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De Fazio E, Pittarello M, Gans A, Ghosh B, Slika H, Alimonti P, Tyler B. Intrinsic and Microenvironmental Drivers of Glioblastoma Invasion. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2563. [PMID: 38473812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are diffusely infiltrating brain tumors whose prognosis is strongly influenced by their extent of invasion into the surrounding brain tissue. While lower-grade gliomas present more circumscribed borders, high-grade gliomas are aggressive tumors with widespread brain infiltration and dissemination. Glioblastoma (GBM) is known for its high invasiveness and association with poor prognosis. Its low survival rate is due to the certainty of its recurrence, caused by microscopic brain infiltration which makes surgical eradication unattainable. New insights into GBM biology at the single-cell level have enabled the identification of mechanisms exploited by glioma cells for brain invasion. In this review, we explore the current understanding of several molecular pathways and mechanisms used by tumor cells to invade normal brain tissue. We address the intrinsic biological drivers of tumor cell invasion, by tackling how tumor cells interact with each other and with the tumor microenvironment (TME). We focus on the recently discovered neuronal niche in the TME, including local as well as distant neurons, contributing to glioma growth and invasion. We then address the mechanisms of invasion promoted by astrocytes and immune cells. Finally, we review the current literature on the therapeutic targeting of the molecular mechanisms of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson De Fazio
- Department of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Matilde Pittarello
- Department of Medicine, Humanitas University School of Medicine, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gans
- Department of Neurology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Bikona Ghosh
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Slika
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Paolo Alimonti
- Department of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Betty Tyler
- Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Biglia A, Grella M, Bloise N, Comba L, Mozzanini E, Sopegno A, Pittarello M, Dicembrini E, Alcatrão LE, Guglieri G, Balsari P, Aimonino DR, Gay P. UAV-spray application in vineyards: Flight modes and spray system adjustment effects on canopy deposit, coverage, and off-target losses. Sci Total Environ 2022; 845:157292. [PMID: 35820523 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Improvements in the spray application of plant protection products enhance agricultural sustainability by reducing environmental contamination, but by increasing food quality and human safety. Currently, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are raising interest in spray applications in 3D crops. However, operational configurations of UAV-spray systems need further investigation to maximise the deposition in the canopy and minimise the off-target losses. Our experimental research focused on investigating the effects on the canopy spray deposition and coverage due to different UAV-spray system configurations. Twelve configurations were tested under field conditions in an experimental vineyard (cv. Barbera), derived from the combination of different UAV flight modes (band and broadcast spray applications), nozzle types (conventional and air inclusion), and UAV cruise speeds (1 and 3 m s-1). Also, the best treatment, among those tested, by using the UAV-spray system and a traditional airblast sprayer were compared. The data was analysed by testing the effects of the three operational parameters and their two- and three-way interactions by means of linear mixed models. The results indicated that the flight mode deeply affects spray application efficiency. Compared to the broadcast spray modes, the band spray mode was able to increase the average canopy deposition from 0.052 to 0.161 μL cm-2 (+ 309 %) and reduce the average ground losses from 0.544 to 0.246 μL cm-2 (- 54 %). The conventional airblast sprayer, operated at a low spray application rate, showed higher canopy coverage and lower ground losses in comparison to the best UAV-spray system configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Biglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - M Grella
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| | - N Bloise
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - L Comba
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; CNR-IEIIT - Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - E Mozzanini
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - A Sopegno
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - M Pittarello
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - E Dicembrini
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - L Eloi Alcatrão
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - G Guglieri
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - P Balsari
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - D Ricauda Aimonino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - P Gay
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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