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Perochon S, Di Martino M, Aiello R, Baker J, Carpenter K, Chang Z, Compton S, Davis N, Eichner B, Espinosa S, Flowers J, Franz L, Gagliano M, Harris A, Howard J, Kollins SH, Perrin EM, Raj P, Spanos M, Walter B, Sapiro G, Dawson G. A scalable computational approach to assessing response to name in toddlers with autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:1120-1131. [PMID: 33641216 PMCID: PMC8397798 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study is part of a larger research program focused on developing objective, scalable tools for digital behavioral phenotyping. We evaluated whether a digital app delivered on a smartphone or tablet using computer vision analysis (CVA) can elicit and accurately measure one of the most common early autism symptoms, namely failure to respond to a name call. METHODS During a pediatric primary care well-child visit, 910 toddlers, 17-37 months old, were administered an app on an iPhone or iPad consisting of brief movies during which the child's name was called three times by an examiner standing behind them. Thirty-seven toddlers were subsequently diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Name calls and children's behavior were recorded by the camera embedded in the device, and children's head turns were coded by both CVA and a human. RESULTS CVA coding of response to name was found to be comparable to human coding. Based on CVA, children with ASD responded to their name significantly less frequently than children without ASD. CVA also revealed that children with ASD who did orient to their name exhibited a longer latency before turning their head. Combining information about both the frequency and the delay in response to name improved the ability to distinguish toddlers with and without ASD. CONCLUSIONS A digital app delivered on an iPhone or iPad in real-world settings using computer vision analysis to quantify behavior can reliably detect a key early autism symptom-failure to respond to name. Moreover, the higher resolution offered by CVA identified a delay in head turn in toddlers with ASD who did respond to their name. Digital phenotyping is a promising methodology for early assessment of ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Perochon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University
| | | | - Rachel Aiello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University
| | | | | | - Zhuoqing Chang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University
| | - Scott Compton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University
| | - Naomi Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University
| | | | | | | | - Lauren Franz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University
| | | | - Adrianne Harris
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University.; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University
| | - Jill Howard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University
| | - Scott H. Kollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University
| | - Eliana M. Perrin
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University.; Duke Center for Childhood Obesity Research
| | - Pradeep Raj
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University
| | - Marina Spanos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University
| | - Barbara Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University
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Fernández Ajó AA, Hunt KE, Uhart M, Rowntree V, Sironi M, Marón CF, Di Martino M, Buck CL. Lifetime glucocorticoid profiles in baleen of right whale calves: potential relationships to chronic stress of repeated wounding by Kelp Gulls. Conserv Physiol 2018; 6:coy045. [PMID: 30151197 PMCID: PMC6101610 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Baleen tissue accumulates stress hormones (glucocorticoids, GC) as it grows, along with other adrenal, gonadal and thyroid hormones. The hormones are deposited in a linear fashion such that a single plate of baleen allows retrospective assessment and evaluation of long-term trends in the whales' physiological condition. In whale calves, a single piece of baleen contains hormones deposited across the lifespan of the animal, with the tip of the baleen representing prenatally grown baleen. This suggests that baleen recovered from stranded carcasses of whale calves could be used to examine lifetime patterns of stress physiology. Here we report lifetime profiles of cortisol and corticosterone in baleen of a North Atlantic right whale ('NARW'-Eubalaena glacialis) calf that died from a vessel strike, as well as four southern right whale ('SRW'-Eubalaena australis) calves that were found dead with varying severity of chronic wounding from Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus) attacks. In all five calves, prenatally grown baleen exhibited a distinctive profile of elevated glucocorticoids that declined shortly before birth, similar to GC profiles reported from baleen of pregnant females. After birth, GC profiles in calf baleen corresponded with the degree of wounding. The NARW calf and two SRW calves with no or few gull wounds had relatively low and constant GC content throughout life, while two SRW calves with high numbers of gull wounds had pronounced elevations in baleen GC content in postnatal baleen followed by a precipitous decline shortly before death, a profile suggestive of prolonged chronic stress. Baleen samples may present a promising and valuable tool for defining the baseline physiology of whale calves and may prove useful for addressing conservation-relevant questions such as distinguishing acute from chronic stress and, potentially, determining cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A Fernández Ajó
- Center for Bioengineering Innovation, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, 617 S. Beaver St., Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Instituto de Conservación de Ballenas, Capital Federal, O’Higgins 4380, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Corresponding author: Biological Sciences & Center for Bioengineering Innovation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.
| | - Kathleen E Hunt
- Center for Bioengineering Innovation, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, 617 S. Beaver St., Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Marcela Uhart
- Southern Right Whale Health Monitoring Program, Los Alerces 3376, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive Ground Floor West, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Rowntree
- Southern Right Whale Health Monitoring Program, Los Alerces 3376, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Ocean Alliance/Whale Conservation Institute, 32 Horton St, Gloucester, MA, USA
| | - Mariano Sironi
- Instituto de Conservación de Ballenas, Capital Federal, O’Higgins 4380, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Southern Right Whale Health Monitoring Program, Los Alerces 3376, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
- Diversidad Biológica IV, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carina F Marón
- Instituto de Conservación de Ballenas, Capital Federal, O’Higgins 4380, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Diversidad Biológica IV, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 299, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Matias Di Martino
- Southern Right Whale Health Monitoring Program, Los Alerces 3376, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - C Loren Buck
- Center for Bioengineering Innovation, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, 617 S. Beaver St., Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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Korn GP, Martino MD, Mimica IM, Mimica LJ, Chiavone PA, Musolino LR. High frequency of colonization and absence of identifiable risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)in intensive care units in Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2001; 5:1-7. [PMID: 11290308 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-86702001000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization of hospitalized patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is of increasing concern. To evaluate this problem in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) in Brazil, we studied 100 patients admitted to two ICUs from April to June, 1997. Of the 100 patients, 70 were male, 53 were age 60 years or older, 55 were previously hospitalized, 78 were transferred to the ICU from other hospital units, 49 had received antibiotic therapy, and 66 had undergone recent surgery. Nasal and axillary swab cultures were obtained on admission and every 48 hours thereafter until discharge. MRSA were identified by plating any cultured S. aureus on Mueller-Hinton agar containing 6 microg/ml of oxacillin. At the time of admission, 46 (46%) of the patients were colonized with MRSA. No associated risk factors for acquiring MRSA (age, previous hospitalization, prior surgery) could be identified. Of the 54 patients negative for MRSA on admission, 28 (52%) became colonized while in the ICU. Sixteen (22%) of the 74 colonized patients (colonized either on admission or during ICU stay) had associated respiratory or urinary tract infections due to MRSA, and 9 (56%) died. No correlation with special risk factors (invasive procedures, antibiotic use, age, chronic disease) was identified. MRSA occurred frequently, but there was minimal evidence of associated risk factors. Thus, control of MRSA cannot be accomplished by targeting special factors alone, but requires attention to preventing microbial spread in all areas. Of special concern is the high frequency of acquiring the organism in the ICU (52%). Education concerning the importance of hand washing, environmental surface cleaning, and barrier protection from infected patients is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Korn
- Medical School of Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Ayroza-Galvão PA, Milstein-Kuschnaroff TM, Mimica IM, Maassen S, Barbosa Júnior SP, Cavalcante NJ, Lorenco R, Mimica LM, Martino MD. Aztreonam in the treatment of bacterial meningitis. Chemotherapy 1989; 35 Suppl 1:39-44. [PMID: 2731449 DOI: 10.1159/000238719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The monobactam aztreonam was used to treat 22 young patients with meningitis caused by gram-negative bacilli. Haemophilus influenzae was isolated from the CSF of 21 patients and Salmonella heidelberg from the CSF of 1. Dosages ranged from 100 to 200 mg/kg/day in 4 doses at 6-hour intervals. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined by the broth dilution method for all isolated strains, and values ranged from 0.05 to 2.0 micrograms/ml. Blood and CSF drug levels were determined by a microbiologic plate diffusion method, and mean values for CSF and blood were 1.4 and 14.9 micrograms/ml, respectively. The outcome was good in 21 patients; 1 patient died. Complications were mild; subdural effusion occurred in 6 cases and was managed clinically; asymptomatic hydrocephalus was seen in 4; seizure during the acute phase occurred in 6 cases; hypoacusis was noted in 2, and motor impairment was detected at the follow-up in 1 case. Aztreonam achieved good blood and CSF penetration and performed well in the treatment of 20 cases of H. influenzae meningitis and in the one case of S. heidelberg meningitis.
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