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Whately KM, Voronkova MA, Maskey A, Gandhi J, Loskutov J, Choi H, Yanardag S, Chen D, Wen S, Margaryan NV, Smolkin MB, Purazo ML, Hu G, Pugacheva EN. Nuclear Aurora-A kinase-induced hypoxia signaling drives early dissemination and metastasis in breast cancer: implications for detection of metastatic tumors. Oncogene 2021; 40:5651-5664. [PMID: 34326467 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01969-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer causes most breast cancer-associated deaths, especially in triple negative breast cancers (TNBC). The metastatic drivers of TNBCs are still poorly understood, and effective treatment non-existent. Here we reveal that the presence of Aurora-A Kinase (AURKA) in the nucleus and metastatic dissemination are molecularly connected through HIF1 (Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1) signaling. Nuclear AURKA activates transcription of "hypoxia-induced genes" under normoxic conditions (pseudohypoxia) and without upregulation of oxygen-sensitive HIF1A subunit. We uncover that AURKA preferentially binds to HIF1B and co-localizes with the HIF complex on DNA. The mass-spectrometry analysis of the AURKA complex further confirmed the presence of CBP and p300 along with other TFIIB/RNApol II components. Importantly, the expression of multiple HIF-dependent genes induced by nuclear AURKA (N-AURKA), including migration/invasion, survival/death, and stemness, promote early cancer dissemination. These results indicate that nuclear, but not cytoplasmic, AURKA is a novel driver of early metastasis. Analysis of clinical tumor specimens revealed a correlation between N-AURKA presence and decreased patient survival. Our results establish a mechanistic link between two critical pathways in cancer metastasis, identifying nuclear AURKA as a crucial upstream regulator of the HIF1 transcription complex and a target for anti-metastatic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Whately
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,WVU Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Maria A Voronkova
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,WVU Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Abha Maskey
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,WVU Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jasleen Gandhi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Juergen Loskutov
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,WVU Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Hyeran Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sila Yanardag
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,WVU Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sijin Wen
- WVU Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Naira V Margaryan
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Matthew B Smolkin
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Marc L Purazo
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,WVU Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Gangqing Hu
- WVU Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Elena N Pugacheva
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA. .,WVU Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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2
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Addison JB, Voronkova MA, Fugett JH, Lin CC, Linville NC, Trinh B, Livengood RH, Smolkin MB, Schaller MD, Ruppert JM, Pugacheva EN, Creighton CJ, Ivanov AV. Functional Hierarchy and Cooperation of EMT Master Transcription Factors in Breast Cancer Metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:784-798. [PMID: 33500360 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several master transcription factors (TF) can activate the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, their individual and combinatorial contributions to EMT in breast cancer are not defined. We show that overexpression of EMT-TFs individually in epithelial cells upregulated endogenous SNAI2, ZEB1/2, TCF4, and TWIST1/2 as a result of positive feedback mediated in part by suppression of their negative regulator miRNAs miR200s/203/205. We identified TCF4 as a potential new target of miR200s. Expression of ZEB1/2 strongly correlated with the mesenchymal phenotype in breast cancer cells, with the CD24-/CD44+ stemness profile, and with lower expression of core epithelial genes in human breast tumors. Knockdown of EMT-TFs identified the key role of ZEB1 and its functional cooperation with other EMT-TFs in the maintenance of the mesenchymal state. Inducible ZEB1+2 knockdown in xenograft models inhibited pulmonary metastasis, emphasizing their critical role in dissemination from primary site and in extravasation. However, ZEB1+2 depletion one-week after intravenous injection did not inhibit lung colonization, suggesting that ZEB1/2 and EMT are not essential for macrometastatic outgrowth. These results provide strong evidence that EMT is orchestrated by coordinated expression of several EMT-TFs and establish ZEB1 as a key master regulator of EMT and metastasis in breast cancer. IMPLICATIONS: The EMT program is orchestrated by coordinated expression of multiple EMT transcription factors, whereas ZEB1 integrates the EMT master regulatory network and plays the major role in promoting EMT and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Addison
- WVU Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Maria A Voronkova
- WVU Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - James H Fugett
- WVU Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Chen-Chung Lin
- WVU Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Nathaniel C Linville
- WVU Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Brandon Trinh
- WVU Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ryan H Livengood
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Matthew B Smolkin
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael D Schaller
- WVU Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - J Michael Ruppert
- WVU Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Elena N Pugacheva
- WVU Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Alexey V Ivanov
- WVU Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
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3
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Boothe JT, Budd GT, Smolkin MB, Ma PC. Durable Near-Complete Response to Anti-PD-1 Checkpoint Immunotherapy in a Refractory Malignant Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Pleura. Case Rep Oncol 2017; 10:998-1005. [PMID: 29279705 PMCID: PMC5731162 DOI: 10.1159/000484041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura is a rare and usually benign primary neoplasm arising from mesenchymal cells of the submesothelial tissue. We present here the case of a patient diagnosed with CD34-positive advanced malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura whose disease failed to respond to combination cytotoxic chemotherapy agents, but demonstrated a prompt near-complete response to checkpoint blockade treatment using the anti-programmed death (PD)-1 monoclonal antibody pembrolizumab, based on tumor molecular profiling revealing tumoral expression positivity for both programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-1. The patient experienced minimal adverse effects from the treatment with durable favorable response lasting up to cycle 26.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Boothe
- WVU Cancer Institute, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,WVU School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - G Thomas Budd
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew B Smolkin
- WVU Cancer Institute, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,Department of Pathology, WVU Medicine Ruby Memorial Hospital, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Patrick C Ma
- WVU Cancer Institute, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,WVU School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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4
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Jones BC, Kelley LC, Loskutov YV, Marinak KM, Kozyreva VK, Smolkin MB, Pugacheva EN. Dual Targeting of Mesenchymal and Amoeboid Motility Hinders Metastatic Behavior. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:670-682. [PMID: 28235899 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Commonly upregulated in human cancers, the scaffolding protein NEDD9/HEF1 is a known regulator of mesenchymal migration and cancer cell plasticity. However, the functional role of NEDD9 as a regulator of different migration/invasion modes in the context of breast cancer metastasis is currently unknown. Here, it is reported that NEDD9 is necessary for both mesenchymal and amoeboid individual cell migration/invasion in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). NEDD9 deficiency results in acquisition of the amoeboid morphology, but severely limits all types of cell motility. Mechanistically, NEDD9 promotes mesenchymal migration via VAV2-dependent Rac1 activation, and depletion of VAV2 impairs the ability of NEDD9 to activate Rac1. In addition, NEDD9 supports a mesenchymal phenotype through stimulating polymerization of actin via promoting CTTN phosphorylation in an AURKA-dependent manner. Interestingly, an increase in RhoA activity in NEDD9-depleted cells does not facilitate a switch to functional amoeboid motility, indicating a role of NEDD9 in the regulation of downstream RhoA signaling effectors. Simultaneous depletion of NEDD9 or inhibition of AURKA in combination with inhibition of the amoeboid driver ROCK results in an additional decrease in cancer cell migration/invasion. Finally, we confirmed that a dual targeting strategy is a viable and efficient therapeutic approach to hinder the metastasis of breast cancer in xenograft models, showcasing the important need for further clinical evaluation of this regimen to impede the spread of disease and improve patient survival.Implications: This study provides new insight into the therapeutic benefit of combining NEDD9 depletion with ROCK inhibition to reduce tumor cell dissemination and discovers a new regulatory role of NEDD9 in the modulation of VAV2-dependent activation of Rac1 and actin polymerization. Mol Cancer Res; 15(6); 670-82. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Laura C Kelley
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Yuriy V Loskutov
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Kristina M Marinak
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Varvara K Kozyreva
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Matthew B Smolkin
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Elena N Pugacheva
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
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5
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Kozyreva VK, Kiseleva AA, Ice RJ, Jones BC, Loskutov YV, Matalkah F, Smolkin MB, Marinak K, Livengood RH, Salkeni MA, Wen S, Hazard HW, Layne GP, Walsh CM, Cantrell PS, Kilby GW, Mahavadi S, Shah N, Pugacheva EN. Combination of Eribulin and Aurora A Inhibitor MLN8237 Prevents Metastatic Colonization and Induces Cytotoxic Autophagy in Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1809-22. [PMID: 27235164 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that the inhibition of Aurora A (AURKA) kinase may offer a novel treatment strategy against metastatic cancers. In the current study, we determined the effects of AURKA inhibition by the small molecule inhibitor MLN8237 both as a monotherapy and in combination with the microtubule-targeting drug eribulin on different stages of metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and defined the potential mechanism of its action. MLN8237 as a single agent and in combination with eribulin affected multiple steps in the metastatic process, including migration, attachment, and proliferation in distant organs, resulting in suppression of metastatic colonization and recurrence of cancer. Eribulin application induces accumulation of active AURKA in TNBC cells, providing foundation for the combination therapy. Mechanistically, AURKA inhibition induces cytotoxic autophagy via activation of the LC3B/p62 axis and inhibition of pAKT, leading to eradication of metastases, but has no effect on growth of mammary tumor. Combination of MLN8237 with eribulin leads to a synergistic increase in apoptosis in mammary tumors, as well as cytotoxic autophagy in metastases. These preclinical data provide a new understanding of the mechanisms by which MLN8237 mediates its antimetastatic effects and advocates for its combination with eribulin in future clinical trials for metastatic breast cancer and early-stage solid tumors. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(8); 1809-22. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara K Kozyreva
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Anna A Kiseleva
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan
| | - Ryan J Ice
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Brandon C Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Yuriy V Loskutov
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Fatimah Matalkah
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Matthew B Smolkin
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Kristina Marinak
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ryan H Livengood
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Mohamad A Salkeni
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia. Department of Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Sijin Wen
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia. Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Hannah W Hazard
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia. Department of Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ginger P Layne
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia. Department of Radiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | | | | | - Greg W Kilby
- Protea Biosciences, Inc., Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Sricharan Mahavadi
- INBRE Program, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Neal Shah
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Elena N Pugacheva
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia. Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia.
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6
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Smolkin MB, Almubarak M, Perrotta PL. Trends in Lung Cancer Molecular Testing. W V Med J 2015; 111:40-45. [PMID: 26521535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular testing of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCC) with adenocarcinoma features has become commonplace with the development and use of targeted treatments for these malignancies. Prior to treating these tumors with targeted drug regimens, testing for specific mutations is usually required to determine the potential response of the tumor to the therapeutic agents. This case review describes a patient with lung cancer showing a specific gene mutation who benefitted from targeted treatment. Also reviewed are the current standards of care and trends in the molecular testing of NSCLC with adenocarcinoma features and possible future molecular targets.
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7
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Loskutov YV, Kozyulina PY, Kozyreva VK, Ice RJ, Jones BC, Roston TJ, Smolkin MB, Ivanov AV, Wysolmerski RB, Pugacheva EN. NEDD9/Arf6-dependent endocytic trafficking of matrix metalloproteinase 14: a novel mechanism for blocking mesenchymal cell invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. Oncogene 2014; 34:3662-75. [PMID: 25241893 PMCID: PMC4369482 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NEDD9 is an established marker of invasive and metastatic cancers. NEDD9 downregulation has been shown to dramatically reduce cell invasion and metastasis in multiple tumors. The mechanisms by which NEDD9 regulates invasion are largely unknown. In the current study, we have found that NEDD9 is required for MMP14 enzymatic recovery/recycling through the late endosomes to enable disengagement of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2) and tumor invasion. Depletion of NEDD9 decreases targeting of the MMP14/TIMP2 complex to late endosomes and increases trafficking of MMP14 from early/sorting endosomes back to the surface in a small GTPase Arf6-dependent manner. NEDD9 directly binds to Arf6-GAP, ARAP3, and Arf6 effector GGA3 thereby facilitating the Arf6 inactivation required for MMP14/TIMP2 targeting to late endosomes. Re-expression of NEDD9 or a decrease in Arf6 activity is sufficient to restore MMP14 activity and the invasive properties of tumor cells. Importantly, NEDD9 inhibition by Vivo-Morpholinos, an antisense therapy, decreases primary tumor growth and metastasis in xenograft models of breast cancer. Collectively, our findings uncover a novel mechanism to control tumor cells dissemination through NEDD9/Arf6-dependent regulation of MMP14/TIMP2 trafficking, and validates NEDD9 as a clinically relevant therapeutic target to treat metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y V Loskutov
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - P Y Kozyulina
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - V K Kozyreva
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - R J Ice
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - B C Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - T J Roston
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - M B Smolkin
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - A V Ivanov
- 1] Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA [2] Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - R B Wysolmerski
- 1] Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA [2] Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - E N Pugacheva
- 1] Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA [2] Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
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8
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Kozyreva VK, McLaughlin SL, Livengood RH, Calkins RA, Kelley LC, Rajulapati A, Ice RJ, Smolkin MB, Weed SA, Pugacheva EN. NEDD9 regulates actin dynamics through cortactin deacetylation in an AURKA/HDAC6-dependent manner. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:681-93. [PMID: 24574519 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The prometastatic protein NEDD9 (neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated 9) is highly expressed in many cancers and is required for mesenchymal individual cell migration and progression to the invasive stage. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of NEDD9-driven migration and the downstream targets effecting metastasis are not well defined. In the current study, knockdown of NEDD9 in highly metastatic tumor cells drastically reduces their migratory capacity due to disruption of actin dynamics at the leading edge. Specifically, NEDD9 deficiency leads to a decrease in the persistence and stability of lamellipodial protrusions similar to knockdown of cortactin (CTTN). Mechanistically, it was shown that NEDD9 binds to and regulates acetylation of CTTN in an Aurora A kinase (AURKA)/HDAC6-dependent manner. The knockdown of NEDD9 or AURKA results in an increase in the amount of acetylated CTTN and a decrease in the binding of CTTN to F-actin. Overexpression of the deacetylation mimicking (9KR) mutant of CTTN is sufficient to restore actin dynamics at the leading edge and migration proficiency of the tumor cells. Inhibition of AURKA and HDAC6 activity by alisertib and Tubastatin A in xenograft models of breast cancer leads to a decrease in the number of pulmonary metastases. Collectively, these findings identify CTTN as the key downstream component of NEDD9-driven migration and metastatic phenotypes. IMPLICATIONS This study provides a mechanistic platform for therapeutic interventions based on AURKA and HDAC6 inhibition for patients with metastatic breast cancer to prevent and/or eradicate metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara K Kozyreva
- Authors' Affiliations: Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center; Departments of 2Biochemistry, 3Pathology, and 4Neurobiology and Anatomy, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
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9
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Oktay MH, Smolkin MB, Williams M, Cajigas A. Metastatic anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid mimicking squamous cell carcinoma: report of a case of a challenging cytologic diagnosis. Acta Cytol 2006; 50:201-4. [PMID: 16610690 DOI: 10.1159/000325932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The probability of anaplastic transformation in a differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is <2%. Admixture of DTC and undifferentiated carcinoma can occasionally be found in thyroidectomy specimens, or the undifferentiated tumor may develop in metastatic foci months or years after removal of the primary tumor. CASE Anaplastic transformation of a metastatic DTC was diagnosed at autopsy in a 71-year-old female. At the time of her total thyroidectomy for follicular carcinoma, she already had several lung nodules, which diminished in size upon 131I treatment. Five years later the patient developed a new, pleura-based lung mass. The mass extended along the paraspinal soft tissue and involved the kidney. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the paraspinal mass resulted in a diagnosis of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Two months later the patient died. Histologic evaluation of the lung nodules and pleura-based mass revealed areas of follicular carcinoma intermixed with a various patterns of undifferentiated carcinoma. The paraspinal and kidney mass consisted entirely of anaplastic tumor, including areas of squamoid differentiation. CONCLUSION In patients with a history of DTC who develop a rapidly growing mass elsewhere, a possibility of metastatic DTC with anaplastic transformation must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja H Oktay
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York 10467, USA.
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10
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Madan R, Smolkin MB, Cocker R, Fayyad R, Oktay MH. Focal adhesion proteins as markers of malignant transformation and prognostic indicators in breast carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2006; 37:9-15. [PMID: 16360410 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2005.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is one of the central signaling molecules found at focal adhesion sites, which are specific areas on the cell membrane where cells attach to extracellular matrix proteins. Focal adhesion kinase interacts with multiple signaling and adaptor molecules and effects several signaling pathways. Overexpression of FAK and its substrate c-Src has been implicated in malignant transformation and acquisition of an invasive tumor phenotype of different tissues. Overexpression of the multidomain protein paxillin, which is also a FAK ligand and a c-Src substrate, has been associated with less malignant tumor behavior. The purpose of this study was to analyze the involvement of integrin signaling molecules FAK, c-Src, and paxillin in malignant transformation of the breast epithelium. Using phosphospecific antibodies FAK-pY(397) and Src-pY(416), we demonstrated that neither activation of FAK nor activation of c-Src correlates with development of invasive tumor properties. However, activation of both FAK and c-Src correlates with malignant transformation. We further demonstrated that overexpression of paxillin also correlates with malignant transformation and is a marker of a less invasive tumor phenotype. Using tissue microarray, we demonstrated that expression and activation of paxillin inversely correlated with lymph node metastases and lymphovascular invasion, respectively. No correlation between paxillin expression and activation and tumor grade, estrogen, progesterone, and Her2/Neu receptor expression was found. In summary, focal adhesion proteins FAK and c-Src can be used as markers of malignant transformation in epithelial cells but not invasive phenotype, whereas expression and activation of paxillin may represent a good prognosticator in breast carcinoma.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast/enzymology
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Female
- Fibroadenoma/enzymology
- Fibroadenoma/pathology
- Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Paxillin/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Protein Array Analysis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src)/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashna Madan
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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