texas are the four-leading watermelon-producing states in the U.S. During the fall season of 2020, plants in two North Florida watermelon fields, one in Levy County (~20 acres) and one in Suwannee County (~80 acres) with varieties Talca and Troubadour, respectively, exhibited viral-like symptoms. The fields had 100% disease incidence that led to fruit quality issues and yield losses of 80% and above. Symptoms observed in the watermelon samples included leaf crumpling, yellowing and curling, and vein yellowing similar to that of single/and or mixed infection of cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV; genus: Begomovirus, family: Geminiviridae), cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV; genus: Crinivirus, family: Closteroviridae) and squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV; genus: Ipomovirus, family: Potyviridae), although the vine decline symptoms often associated with SqVYV infection of watermelon were not observed. All three viruses are vectored by whiteflies and previously described in Florida (Akad et al., 2008; Polston et al., 2008; Adkins et al., 2009). To confirm the presence of these viruses, RNA was isolated from 20 symptomatic samples using the RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, USA) as per protocol. This was followed by RT-PCR (NEB, USA) using gene-specific primers described for CuLCrV, CYSDV and SqVYV (Adkins et al., 2009). Amplicons of expected sizes were obtained for all the viruses with the infection of CuLCrV in 17/20, CYSDV in 16/20, and SqVYV in 8/20 samples. In addition, the presence of cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV; genus: Crinivirus, family: Closteroviridae) in mixed infection was confirmed in 4/20 samples (3 leaves and 1 fruit) by RT-PCR with primers specific to the CCYV coat protein (CP), heat shock protein 70 homolog (HSP70h) and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) designed based on the available CCYV sequences (Sup Table. 1). The RT-PCR amplification was performed using a symptomatic watermelon sample and the amplicons of RdRp, HSP70h and CP were directly sequenced by Sanger method, and the sequences of the amplicons were deposited in GenBank under the accession number: MW527462 (RdRp, 952 bp), MW527461 (HSP70h, 583 bp) and MW527460 (CP, 852 bp). BLASTn analysis demonstrated that the sequences exhibited an identity of 99% to 100% (RdRp and HSP70h, 100%; and CP, 99%) with the corresponding regions of the CCYV isolate Shanghai from China (accession number: KY400636 and KY400633). The presence of CCYV was further confirmed in the watermelon samples by ELISA (Loewe, Germany) using crude sap extracted from the RT-PCR-positive, symptomatic watermelon samples. CCYV was first identified in Kumamoto, Japan in 2004 on melon plants (Gyoutoku et al. 2009). The CCYV was previously reported on melon from Imperial Valley, California (Wintermantel et al., 2019), and more recently on squash in Tifton, Georgia (Kavalappara et al., 2021) and cantaloupe in Cameron, Texas (Hernandez et al., 2021). To our knowledge, this is the first report of CCYV on field watermelon production in the U.S. Continued monitoring of the CCYV in spring and fall watermelon crop, and cucurbit volunteers and weeds will be critical toward understanding the spread of this virus and its potential risk to watermelon in Florida and other regions of the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abdul Kader Jailani
- University of Florida North Florida Research and Education Center, 316813, Plant Pathology Department, 155, Research Road, Quincy, Florida, United States, 32351;
| | - Fanny Iriarte
- University of Florida , North Florida Research and Education Center,, Quincy, Florida, United States;
| | - Robert Hochmuth
- University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 53701, UF/IFAS North Florida Research & Education Center - Suwannee Valley, Live Oak, Florida, United States;
| | - Sylvia M Willis
- University of Florida, 3463, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Live oak, Florida, United States;
| | - Mark W Warren
- University of Florida, 3463, Suwannee County Extension, Live Oak, Florida, United States;
| | - Kishore K Dey
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, Florida, United States;
| | - Maria Velez-Climent
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 70124, Gainesville, Florida, United States;
| | - John McVay
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 70124, Plant Industry, 1911 Sw 34th St, Gainesville, Gainesville, Florida, United States, 32605;
| | - Sudeep Bag
- The University of Georgia, Department of Plant Pathology, 2360 Rainwater Rd, Tifton, Georgia, United States, 31793;
| | - Mathews L Paret
- University of Florida , North Florida Research and Education Center,, 155 Research Road, Quincy, Florida, United States, 32351;
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18
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Fulton JC, Amaradasa BS, Ertek TS, Iriarte FB, Sanchez T, Ji P, Paret ML, Hudson O, Ali ME, Dufault NS. Phylogenetic and phenotypic characterization of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum isolates from Florida-grown watermelon. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248364. [PMID: 33764995 PMCID: PMC7993609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), has become an increasing concern of farmers in the southeastern USA, especially in Florida. Management of this disease, most often through the use of resistant cultivars and crop rotation, requires an accurate understanding of an area’s pathogen population structure and phenotypic characteristics. This study improved the understanding of the state’s pathogen population by completing multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of two housekeeping genes (BT and TEF) and two loci (ITS and IGS), aggressiveness and race-determining bioassays on 72 isolates collected between 2011 and 2015 from major watermelon production areas in North, Central, and South Florida. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) failed to group race 3 isolates into a single large clade; moreover, clade membership was not apparently correlated with aggressiveness (which varied both within and between clades), and only slightly with sampling location. The failure of multilocus sequence analysis using four highly conserved housekeeping genes and loci to clearly group and delineate known Fon races provides justification for future whole genome sequencing efforts whose more robust genomic comparisons will provide higher resolution of intra-species genetic distinctions. Consequently, these results suggest that identification of Fon isolates by race determination alone may fail to detect economically important phenotypic characteristics such as aggressiveness leading to inaccurate risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Fulton
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United State of America
| | - B. Sajeewa Amaradasa
- The Institute for Advanced Learning and Research, Danville, Virginia, United State of America
| | - Tülin S. Ertek
- Zirai Mücadele Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü, Ankara, Turkey
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, Florida, United State of America
| | - Fanny B. Iriarte
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, Florida, United State of America
| | - Tatiana Sanchez
- University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Alachua County, Florida, United State of America
| | - Pingsheng Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, United State of America
| | - Mathews L. Paret
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United State of America
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, Florida, United State of America
| | - Owen Hudson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, United State of America
| | - Md. Emran Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, United State of America
| | - Nicholas S. Dufault
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United State of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Ozcan A, Young M, Lee B, Liao YY, Da Silva S, Godden D, Colee J, Huang Z, Mendis HC, Campos MGN, Jones JB, Freeman JH, Paret ML, Tetard L, Santra S. Copper-fixed quat: a hybrid nanoparticle for application as a locally systemic pesticide (LSP) to manage bacterial spot disease of tomato. Nanoscale Adv 2021; 3:1473-1483. [PMID: 36132859 PMCID: PMC9417342 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00917b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of bacterial tolerance against pesticides poses a serious threat to the sustainability of food production. Widespread use of copper (Cu)-based products for plant disease management has led to the emergence of copper-tolerant pathogens such as Xanthomonas perforans (X. perforans) strains in Florida, which is very destructive to the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) industry. In this study, we report a hybrid nanoparticle (NP)-based system, coined Locally Systemic Pesticide (LSP), which has been designed for improved efficacy compared to conventional Cu-based bactericides against Cu-tolerant X. perforans. The silica core-shell structure of LSP particles makes it possible to host ultra-small Cu NPs (<10 nm) and quaternary ammonium (Quat) molecules on the shell. The morphology, release of Cu and Quat, and subsequent in vitro antimicrobial properties were characterized for LSP NPs with core diameters from 50 to 600 nm. A concentration of 4 μg mL-1 (Cu): 1 μg mL-1 (Quat) was found to be sufficient to inhibit the growth of Cu-tolerant X. perforans compared to 100 μg mL-1 (metallic Cu) required with standard Kocide 3000. Wetting properties of LSP exhibited contact angles below 60°, which constitutes a significant improvement from the 90° and 85° observed with water and Kocide 3000, respectively. The design was also found to provide slow Cu release to the leaves upon water washes, and to mitigate the phytotoxicity of water-soluble Cu and Quat agents. With Cu and Quat bound to the LSP silica core-shell structure, no sign of phytotoxicity was observed even at 1000 μg mL-1 (Cu). In greenhouse and field experiments, LSP formulations significantly reduced the severity of bacterial spot disease compared to the water control. Overall, the study highlights the potential of using LSP particles as a candidate for managing tomato bacterial spot disease and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ozcan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32826 USA +1 407-882-2848
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32826 USA
- Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University 70200 Karaman Turkey
| | - Mikaeel Young
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32826 USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32826 USA
| | - Briana Lee
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32826 USA
| | - Ying-Yu Liao
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida Quincy FL 32351 USA
| | - Susannah Da Silva
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Dylan Godden
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - James Colee
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Ziyang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32826 USA +1 407-882-2848
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32826 USA
| | - Hajeewaka C Mendis
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32826 USA
| | - Maria G N Campos
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32826 USA
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Joshua H Freeman
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Mathews L Paret
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida Quincy FL 32351 USA
| | - Laurene Tetard
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32826 USA
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32826 USA
| | - Swadeshmukul Santra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32826 USA +1 407-882-2848
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32826 USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32826 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida Orlando FL 32826 USA
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20
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Kunwar S, Bamazi B, Banito A, Carter M, Weinstein S, Steidl OR, Hayes MM, Allen C, Paret ML. First Report of Bacterial Wilt Disease of Tomato, Pepper and Gboma Caused by the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex in Togo. Plant Dis 2020; 105:484. [PMID: 32945739 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-20-1665-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), pepper (Capsicum annum), and gboma (Solanum macrocarpon) are major vegetables in Togo, with many people depending on these crops for their livelihood. In December 2018, during the dry season with temperatures between 21°C to 35°C, tomato ('Petomech'), pepper ('Gboyebesse') and gboma (local landrace) showing wilt symptoms without foliar yellowing were collected from two locations, Tchouloum and CECO-AGRO sites in the Sotouboua Prefecture of Togo, ~300 km from the capital city of Lome. Disease incidence ranged between 10% to 50% in multiple fields. Cut stems of most wilting tomato, pepper and gboma plants produced bacterial ooze in water and vascular discoloration was visible in longitudinal stem sections. Ground cut stem tissue tested positive with Rs ImmunoStrips specific to the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN, USA). Collected samples were stored at ambient temperature and cultured within 36 hr. Culturing sap from cut stems plated on modified SMSA medium (Engelbrecht 1994) yielded colonies with typical RSSC morphology: slow-growing, irregular, mucoid, and white with red centers. Genomic DNA was extracted from thirteen isolates: two from gboma, five from tomato and six from pepper. The expected 280-bp band was amplified from all 13 genomic DNAs following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the 759/760 RSSC-specific primer pair (Opina et al. 1997). PCR with the 630/631 primers, which identify the Race 3 biovar 2 RSSC subgroup, did not yield a product from any Togo isolate (Opina et al. 1997). The phylotype multiplex PCR identified all Togo isolates as belonging to the phylotype I subgroup, also called R. pseudosolanacearum (Prior et al. 2016; Fegan and Prior 2005). Phylotype control DNAs were from strains GMI1000 (phylotype I, Asia), K60 (phylotype II, Americas), CMR15 (phylotype III, Africa), and PSI07 (phylotype IV, Indondesia). Comparative genomic analysis of the partial endoglucanase (egl) gene, amplified with the Endo primer pairs (Poussier et al. 2000), revealed all Togo strains belonged to sequevar 17, a group known to cause bacterial wilt of peanut in China. (Xu et al. 2009). The egl sequences are in NCBI GenBank accessions MT572393 to MT572405. Koch's postulates were completed by inoculating 28-day-old bacterial wilt-susceptible 'Bonny Best' tomato plants by soil soak (Khokhani et al. 2018). Briefly, soil around each unwounded plant was drenched with 50 ml of a 108 CFU/mL suspension of bacteria grown from a single colony. Five plants were inoculated with each of four randomly selected Togo strains. RSSC phylotype I strain GMI1000 served as a positive control and water treated plants as negative controls. Plants were kept in a 28°C growth chamber with a 12 hr photoperiod. All RSSC inoculated plants were fully wilted within a week; symptoms resembled to those observed in the field. Water treated control plants did not wilt. Culturing sap from all inoculated plants on SMSA medium yielded colonies with typical RSSC morphology that tested positive with the Rs ImmunoStrips. This is the first identification of RSSC in Togo. These results will guide development of disease management strategies and regionally appropriate breeding of vegetable lines with resistance to the phylotype I RSSC strains present in Togo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Kunwar
- University of Wisconsin Madison, 5228, Plant Pathology, Madison, Wisconsin, United States;
| | - Bitang Bamazi
- University of Lomé, Ecole Superieur d'Agronomie, Lomé, Togo;
| | | | - Mariama Carter
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5228, Plant Pathology, Madison, Wisconsin, United States;
| | - Sofia Weinstein
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5228, Plant Pathology, Madison, Wisconsin, United States;
| | - Olivia Rae Steidl
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5228, Plant Pathology, Madison, Wisconsin, United States;
| | - Madeline M Hayes
- University of Wisconsin Madison, 5228, Plant Pathology, Madison, Wisconsin, United States;
| | - Caitilyn Allen
- U. Wisconsin-Madison, Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53706;
| | - Mathews L Paret
- University of Florida , North Florida Research and Education Center,, 155 Research Road, Quincy, Florida, United States, 32351;
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21
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Martini X, Malfa K, Stelinski LL, Iriarte FB, Paret ML. Distribution, Phenology, and Overwintering Survival of Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae), in Urban and Grove Habitats in North Florida. J Econ Entomol 2020; 113:1080-1087. [PMID: 31982907 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cold hardy citrus is an emerging industry in north Florida. However, it is under the threat of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the agent of the citrus disease huanglongbing. Distribution and phenology of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama), the vector of CLas, was investigated over a 2-year sampling period in north Florida. Diaphorina citri was only found in backyard and ornamental citrus along the Gulf of Mexico, and was not observed in cultivated citrus groves during the 2 years (2017-2018) of the survey. Diaphorina citri population peaks occurred approximately 2 mo later than in central Florida with major population peaks occurring in July. The number of D. citri adults was significantly higher on CLas infected than uninfected citrus trees, whereas more nymphs were found on uninfected trees. Most D. citri were negative for CLas except in Franklin county where both infected trees and psyllids were found. We were able to find adult D. citri during all winter months, despite temperatures as low as -5.5°C. During two consecutive winters, we conducted experiments to determine D. citri cold hardiness by caging D. citri under ambient conditions in mid-November and assessing survivors in the following spring. In 2018, approximately 21%, of D. citri adults survived overwintering whereas 16% survived in 2019 despite lower temperature in 2018 than in 2019. As we are at the earliest stage of HLB infestation, management of D. citri and CLas in north Florida should focus on removal of CLas-infected trees to reduce the reservoir of pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Martini
- Entomology and Nematology Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL
| | - Kathi Malfa
- Entomology and Nematology Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL
| | - Lukasz L Stelinski
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL
| | - Fanny B Iriarte
- Plant Pathology Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL
| | - Mathews L Paret
- Plant Pathology Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL
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22
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Kalischuk ML, Roberts PD, Paret ML. A rapid fluorescence-based real-time isothermal assay for the detection of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus in squash and watermelon plants. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 53:101613. [PMID: 32504787 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that produces devastating disease in watermelon and squash. Foliar symptoms of CYSDV consist of interveinal yellowing, brittleness, and thickening of older leaves leading to reduced plant vigor. A rapid diagnostic method for CYSDV would facilitate early detection and implementation of best viral-based management practices. We developed a rapid isothermal reverse transcription-recombination polymerase amplification (exo RT-RPA) assay for the detection of CYSDV. The primers and a 6-fluorescein amidite (6-FAM) probe were developed to target the nucleocapsid gene. The real-time assay detected CYSDV at 2.5 pg purified total RNA extracted from CYSDV-infected leaf tissue and corresponded to 10 copies of the target molecule. The assay was specific and did not cross-react with other common cucurbit viruses found in Florida and Georgia. The performance of the exo RT-RPA was evaluated using crude extract from 21 cucurbit field samples and demonstrated that the exo RT-RPA is a rapid procedure, thus providing a promising novel alternative approach for the detection of CYSDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Kalischuk
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF-IFAS), North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA; University of Guelph, Department of Plant Agriculture, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Pamela D Roberts
- UF-IFAS, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee, FL, 34142, USA; UF-IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Mathews L Paret
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF-IFAS), North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA; UF-IFAS, Plant Pathology Department, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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23
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Newark MJ, Li P, Yang XP, Paret ML, Dufault NS. Comparing Stagonosporopsis spp. Fungicide Resistance Profiles in Florida and East China Cucurbit Production Systems. Plant Dis 2020; 104:129-136. [PMID: 31747352 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-19-0370-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gummy stem blight, caused by Stagonosporopsis spp., is a major disease of cucurbits in the United States and China that is managed primarily through the use of fungicides. The objective of this study was to monitor and compare the recent fungicide resistance profiles of Stagonosporopsis spp. in Florida open-field and East China protected-structure production systems. Isolates of Stagonosporopsis spp. were evaluated for sensitivity to the commonly used fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, tebuconazole, and thiophanate-methyl at discriminatory rates of 0.096, 0.034, 0.128, and 100 mg/liter, respectively. Isolates were collected from Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Anhui provinces in China (n = 69), 12 counties in Florida (n = 89), and one county in Georgia (n = 6). More than 50% of isolates from Florida and East China were resistant to thiophanate-methyl. Boscalid resistance was detected in both isolate collections but was two times more frequent in China. Resistance to azoxystrobin was detected in 66% of isolates in Florida but only 7% in China. Tebuconazole was effective in controlling the mycelia growth of Stagonosporopsis spp. in both collections. The results indicate that both production systems currently face similar challenges related to the development of fungicide resistance in Stagonosporopsis spp. However, the resistance profiles are unique for both production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason J Newark
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0680, U.S.A
| | - Pingfang Li
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing-Ping Yang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mathews L Paret
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0680, U.S.A
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas S Dufault
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0680, U.S.A
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24
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Carvalho R, Duman K, Jones JB, Paret ML. Bactericidal Activity of Copper-Zinc Hybrid Nanoparticles on Copper-Tolerant Xanthomonas perforans. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20124. [PMID: 31882706 PMCID: PMC6934554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial spot of tomato, caused by Xanthomonas perforans, X. euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria and X. gardneri, is a major disease, contributing to significant yield losses worldwide. Over dependence of conventional copper bactericides over the last decades has led to the prevalence of copper-tolerant strains of Xanthomonas spp., making copper bactericides ineffective. Thus, there is a critical need to develop new strategies for better management of copper-tolerant Xanthomonas spp. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of a hybrid nanoparticle, copper-zinc (Cu/Zn), on copper-tolerant and sensitive strains. The hybrid nanoparticle significantly reduced bacterial growth in vitro compared to the non-treated and micron-size commercial copper controls. Tomato transplants treated with the hybrid nanoparticle had significantly reduced disease severity compared to the controls, and no phytotoxicity was observed on plants. We also studied the hybrid nanoparticle effect on the bacterial pigment xanthomonadin using Near-Infra Red Raman spectroscopy as an indicator of bacterial degradation. The hybrid nanoparticle significantly affected the ability of X. perforans in its production of xanthomonadin when compared with samples treated with micron-size copper or untreated. This study sheds new light on the potential utilization of this novel multi-site Cu/Zn hybrid nanoparticle for bacterial spot management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Carvalho
- University of Florida, North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA
| | - Kamil Duman
- University of Florida, North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA.,Plant Protection Central Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mathews L Paret
- University of Florida, North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA. .,Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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25
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Kalischuk M, Paret ML, Freeman JH, Raj D, Da Silva S, Eubanks S, Wiggins DJ, Lollar M, Marois JJ, Mellinger HC, Das J. An Improved Crop Scouting Technique Incorporating Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Assisted Multispectral Crop Imaging into Conventional Scouting Practice for Gummy Stem Blight in Watermelon. Plant Dis 2019; 103:1642-1650. [PMID: 31082305 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-18-1373-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Multispectral imaging is increasingly used in specialty crops, but its benefits in assessment of disease severity and improvements in conventional scouting practice are unknown. Multispectral imaging was conducted using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and data were analyzed for five flights from Florida and Georgia commercial watermelon fields in 2017. The fields were rated for disease incidence and severity by extension agents and plant pathologists at randomized locations (i.e., conventional scouting) followed by ratings at locations that were identified by differences in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and stress index (i.e., UAV-assisted scouting). Diseases identified by the scouts included gummy stem blight, anthracnose, Fusarium wilt, Phytophthora fruit rot, Alternaria leaf spot, and cucurbit leaf crumple disease. Disease incidence and severity ratings were significantly different between conventional and UAV-assisted scouting (P < 0.01, Bhapkar/exact test). Higher severity ratings of 4 and 5 on a scale of 1 to 5 from no disease to complete loss of the canopy were more consistent after the scouts used the multispectral images in determining sampling locations. The UAV-assisted scouting locations had significantly lower green, red, and red edge NDVI values and higher stress index values than the conventional scouting areas (P < 0.05, ANOVA/Tukey), and this corresponded to areas with higher disease severity. Conventional scouting involving human evaluation remains necessary for disease validation. Multispectral imagery improved watermelon field scouting owing to increased ability to identify disease foci and areas of concern more rapidly than conventional scouting practices with early detection of diseases 20% more often using UAV-assisted scouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kalischuk
- 1 North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida-Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF-IFAS), Quincy, FL, 32351
| | - Mathews L Paret
- 1 North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida-Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF-IFAS), Quincy, FL, 32351
- 2 Plant Pathology Department, UF-IFAS, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Joshua H Freeman
- 1 North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida-Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF-IFAS), Quincy, FL, 32351
- 3 Horticultural Sciences Department, UF-IFAS, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | | | - Susannah Da Silva
- 1 North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida-Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF-IFAS), Quincy, FL, 32351
| | - Shep Eubanks
- 5 Gadsden County Extension, UF-IFAS Cooperative Extension Service, Quincy, FL, 32351
| | - D J Wiggins
- 5 Gadsden County Extension, UF-IFAS Cooperative Extension Service, Quincy, FL, 32351
| | - Matthew Lollar
- 6 Jackson County Extension, UF-IFAS Cooperative Extension Service, Marianna, FL, 32448
| | | | | | - Jnaneshwar Das
- 8 School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287
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26
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Newberry EA, Ebrahim M, Timilsina S, Zlatković N, Obradović A, Bull CT, Goss EM, Huguet-Tapia JC, Paret ML, Jones JB, Potnis N. Corrigendum: Inference of Convergent Gene Acquisition Among Pseudomonas syringae Strains Isolated From Watermelon, Cantaloupe, and Squash. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:963. [PMID: 31130940 PMCID: PMC6510182 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Newberry
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Plant Pathology, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, United States
| | - Mohamed Ebrahim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sujan Timilsina
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nevena Zlatković
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksa Obradović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Carolee T Bull
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Erica M Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jose C Huguet-Tapia
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mathews L Paret
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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27
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Strayer-Scherer A, Jones JB, Paret ML. Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay for Field Detection of Tomato Bacterial Spot Pathogens. Phytopathology 2019; 109:690-700. [PMID: 30211633 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-18-0101-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial spot of tomato is caused by Xanthomonas gardneri, X. euvesicatoria, X. perforans, and X. vesicatoria. Current diagnostic methods for the pathogens are not in-field assays. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is ideal for in-field detection assays, because it is an isothermal technique that is rapid and more tolerant to inhibitors compared with polymerase chain reaction. Hence, novel RPA probes and primers were designed to amplify regions of the hrcN gene of X. gardneri, X. euvesicatoria, and X. perforans. The X. gardneri RPA is specific to X. gardneri with a detection limit of 106 CFU/ml and detected X. gardneri in lesions from naturally (n = 6) or artificially (n = 18) infected plants. The X. euvesicatoria RPA detects both X. euvesicatoria and X. perforans with a detection limit of 106 CFU/ml and detected both pathogens in plants artificially infected (n = 36) or naturally infected (n = 85) with either X. euvesicatoria or X. perforans. The X. perforans RPA is specific to X. perforans with a detection limit of 107 CFU/ml. Although the X. perforans RPA assay was unable to detect X. perforans from lesions, the X. euvesicatoria RPA was successfully used in field to detect X. perforans from symptomatic field samples (n = 31). The X. perforans RPA was then used to confirm the pathogen in the laboratory. The X. euvesicatoria and X. gardneri RPA is promising for rapid, real-time in-field detection of bacterial spot and one of the first developed among plant pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Strayer-Scherer
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; and
| | - J B Jones
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; and
| | - M L Paret
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
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Newberry EA, Ebrahim M, Timilsina S, Zlatković N, Obradović A, Bull CT, Goss EM, Huguet-Tapia JC, Paret ML, Jones JB, Potnis N. Inference of Convergent Gene Acquisition Among Pseudomonas syringae Strains Isolated From Watermelon, Cantaloupe, and Squash. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:270. [PMID: 30837979 PMCID: PMC6390507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae sensu stricto (phylogroup 2; referred to as P. syringae) consists of an environmentally ubiquitous bacterial population associated with diseases of numerous plant species. Recent studies using multilocus sequence analysis have indicated the clonal expansion of several P. syringae lineages, located in phylogroups 2a and 2b, in association with outbreaks of bacterial spot disease of watermelon, cantaloupe, and squash in the United States. To investigate the evolutionary processes that led to the emergence of these epidemic lineages, we sequenced the genomes of six P. syringae strains that were isolated from cucurbits grown in the United States, Europe, and China over a period of more than a decade, as well as eight strains that were isolated from watermelon and squash grown in six different Florida counties during the 2013 and 2014 seasons. These data were subjected to comparative analyses along with 42 previously sequenced genomes of P. syringae stains collected from diverse plant species and environments available from GenBank. Maximum likelihood reconstruction of the P. syringae core genome revealed the presence of a hybrid phylogenetic group, comprised of cucurbit strains collected in Florida, Italy, Serbia, and France, which emerged through genome-wide homologous recombination between phylogroups 2a and 2b. Functional analysis of the recombinant core genome showed that pathways involved in the ATP-dependent transport and metabolism of amino acids, bacterial motility, and secretion systems were enriched for recombination. A survey of described virulence factors indicated the convergent acquisition of several accessory type 3 secreted effectors (T3SEs) among phylogenetically distinct lineages through integrative and conjugative element and plasmid loci. Finally, pathogenicity assays on watermelon and squash showed qualitative differences in virulence between strains of the same clonal lineage, which correlated with T3SEs acquired through various mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). This study provides novel insights into the interplay of homologous recombination and HGT toward pathogen emergence and highlights the dynamic nature of P. syringae sensu lato genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Newberry
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Plant Pathology, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, United States
| | - Mohamed Ebrahim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sujan Timilsina
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nevena Zlatković
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksa Obradović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Carolee T Bull
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Erica M Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jose C Huguet-Tapia
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mathews L Paret
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Liao YY, Strayer-Scherer AL, White J, Mukherjee A, De La Torre-Roche R, Ritchie L, Colee J, Vallad GE, Freeman JH, Jones JB, Paret ML. Nano-Magnesium Oxide: A Novel Bactericide Against Copper-Tolerant Xanthomonas perforans Causing Tomato Bacterial Spot. Phytopathology 2019; 109:52-62. [PMID: 30070617 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-18-0152-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas perforans causes significant damage on tomato in Florida. Due to the presence of copper (Cu)-tolerant X. perforans strains, Cu bactericides are not effective in disease management. Hence, there is a critical need to find alternatives for Cu. Antibacterial activity of magnesium oxide (Nano-MgO), and other metal oxide nanoparticles, were evaluated against a Cu-tolerant and -sensitive X. perforans strain. In vitro experiments demonstrated high antibacterial activity of Nano-MgO against both strains compared with the commercial Cu. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Nano-MgO is 25 µg/ml and the minimum bactericidal concentration is 100 µg/ml against a Cu-tolerant X. perforans strain after 4 h of exposure. Structural changes in the bacterial membrane following exposure to Nano-MgO treatments compared with the controls were observed using transmission electron microscopy. In two greenhouse experiments with a Cu-tolerant strain, bacterial spot severity was significantly reduced by Nano-MgO at 200 µg/ml compared with Cu-ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate (grower standard), and the untreated control (P = 0.05). In three field experiments, Nano-MgO at 200 µg/ml significantly reduced disease severity with no negative impact on yield compared with the untreated control. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric analysis of the fruit confirmed that Nano-MgO application did not lead to the accumulation of Mg, Cu, Ca, K, Mn, P, and S. This study is the first to demonstrate the potential of Nano-MgO against bacterial spot of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-Y Liao
- First, second, tenth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; first, second, sixth, ninth, and eleventh authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, USA; third, fourth, and fifth authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, USA; seventh author: IFAS Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; eighth author: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma
| | - A L Strayer-Scherer
- First, second, tenth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; first, second, sixth, ninth, and eleventh authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, USA; third, fourth, and fifth authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, USA; seventh author: IFAS Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; eighth author: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma
| | - J White
- First, second, tenth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; first, second, sixth, ninth, and eleventh authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, USA; third, fourth, and fifth authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, USA; seventh author: IFAS Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; eighth author: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma
| | - A Mukherjee
- First, second, tenth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; first, second, sixth, ninth, and eleventh authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, USA; third, fourth, and fifth authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, USA; seventh author: IFAS Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; eighth author: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma
| | - R De La Torre-Roche
- First, second, tenth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; first, second, sixth, ninth, and eleventh authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, USA; third, fourth, and fifth authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, USA; seventh author: IFAS Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; eighth author: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma
| | - L Ritchie
- First, second, tenth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; first, second, sixth, ninth, and eleventh authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, USA; third, fourth, and fifth authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, USA; seventh author: IFAS Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; eighth author: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma
| | - J Colee
- First, second, tenth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; first, second, sixth, ninth, and eleventh authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, USA; third, fourth, and fifth authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, USA; seventh author: IFAS Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; eighth author: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma
| | - G E Vallad
- First, second, tenth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; first, second, sixth, ninth, and eleventh authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, USA; third, fourth, and fifth authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, USA; seventh author: IFAS Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; eighth author: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma
| | - J H Freeman
- First, second, tenth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; first, second, sixth, ninth, and eleventh authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, USA; third, fourth, and fifth authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, USA; seventh author: IFAS Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; eighth author: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma
| | - J B Jones
- First, second, tenth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; first, second, sixth, ninth, and eleventh authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, USA; third, fourth, and fifth authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, USA; seventh author: IFAS Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; eighth author: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma
| | - M L Paret
- First, second, tenth, and eleventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; first, second, sixth, ninth, and eleventh authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, USA; third, fourth, and fifth authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, USA; seventh author: IFAS Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; eighth author: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma
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Kunwar S, Iriarte F, Fan Q, Evaristo da Silva E, Ritchie L, Nguyen NS, Freeman JH, Stall RE, Jones JB, Minsavage GV, Colee J, Scott JW, Vallad GE, Zipfel C, Horvath D, Westwood J, Hutton SF, Paret ML. Transgenic Expression of EFR and Bs2 Genes for Field Management of Bacterial Wilt and Bacterial Spot of Tomato. Phytopathology 2018; 108:1402-1411. [PMID: 29923802 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-17-0424-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Field trials were conducted at two locations in Florida to evaluate transgenic tomato expressing the ELONGATION FACTOR TU RECEPTOR (EFR) gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, the Bs2 gene from pepper, or both Bs2 and EFR (Bs2/EFR) for managing bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas perforans. Expression of EFR or Bs2/EFR in the susceptible genotype Fla. 8000 significantly reduced bacterial wilt incidence (50 to 100%) and increased total yield (57 to 114%) relative to lines expressing only Bs2 or the nontransformed Fla. 8000 control, although the marketable yield was not significantly affected. Following harvest, surviving symptomatic and nonsymptomatic plants were assessed for colonization by R. solanacearum. There were no significant differences in the population at the lower stem. Interestingly, in the middle stem, no bacteria could be recovered from EFR or Bs2/EFR lines but viable bacterial populations were recovered from Bs2 and nontransformed control lines at 102 to 105 CFU/g of stem tissue. In growth-chamber experiments, the EFR transgenic tomato lines were found to be effective against seven different R. solanacearum strains isolated from the southeastern United States, indicating utility across the southeastern United States. In all of the bacterial spot trials, EFR and Bs2/EFR lines had significantly reduced disease severity (22 to 98%) compared with the Fla. 8000 control. The marketable and total yield of Bs2/EFR were significantly higher (43 to 170%) than Fla. 8000 control in three of four field trials. These results demonstrate for the first time the potential of using the EFR gene for field management of bacterial wilt and bacterial spot diseases of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Kunwar
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Fanny Iriarte
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Qiurong Fan
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Eduardo Evaristo da Silva
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Laura Ritchie
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Nghi Song Nguyen
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Joshua H Freeman
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Robert E Stall
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Gerald V Minsavage
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - James Colee
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Jay W Scott
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Gary E Vallad
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Diana Horvath
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Jack Westwood
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Samuel F Hutton
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Mathews L Paret
- First, third, eighth, ninth, tenth, thirteenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighteenth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; seventh, twelfth, and seventeenth authors: Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville; eleventh author: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Division, University of Florida, Gainesville; twelfth, thirteenth, and seventeenth authors: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; fourteenth author: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Two Blades Foundation, Evanston, IL, 60201
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Newberry EA, Babu B, Roberts PD, Dufault NS, Goss EM, Jones JB, Paret ML. Molecular Epidemiology of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Causing Bacterial Leaf Spot of Watermelon and Squash in Florida. Plant Dis 2018; 102:511-518. [PMID: 30673490 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-17-1002-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
From 2013 to 2014, bacterial leaf spot epidemics incited by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae affected an estimated 3,000 ha of watermelon and squash in Florida, and caused foliar blighting and transplant losses in severely affected fields. To investigate the diversity of the causal agent, we isolated 28 P. syringae strains from diseased plants grown in 10 Florida and Georgia counties over the course of 2 years. Strains were confirmed as P. syringae through sequence analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA, phenotypic, and biochemical profiling; however, 20 displayed an atypical phenotype by exhibiting nonfluorescent activity on King's medium B agar and being negative for ice-nucleating activity. Multilocus sequence analysis and BOX polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of two haplotypes among the collected strains that grouped into two distinct clades within P. syringae phylogroup 2. Pathogenicity testing showed that watermelon, cantaloupe, and squash seedlings were susceptible to a majority of these strains. Although both haplotypes were equally virulent on cantaloupe, they differed in virulence on watermelon and squash. The distribution of one haplotype in 9 of 10 Florida and Georgia counties sampled indicated that these epidemics were associated with the recent introduction of a novel clonal P. syringae lineage throughout major watermelon production areas in Florida.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Newberry
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - B Babu
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - P D Roberts
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee
| | - N S Dufault
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - E M Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - J B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - M L Paret
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
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Strayer-Scherer A, Liao YY, Young M, Ritchie L, Vallad GE, Santra S, Freeman JH, Clark D, Jones JB, Paret ML. Advanced Copper Composites Against Copper-Tolerant Xanthomonas perforans and Tomato Bacterial Spot. Phytopathology 2018; 108:196-205. [PMID: 28990482 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-17-0221-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial spot, caused by Xanthomonas spp., is a widespread and damaging bacterial disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). For disease management, growers rely on copper bactericides, which are often ineffective due to the presence of copper-tolerant Xanthomonas strains. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of the new copper composites core-shell copper (CS-Cu), multivalent copper (MV-Cu), and fixed quaternary ammonium copper (FQ-Cu) as potential alternatives to commercially available micron-sized copper bactericides for controlling copper-tolerant Xanthomonas perforans. In vitro, metallic copper from CS-Cu and FQ-Cu at 100 μg/ml killed the copper-tolerant X. perforans strain within 1 h of exposure. In contrast, none of the micron-sized copper rates (100 to 1,000 μg/ml) from Kocide 3000 significantly reduced copper-tolerant X. perforans populations after 48 h of exposure compared with the water control (P < 0.05). All copper-based treatments killed the copper-sensitive X. perforans strain within 1 h. Greenhouse studies demonstrated that all copper composites significantly reduced bacterial spot disease severity when compared with copper-mancozeb and water controls (P < 0.05). Although there was no significant impact on yield, copper composites significantly reduced disease severity when compared with water controls, using 80% less metallic copper in comparison with copper-mancozeb in field studies (P < 0.05). This study highlights the discovery that copper composites have the potential to manage copper-tolerant X. perforans and tomato bacterial spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Strayer-Scherer
- First, second, and ninth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third author: NanoScience Technology Center and Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando 32826; fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; sixth author: NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando; and tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - Y Y Liao
- First, second, and ninth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third author: NanoScience Technology Center and Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando 32826; fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; sixth author: NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando; and tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - M Young
- First, second, and ninth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third author: NanoScience Technology Center and Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando 32826; fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; sixth author: NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando; and tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - L Ritchie
- First, second, and ninth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third author: NanoScience Technology Center and Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando 32826; fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; sixth author: NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando; and tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - G E Vallad
- First, second, and ninth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third author: NanoScience Technology Center and Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando 32826; fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; sixth author: NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando; and tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - S Santra
- First, second, and ninth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third author: NanoScience Technology Center and Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando 32826; fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; sixth author: NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando; and tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - J H Freeman
- First, second, and ninth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third author: NanoScience Technology Center and Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando 32826; fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; sixth author: NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando; and tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - D Clark
- First, second, and ninth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third author: NanoScience Technology Center and Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando 32826; fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; sixth author: NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando; and tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - J B Jones
- First, second, and ninth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third author: NanoScience Technology Center and Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando 32826; fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; sixth author: NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando; and tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - M L Paret
- First, second, and ninth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; third author: NanoScience Technology Center and Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando 32826; fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598; sixth author: NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando; and tenth author: Department of Plant Pathology and North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
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Newberry EA, Ritchie L, Babu B, Sanchez T, Beckham KA, Jones JB, Freeman JH, Dufault NS, Paret ML. Epidemiology and management of bacterial leaf spot on watermelon caused by Pseudomonas syringae. Plant Dis 2017; 101:1222-1229. [PMID: 30682952 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-16-1628-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial leaf spot of watermelon caused by Pseudomonas syringae has been an emerging disease in the southeastern United States in recent years. Disease outbreaks in Florida were widespread from 2013 to 2014 and resulted in foliar blighting at the early stages of the crop and transplant losses. We conducted a series of field trials at two locations over the course of two years to examine the chemical control options that may be effective in management of this disease, and to investigate the environmental conditions conducive for bacterial leaf spot development. Weekly applications of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) foliar, ASM drip, or copper hydroxide mixed with ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate were effective in reducing the standardized area under the disease progress curve (P < 0.05). Pearson's correlation test demonstrated a negative relationship between the average weekly temperature and disease severity (-0.77, P = 0.0002). When incorporated into a multiple regression model with the square root transformed average weekly rainfall, these two variables accounted for 71% of the variability observed in the weekly disease severity (P < 0.0001). This information should be considered when choosing the planting date for watermelon seedlings as the cool conditions often encountered early in the spring season are conducive for bacterial leaf spot development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Newberry
- North Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - L Ritchie
- North Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - B Babu
- North Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - T Sanchez
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - K A Beckham
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - J B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - J H Freeman
- North Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - N S Dufault
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - M L Paret
- North Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
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Babu B, Washburn BK, Ertek TS, Miller SH, Riddle CB, Knox GW, Ochoa-Corona FM, Olson J, Katırcıoğlu YZ, Paret ML. A field based detection method for Rose rosette virus using isothermal probe-based Reverse transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification assay. J Virol Methods 2017; 247:81-90. [PMID: 28583856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rose rosette disease, caused by Rose rosette virus (RRV; genus Emaravirus) is a major threat to the rose industry in the U.S. The only strategy currently available for disease management is early detection and eradication of the infected plants, thereby limiting its potential spread. Current RT-PCR based diagnostic methods for RRV are time consuming and are inconsistent in detecting the virus from symptomatic plants. Real-time RT-qPCR assay is highly sensitive for detection of RRV, but it is expensive and requires well-equipped laboratories. Both the RT-PCR and RT-qPCR cannot be used in a field-based testing for RRV. Hence a novel probe based, isothermal reverse transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-exoRPA) assay, using primer/probe designed based on the nucleocapsid gene of the RRV has been developed. The assay is highly specific and did not give a positive reaction to other viruses infecting roses belonging to both inclusive and exclusive genus. Dilution assays using the in vitro transcript showed that the primer/probe set is highly sensitive, with a detection limit of 1 fg/μl. In addition, a rapid technique for the extraction of viral RNA (<5min) has been standardized from RRV infected tissue sources, using PBS-T buffer (pH 7.4), which facilitates the virus adsorption onto the PCR tubes at 4°C for 2min, followed by denaturation to release the RNA. RT-exoRPA analysis of the infected plants using the primer/probe indicated that the virus could be detected from leaves, stems, petals, pollen, primary roots and secondary roots. In addition, the assay was efficiently used in the diagnosis of RRV from different rose varieties, collected from different states in the U.S. The entire process, including the extraction can be completed in 25min, with less sophisticated equipments. The developed assay can be used with high efficiency in large scale field testing for rapid detection of RRV in commercial nurseries and landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Babu
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA.
| | - Brian K Washburn
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Tülin Sarigül Ertek
- Directorate of Plant Protection Central Institute, Yenimahalle, Ankara 06172, Turkey
| | - Steven H Miller
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Charles B Riddle
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
| | - Gary W Knox
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
| | - Francisco M Ochoa-Corona
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jennifer Olson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | | | - Mathews L Paret
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA; Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Kunwar S, Paret ML, Freeman JH, Ritchie L, Olson SM, Colee J, Jones JB. Foliar Applications of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl Negatively Affect the Yield of Grafted Tomatoes in Fields Infested with Ralstonia solanacearum. Plant Dis 2017; 101:890-894. [PMID: 30682942 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-16-0331-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three field experiments were conducted in Florida from 2012-2014 to assess the impact of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), a systemic acquired-resistance inducer, applied as foliar spray or through drip-irrigation lines, on bacterial wilt incidence and yield of grafted tomatoes. The experiments were conducted in a field with race 1, biovar 1 strain of Ralstonia solanacearum, causal agent of tomato bacterial wilt. In all three experiments, the susceptible tomato variety BHN 602, grafted onto a resistant rootstock BHN 998, was compared with nongrafted BHN 602, treated with or without foliar applications of ASM and with grafted plants treated with foliar applications of ASM. In two experiments, an additional treatment of drip applications of ASM on grafted and nongrafted plants was evaluated. Grafting alone or in combination with drip applications of ASM (178.6 μM) significantly reduced disease incidence and increased total marketable yield relative to nongrafted treatments. There were no significant differences between grafted plants with or without drip ASM applications in terms of bacterial wilt incidence or total marketable yield. However, we demonstrate for the first time that foliar ASM applications on grafted plants negatively affects the total marketable yield compared with drip ASM applications on grafted plants or nontreated grafted control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Kunwar
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351
| | - Mathews L Paret
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351
| | - Joshua H Freeman
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351
| | - Laura Ritchie
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351
| | - Stephen M Olson
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351
| | - James Colee
- Department of Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Babu B, Washburn BK, Miller SH, Poduch K, Sarigul T, Knox GW, Ochoa-Corona FM, Paret ML. A rapid assay for detection of Rose rosette virus using reverse transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification using multiple gene targets. J Virol Methods 2016; 240:78-84. [PMID: 27915036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rose rosette disease caused by Rose rosette virus (RRV; genus Emaravirus) is the most economically relevant disease of Knock Out® series roses in the U.S. As there are no effective chemical control options for the disease, the most critical disease management strategies include the use of virus free clean plants for propagation and early detection and destruction of infected plants. The current diagnostic techniques for RRV including end-point reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) are highly sensitive, but limited to diagnostic labs with the equipment and expertise; and is time consuming. To address this limitation, an isothermal reverse transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) assay based on multiple gene targets for specific detection of RRV was developed. The assay is highly specific and did not cross react with other viruses belonging to the inclusive and exclusive genus. Dilution assays using the in vitro transcripts showed that the primer sets designed (RPA-267, RPA-131, and RPA-321) are highly sensitive, consistently detecting RRV with a detection limit of 1fg/μL. Testing of the infected plants using the primer sets indicated that the virus could be detected from leaves, stems and petals of roses. The primer pair RPA-267 produced 100% positive detection of the virus from infected leaf tissues, while primer set RPA-131 produced 100% detection from stems and petals. The primer set RPA-321 produced 83%, 87.5% and 75% positive detection from leaves, petals and stem tissues, respectively. In addition, the assay has been efficiently used in the detection of RRV infecting Knock Out® roses, collected from different states in the U.S. The assay can be completed in 20min as compared to the end-point RT-PCR assay (3-4h) and RT-qPCR (1.5h). The RT-RPA assay is reliable, rapid, highly sensitive, and can be easily used in diagnostic laboratories for detection of RRV with no need for any special equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Babu
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, United States.
| | - Brian K Washburn
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Steven H Miller
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Kristina Poduch
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Tulin Sarigul
- Directorate of Plant Protection Central Institute, Yenimahalle, Ankara 06172, Turkey
| | - Gary W Knox
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, United States
| | - Francisco M Ochoa-Corona
- Oklahoma State University, National Institute for Microbial Forensics & Food and Agricultural Biosecurity, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States
| | - Mathews L Paret
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, United States; Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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Babu B, Washburn BK, Poduch K, Knox GW, Paret ML. Identification and characterization of two novel genomic RNA segments RNA5 and RNA6 in rose rosette virus infecting roses. Acta Virol 2016; 60:156-65. [PMID: 27265465 DOI: 10.4149/av_2016_02_156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rose rosette virus (RRV), a negative-strand RNA virus belonging to the genus Emaravirus, has recently been characterized to be the causal agent of rose rosette disease. Roses showing typical symptoms of RRV collected from a rose nursery in Florida were subjected to reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay using primers corresponding to the conserved inverted 13 nucleotide long stretches found at the termini of the RRV genomic RNA segments. RT-PCR analysis yielded two novel genomic RNA segments, RNA5 and RNA6, in addition to the previously identified four RNA segments. The RNA5 is 1650 bp long and encodes for a polypeptide of 465 amino acids (54.3 K), while RNA6 is 1400 bp long and encodes for a polypeptide of 233 amino acids (27.05 K). RACE analysis showed that, both the RNA segments posses at their 5' and 3' termini, stretches of conserved inverted complementary13 nucleotides long sequence with two nucleotide mismatches as previously identified in other genomic RNA segments. Northern blot analysis as well as RT-PCR using specific primers showed the presence of the novel genomic RNA segments in infected plants, but absent in the non-infected plants. The GenBank Acc. Nos. for the sequences reported in this paper are KT007556 and KT007557.
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Strayer AL, Jeyaprakash A, Minsavage GV, Timilsina S, Vallad GE, Jones JB, Paret ML. A Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay Differentiates Four Xanthomonas Species Associated with Bacterial Spot of Tomato. Plant Dis 2016; 100:1660-1668. [PMID: 30686244 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-15-1085-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial spot of tomato, a major problem in many tomato production areas, is caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, X. perforans, and X. gardneri. In order to detect and identify the bacterial spot pathogens, we evaluated a region of hrpB operon as a source for primers and probes for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A 420-bp fragment of the hrpB7 gene was amplified by PCR from 75 strains representing the four species. The PCR products were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis revealed that hrpB7 is highly conserved within each species, with a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) among the X. vesicatoria strains. X. euvesicatoria and X. perforans varied by two SNP. Four probes and two primer sets were designed to target the four bacterial spot pathogens based on their hrpB7 gene sequences. In order to simultaneously detect the four bacterial spot pathogens, the four probes and two primer sets were optimized for a multiplex real-time TaqMan PCR assay. The optimized multiplex assay was determined to be highly specific to the four bacterial spot pathogens. Because the optimized multiplex assay facilitated the identification of each bacterial spot pathogen from pure cultures and infected plant tissue, it holds great potential as a diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Strayer
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A Jeyaprakash
- Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville 32608
| | - G V Minsavage
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - S Timilsina
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - G E Vallad
- Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma 33598
| | - J B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - M L Paret
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
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Newberry EA, Jardini TM, Rubio I, Roberts PD, Babu B, Koike ST, Bouzar H, Goss EM, Jones JB, Bull CT, Paret ML. Angular Leaf Spot of Cucurbits is Associated With Genetically Diverse Pseudomonas syringae Strains. Plant Dis 2016; 100:1397-1404. [PMID: 30686200 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-15-1332-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Angular leaf spot of cucurbits is generally considered to be caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans. It has a worldwide distribution and has been observed to emerge sporadically under humid and wet conditions. Reports of multiple P. syringae pathovars associated with the disease and lack of molecular analysis has left the true diversity of populations in the United States unclear. In this study, we collected 27 P. syringae strains causing foliar lesions and blighting on watermelon, cantaloupe, and squash in Florida, Georgia, and California over several years. Strains were fluorescent on King's medium B agar and displayed the typical phenotypic and biochemical characteristics of P. syringae. P. syringae pv. lachrymans is a member of genomospecies 2. However, the genetic profiles obtained through both MLSA (gyrB, rpoD, gapA, and gltA) and BOX-PCR (BOXA1R) identified 26 of the P. syringae strains to be distributed among three clades within genomospecies 1, and phylogenetically distinct from genomospecies 2 member P. syringae pv. lachrymans. A novel MLSA haplotype of the pathogen common to all states and cucurbit hosts was identified. Considerable genetic diversity among P. syringae strains infecting cucurbits is associated with the same disease, and reflects the larger ecological diversity of P. syringae populations from genomospecies 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Newberry
- North Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL
| | | | - I Rubio
- USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA; and Undergraduate Research Opportunities Center, Seaside, California State University, Monterey Bay, CA
| | - P D Roberts
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL
| | - B Babu
- North Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL
| | - S T Koike
- University of California Cooperative Extension, Monterey County, Salinas, CA
| | - H Bouzar
- Sakata Seed America, Inc., Salinas, CA
| | - E M Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - J B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - C T Bull
- USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA (current address: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA)
| | - M L Paret
- North Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL
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Strayer A, Ocsoy I, Tan W, Jones JB, Paret ML. Low Concentrations of a Silver-Based Nanocomposite to Manage Bacterial Spot of Tomato in the Greenhouse. Plant Dis 2016; 100:1460-1465. [PMID: 30686188 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-15-0580-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial spot, caused by four Xanthomonas spp., is one of the most damaging diseases of tomato worldwide. Due to limited disease management options, growers rely heavily on copper-based bactericides, which are often ineffective due to the presence of copper-resistant Xanthomonas strains. This study was undertaken to characterize the antibacterial activity of a silver-based nanocomposite, Ag-dsDNA-GO, and its potential as an alternative to copper. Ag-dsDNA-GO at rates as low as 10 μg/ml killed all bacterial cells of copper-tolerant and -sensitive Xanthomonas perforans strains in suspensions containing approximately 103 CFU/ml within 15 min of exposure in vitro, whereas equivalent rates of copper (10, 25, and 50 μg/ml) were unable to significantly reduce populations compared with the untreated control after 24 h of exposure (P = 0.05). All copper concentrations killed the copper-sensitive X. perforans strain but required exposure for ≥1 h. Ag-dsDNA-GO also exhibited antibacterial activity against copper-tolerant X. vesicatoria, X. euvesicatoria, and X. gardneri strains. In greenhouse studies, tomato plants treated with Ag-dsDNA-GO at either 75 or 100 μg/ml prior to artificial inoculation significantly reduced disease severity when compared with copper-mancozeb and negative controls (P = 0.05). This study highlights the potential of Ag-dsDNA-GO as an alternative to copper in tomato transplant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Strayer
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - I Ocsoy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey, and Nanotechnology Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - W Tan
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville 32601
| | - J B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - M L Paret
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
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Babu B, Jeyaprakash A, Jones D, Schubert TS, Baker C, Washburn BK, Miller SH, Poduch K, Knox GW, Ochoa-Corona FM, Paret ML. Development of a rapid, sensitive TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of Rose rosette virus using multiple gene targets. J Virol Methods 2016; 235:41-50. [PMID: 27210549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rose rosette virus (RRV), belonging to the genus Emaravirus, is a highly destructive pathogen that causes rose rosette disease. The disease is a major concern for the rose industry in the U.S. due to the lack of highly sensitive methods for early detection of RRV. This is critical, as early identification of the infected plants and eradication is necessary in minimizing the risks associated with the spread of the disease. A highly reliable, specific and sensitive detection assay is thus required to test and confirm the presence of RRV in suspected plant samples. In this study a TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was developed for the detection of RRV from infected roses, utilizing multiple gene targets. Four pairs of primers and probes; two of them (RRV_2-1 and RRV_2-2) based on the consensus sequences of the glycoprotein gene (RNA2) and the other two (RRV_3-2 and RRV_3-5) based on the nucleocapsid gene (RNA3) were designed. The specificity of the primers and probes was evaluated against other representative viruses infecting roses, belonging to the genera Alfamovirus, Cucumovirus, Ilarvirus, Nepovirus, Tobamovirus, and Tospovirus and one Emaravirus (Wheat mosaic virus). Dilution assays using the in vitro transcripts (spiked with total RNA from healthy plants, and non-spiked) showed that all the primers and probes are highly sensitive in consistently detecting RRV with a detection limit of 1 fg. Testing of the infected plants over a period of time (three times in monthly intervals) indicated high reproducibility, with the primer/probe RRV_3-5 showing 100% positive detection, while RRV_2-1, RRV_2-2 and RRV_3-2 showed 90% positive detection. The developed real-time RT-PCR assay is reliable, highly sensitive, and can be easily used in diagnostic laboratories for testing and confirmation of RRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Babu
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, United States.
| | - Ayyamperumal Jeyaprakash
- Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Debra Jones
- Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Timothy S Schubert
- Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Carlye Baker
- Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Brian K Washburn
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Steven H Miller
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Kristina Poduch
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Gary W Knox
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, United States
| | - Francisco M Ochoa-Corona
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States
| | - Mathews L Paret
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, United States.
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Potnis N, Timilsina S, Strayer A, Shantharaj D, Barak JD, Paret ML, Vallad GE, Jones JB. Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper: diverse Xanthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge. Mol Plant Pathol 2015; 16:907-20. [PMID: 25649754 PMCID: PMC6638463 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
TAXONOMIC STATUS Bacteria; Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Gammaproteobacteria; Order Xanthomonadales; Family Xanthomonadaceae; Genus Xanthomonas; Species Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Xanthomonas perforans and Xanthomonas gardneri. MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, aerobic, motile, single polar flagellum. HOST RANGE Causes bacterial spot disease on plants belonging to the Solanaceae family, primarily tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), pepper (Capsicum annuum) and chilli peppers (Capsicum frutescens). DISEASE SYMPTOMS Necrotic lesions on all above-ground plant parts. DISTRIBUTION Worldwide distribution of X. euvesicatoria and X. vesicatoria on tomato and pepper; X. perforans and X. gardneri increasingly being isolated from the USA, Canada, South America, Africa and Europe. A wide diversity within the bacterial spot disease complex, with an ability to cause disease at different temperatures, makes this pathogen group a worldwide threat to tomato and pepper production. Recent advances in genome analyses have revealed the evolution of the pathogen with a plethora of novel virulence factors. Current management strategies rely on the use of various chemical control strategies and sanitary measures to minimize pathogen spread through contaminated seed. Chemical control strategies have been a challenge because of resistance by the pathogen. Breeding programmes have been successful in developing commercial lines with hypersensitive and quantitative resistance. However, durability of resistance has been elusive. Recently, a transgenic approach has resulted in the development of tomato genotypes with significant levels of resistance and improved yield that hold promise. In this article, we discuss the current taxonomic status, distribution of the four species, knowledge of virulence factors, detection methods and strategies for disease control with possible directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Potnis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Sujan Timilsina
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Amanda Strayer
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Deepak Shantharaj
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jeri D Barak
- Department of Plant Pathology, Russell Laboratories, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Mathews L Paret
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, 33598, USA
| | - Gary E Vallad
- North Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, 32351-5677, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Babu B, Kefialew YW, Li PF, Yang XP, George S, Newberry E, Dufault N, Abate D, Ayalew A, Marois J, Paret ML. Genetic Characterization of Didymella bryoniae Isolates Infecting Watermelon and Other Cucurbits in Florida and Georgia. Plant Dis 2015; 99:1488-1499. [PMID: 30695956 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-14-0341-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gummy stem blight caused by Didymella bryoniae (anamorph Phoma cucurbitacearum) is a major fungal disease of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and other cucurbits. Thirty-five isolates of Didymella and Phoma spp. associated with symptoms of gummy stem blight on watermelon, Canary melon (Cucumis melo), muskmelon (C. melo), and winter squash (Cucurbita maxima) from Florida and Georgia were characterized based on morphology on agar media, pathogenicity on 'Melody' watermelon, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. All of the isolates were pathogenic on watermelon but differed in virulence. RAPD and ITS sequence analysis indicated genetic variability among the isolates but PCR-RFLP analysis did not show any variability. ITS sequence phylogenetic analysis identified two isolates, DB-05 and DB-33, which had a greater identity to that of D. bryoniae isolates from China (98 to 100% sequence homology) than other isolates from Florida and Georgia (95 to 98%). These two isolates possessed a single nucleotide substitution of A to G at position 131 of the ITS1 region. The study characterized the genetic profile of a collection of D. bryoniae isolates from Florida and Georgia in relation to isolates from other U.S. states and countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoy Babu
- North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC), Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
| | - Yonas W Kefialew
- NFREC, University of Florida and Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Gambella Agricultural Research Institute, Gambella, Ethiopia
| | - Ping-Fang Li
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing-Ping Yang
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Nicholas Dufault
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Dawit Abate
- Department and Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Ayalew
- School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
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Kunwar S, Paret ML, Olson SM, Ritchie L, Rich JR, Freeman J, McAvoy T. Grafting Using Rootstocks with Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum Against Meloidogyne incognita in Tomato Production. Plant Dis 2015; 99:119-124. [PMID: 30699747 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-13-0936-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) and Ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt, are major soilborne pathogens in U.S. tomato production. Methyl bromide has been used for decades to effectively manage RKN but its phase-out and the high cost of other effective fumigants such as 1,3-dichloropropene has resulted in a need to develop sustainable alternatives. Many of the commercially popular varieties used by the tomato industry do not have resistance to RKNs and R. solanacearum. Recent studies worldwide have shown the potential for grafting using resistant rootstocks as a sustainable and ecofriendly practice for R. solanacearum management. However, the effectiveness of R. solanacearum-resistant rootstocks on RKN management is not known. In this study, three commercially available R. solanacearum-resistant tomato rootstocks ('RST-04-106-T', 'BHN 998', and 'BHN 1054') were evaluated for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in field tomato production in four field trials conducted for two consecutive years in two geographical locations: Florida and Virginia. Grafting rootstocks onto 'BHN 602' a tomato scion susceptible to bacterial wilt and RKNs, significantly reduced root galling caused by RKNs in all four field trials and increased yield in two of the trials compared with the nongrafted treatment. This study demonstrates the potential of grafting for managing multiple soilborne pathogens using the same rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju Kunwar
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
| | - Mathews L Paret
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
| | - Stephen M Olson
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
| | - Laura Ritchie
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
| | - Jimmy R Rich
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
| | - Josh Freeman
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Horticulture, Blacksburg 24061
| | - Theodore McAvoy
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Horticulture, Blacksburg 24061
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Babu B, Dankers H, Paret ML. First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus Associated with Capsicum chinense var. Scotch Bonnet in Florida. Plant Dis 2014; 98:1016. [PMID: 30708920 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-13-1276-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Scotch bonnet (Capsicum chinense) is a tropical hot pepper variety that is grown in South America, the Caribbean Islands, and in Florida, and is an important cash crop. In Florida, scotch bonnet is grown on ~100 acres annually. Virus-like leaf symptoms including mosaic and yellow mottling were observed on scotch bonnet plants in a field at Quincy, FL, with a disease incidence of ~5%. Two symptomatic and one non-symptomatic plant sample were collected from this field for identification of the causal agent associated with the symptoms. Viral inclusion assays (2) of the epidermal tissues of the symptomatic scotch bonnet samples using Azure A stain indicated the presence of spherical aggregates of crystalline inclusion bodies. Testing of the symptomatic samples using lateral flow immunoassays (Immunostrips, Agdia, Elkhart, IN) specific to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), and Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), showed a positive reaction only to CMV. The sap from an infected leaf sample ground in 0.01 M Sorensons phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) was used to mechanically inoculate one healthy scotch bonnet plant (tested negative for CMV with Immunostrip) at the 2- to 3-leaf stage. The inoculated plant developed mild mosaic and mottling symptoms 12 to 14 days post inoculation. The presence of CMV in the mechanically inoculated plant was further verified using CMV Immunostrips. Total RNA was extracted (RNeasy Plant Mini Kit, Qiagen, Valencia, CA) from the previously collected two symptomatic and one non-symptomatic scotch bonnet samples. The samples were subjected to reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR assays using SuperScript III One-Step RT-PCR System (Invitrogen, Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY), and using multiplex RT-PCR primer sets (1). The primers were designed to differentiate the CMV subgroup I and II, targeting the partial coat protein gene and the 3'UTR. The RT-PCR assays using the multiplex primers produced an amplicon of 590 bp, with the CMV subgroup I primers. The RT-PCR product was only amplified from the symptomatic leaf samples. The obtained amplicons were gel eluted, and directly sequenced bi-directionally (GenBank Accession Nos. KF805389 and KF805390). BLAST analysis of these sequences showed 97 to 98% nucleotide identities with the CMV isolates in the NCBI database. The isolates collected in Florida exhibited highest identity (98%) with the CMV isolate from tomato (DQ302718). These results revealed the association of CMV subgroup I with symptomatic scotch bonnet leaf samples. Although CMV has been reported from scotch bonnet, this is the first report of its occurrence in Florida. References: (1) S. Chen et al. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin. 43:465, 2011. (2) R. G. Christie and J. R. Edwardson. Plant Dis. 70:273, 1986.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Babu
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy 32351
| | - H Dankers
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy 32351
| | - M L Paret
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy 32351
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Ocsoy I, Paret ML, Ocsoy MA, Kunwar S, Chen T, You M, Tan W. Nanotechnology in plant disease management: DNA-directed silver nanoparticles on graphene oxide as an antibacterial against Xanthomonas perforans. ACS Nano 2013; 7:8972-80. [PMID: 24016217 PMCID: PMC3830795 DOI: 10.1021/nn4034794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas perforans is a major disease of tomatoes, leading to reduction in production by 10-50%. While copper (Cu)-based bactericides have been used for disease management, most of the X. perforans strains isolated from tomatoes in Florida and other locations worldwide are Cu-resistant. We have developed DNA-directed silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) grown on graphene oxide (GO). These Ag@dsDNA@GO composites effectively decrease X. perforans cell viability in culture and on plants. At the very low concentration of 16 ppm of Ag@dsDNA@GO, composites show excellent antibacterial capability in culture with significant advantages in improved stability, enhanced antibacterial activity, and stronger adsorption properties. Application of Ag@dsDNA@GO at 100 ppm on tomato transplants in a greenhouse experiment significantly reduced the severity of bacterial spot disease compared to untreated plants, giving results similar to those of the current grower standard treatment, with no phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Ocsoy
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611; Plant Pathology Lab, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
| | - Mathews L. Paret
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611; Plant Pathology Lab, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
| | - Muserref Arslan Ocsoy
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611; Plant Pathology Lab, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
| | - Sanju Kunwar
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611; Plant Pathology Lab, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
| | - Tao Chen
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611; Plant Pathology Lab, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Mingxu You
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611; Plant Pathology Lab, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611; Plant Pathology Lab, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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Paret ML, Vallad GE, Averett DR, Jones JB, Olson SM. Photocatalysis: effect of light-activated nanoscale formulations of TiO(2) on Xanthomonas perforans and control of bacterial spot of tomato. Phytopathology 2013; 103:228-236. [PMID: 23190116 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-12-0183-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Protection of crops from bacterial diseases presents a continuing challenge, mandating the development of novel agents and approaches. Photocatalysis is a process where chemically reactive oxygen species are catalytically generated by certain minerals in the presence of light. These reactive oxygen species have the capacity to destroy organic molecular structures critical to pathogen viability. In this study, the antibacterial potential of photocatalytic nanoscale titanium dioxide (TiO(2)), nanoscale TiO(2) doped (incorporation of other materials into the structure of TiO(2)) with silver (TiO(2)/Ag), and nanoscale TiO(2) doped with zinc (TiO(2)/Zn; AgriTitan) was evaluated against Xanthomonas perforans, the causal agent for bacterial spot disease of tomato. In vitro experiments on photocatalytic activity and dose dependency were conducted on glass cover slips coated with the nanoscale formulations by adding a known population of X. perforans strain Xp-F7 and illuminating the cover slips under a visible light source. TiO(2)/Ag and TiO(2)/Zn had high photocatalytic activity against X. perforans within 10 min of exposure to 3 × 10(4) lux. Greenhouse studies on naturally and artificially infected transplants treated with TiO(2)/Zn at ≈500 to 800 ppm significantly reduced bacterial spot severity compared with untreated and copper control. Protection was similar to the grower standard, copper + mancozeb. The use of TiO(2)/Zn at ≈500 to 800 ppm significantly reduced disease incidence in three of the four trials compared with untreated and copper control, and was comparable to or better than the grower standard. The treatments did not cause any adverse effects on tomato yield in any of the field trials.
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Young HM, Srivastava P, Paret ML, Dankers H, Wright DL, Marois JJ, Dufault NS. First Report of Sclerotinia Stem Rot Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Brassica carinata in Florida. Plant Dis 2012; 96:1581. [PMID: 30727338 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-12-0525-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brassica carinata A. Braun, commonly referred to as Ethiopian rapeseed, a near relative of collards and mustard, has become the object of increasing interest as an oil crop. It has been reported that B. carinata adapts better and is more productive than B. napus (canola) in adverse conditions, such as clay and sandy soils and under low management cropping systems (1). In late February 2012, symptoms typical of sclerotinia stem rot were observed in B. carinata trials (cultivars 090867 EM and 080814 EM) at the University of Florida, North Florida Research and Education Center located in Quincy, FL. Approximately 20 to 30% of the B. carinata cultivar 090867 EM were observed to have symptoms and approximately 5% of cultivar 080814 EM displayed symptoms. Stems had white mycelia growing on the outside, plants were lodging and spherical to cylindrical, 3 to 8 mm, and black sclerotia were found outside and inside bleached stems. Sclerotia from diseased stems were surface sterilized and placed in 9-cm diameter petri plates on quarter strength potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 25% lactic acid. Fungal cultures consisting of white mycelia and medium-sized (mean 4 mm), black, irregular sclerotia were consistently recovered and identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary based on morphological characteristics (3). Sequence analyses were conducted on mycelium by extracting fungal DNA with the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Valencia, CA). PCR amplification was performed using primers ITS1 and ITS4. The BLAST search revealed that the sequence (GenBank Accession No. JX307092) had 99 and 100% sequence identity with S. sclerotiorum GenBank accessions JN013184.1 and JN012606.1. Pathogenicity was determined by inoculating six 1-month-old B. carinata plants (cultivars 090867 EM and 080814 EM) that were grown in greenhouse pots (20 cm in diameter). Mycelia plugs (8 mm in diameter) were excised from the colony margin after 6 days of incubation at room temperature (approximately 25°C), and placed on stems, at the soil line, of B. carinata plants. Six control plants were inoculated with noncolonized PDA plugs. All plants were enclosed in plastic bags that had been sprayed with water on the inside to maintain high humidity and kept in the laboratory at room temperature (approximately 25°C). Symptoms similar to those observed in the field were evident after 3 days on inoculated plants and S. sclerotiorum was reisolated. In the controls, no symptoms developed and the fungus could not be isolated. The experiment was repeated with similar results. The majority of rapeseed production is in North Dakota, where sclerotinia stem rot caused by S. sclerotiorum is a major fungal disease affecting production (2). Currently, there is no significant B. carinata production in Florida; however, interest in biofuels could lead to an increase in planted acreage and sclerotinia stem rot could become a significant disease problem in areas of Florida were B. carinata is planted. To our knowledge, this is the first report of sclerotinia stem rot of B. carinata caused by S. sclerotiorum in Florida. References: (1) M. Cardone et al. Biomass and Bioenergy. 25:623, 2003. (2) L. E. del Río et al. Plant Dis. 91:191, 2007. (3) L. M. Kohn. Phytopathology 69:881, 1979.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Young
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - P Srivastava
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - M L Paret
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - H Dankers
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - D L Wright
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - J J Marois
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy
| | - N S Dufault
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville
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Paret ML, Sharma SK, Alvarez AM. Characterization of biofumigated Ralstonia solanacearum cells using micro-Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy. Phytopathology 2012; 102:105-13. [PMID: 21899389 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-10-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils of palmarosa, lemongrass, and eucalyptus have shown promise as biofumigants for control of the bacterial wilt disease of edible ginger (Zingiber officinale) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum race 4 in previous potting medium studies. Biochemical changes in R. solanacearum cells were evaluated with micro-Raman spectroscopy following treatment with essential oils at different concentrations (0.04, 0.07, and 0.14% [vol/vol] of culture medium) and changes in cell structure were observed using electron microscopy. All treatments except palmarosa oil at 0.04% caused significant reductions in levels of amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as indicated by significant reduction in Raman peak heights at 621, 1,003, and 1,031 inverse centimeters (cm(-1)) (phenylalanine); 643, 827, 852, 1,158, and 1,172 cm(-1) (tyrosine); 758 cm(-1) (tryptophan); 725, 782, 1,337, and 1,578 cm(-1) (adenine, cytosine plus uracil, adenine, and adenine plus guanine, respectively); 1,097 cm(-1) (carbohydrates); and 1,127, 1,450, and 2,932 cm(-1) (lipids) compared with untreated controls. Lemongrass oil treatments were the most effective in degrading cellular components. Scanning electron microscopy of palmarosa and lemongrass-oil-treated cells showed rupture of cell walls and cell debris but no degradation was noted for eucalyptus-oil-treated cells. Palmarosa- and lemongrass-oil-treated cells were positively stained with uranyl acetate when viewed by transmission electron microscopy whereas controls and eucalyptus-oil-treated cells were negatively stained, indicating that the cell membranes were intact. The viability of eucalyptus-oil-treated cells was confirmed by cell culture following treatment. Micro-Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool which can be further employed to better understand effects of fumigants and other bactericides on bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathews L Paret
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Services, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Paret ML, Cabos R, Kratky BA, Alvarez AM. Effect of Plant Essential Oils on Ralstonia solanacearum Race 4 and Bacterial Wilt of Edible Ginger. Plant Dis 2010; 94:521-527. [PMID: 30754476 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-94-5-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini), lemongrass (C. citratus), and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) oils were investigated for their effects on Ralstonia solanacearum race 4 and their potential use as biofumigants for reducing bacterial wilt disease of edible ginger (Zingiber officinale). Three concentrations of the oils (0.04, 0.07, and 0.14% vol/vol) were evaluated by culture amendment assays, epifluorescence microscopy, and studies in potting medium. In culture amendment assays with palmarosa and lemongrass oils at 0.04%, both oils significantly reduced the growth of the bacterium compared with the control, and at 0.07 and 0.14% they showed complete inhibition of bacterial growth. Epifluorescence microscopic observations showed cell deterioration in 95 to 100% of the cells at all concentrations of palmarosa and lemongrass oils, indicating its bactericidal properties. Eucalyptus oil treatments at 0.04 and 0.07% had bacteriostatic effects on the cells. The pathogen was not detected in R. solanacearum-infested potting medium after treatment with palmarosa and lemongrass oils at 0.07 and 0.14% in any of the experiments. Bacterial wilt incidence on edible ginger was significantly reduced when planted in essential oil-treated potting medium. None of the essential oil treatments reduced the growth or yield of edible ginger grown for 180 days in 5-liter pots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathews L Paret
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences (PEPS), University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu 96822
| | - Roxana Cabos
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI 96720
| | - B A Kratky
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa
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