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Fischer M, Mylo MD, Lorenz LS, Böckenholt L, Beismann H. Stereo Camera Setup for 360° Digital Image Correlation to Reveal Smart Structures of Hakea Fruits. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:191. [PMID: 38534876 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
About forty years after its first application, digital image correlation (DIC) has become an established method for measuring surface displacements and deformations of objects under stress. To date, DIC has been used in a variety of in vitro and in vivo studies to biomechanically characterise biological samples in order to reveal biomimetic principles. However, when surfaces of samples strongly deform or twist, they cannot be thoroughly traced. To overcome this challenge, different DIC setups have been developed to provide additional sensor perspectives and, thus, capture larger parts of an object's surface. Herein, we discuss current solutions for this multi-perspective DIC, and we present our own approach to a 360° DIC system based on a single stereo-camera setup. Using this setup, we are able to characterise the desiccation-driven opening mechanism of two woody Hakea fruits over their entire surfaces. Both the breaking mechanism and the actuation of the two valves in predominantly dead plant material are models for smart materials. Based on these results, an evaluation of the setup for 360° DIC regarding its use in deducing biomimetic principles is given. Furthermore, we propose a way to improve and apply the method for future measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Fischer
- Westfälische Hochschule, Münsterstraße 265, 46397 Bocholt, Germany
| | - Max D Mylo
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 078, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Leon S Lorenz
- Westfälische Hochschule, Münsterstraße 265, 46397 Bocholt, Germany
| | - Lars Böckenholt
- Westfälische Hochschule, Münsterstraße 265, 46397 Bocholt, Germany
| | - Heike Beismann
- Westfälische Hochschule, Münsterstraße 265, 46397 Bocholt, Germany
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Mylo MD, Poppinga S. Digital image correlation techniques for motion analysis and biomechanical characterization of plants. Front Plant Sci 2024; 14:1335445. [PMID: 38273955 PMCID: PMC10808816 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1335445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Temporally and spatially complex 3D deformation processes appear in plants in a variety of ways and are difficult to quantify in detail by classical cinematographic methods. Furthermore, many biomechanical test methods, e.g. regarding compression or tension, result in quasi-2D deformations of the tested structure, which are very time-consuming to analyze manually regarding strain fields. In materials testing, the contact-free optical 2D- or 3D-digital image correlation method (2D/3D-DIC) is common practice for similar tasks, but is still rather seldom used in the fundamental biological sciences. The present review aims to highlight the possibilities of 2D/3D-DIC for the plant sciences. The equipment, software, and preparative prerequisites are introduced in detail and advantages and disadvantages are discussed. In addition to the analysis of wood and trees, where DIC has been used since the 1990s, this is demonstrated by numerous recent approaches in the contexts of parasite-host attachment, cactus joint biomechanics, fruit peel impact resistance, and slow as well as fast movement phenomena in cones and traps of carnivorous plants. Despite some technical and preparative efforts, DIC is a very powerful tool for full-field 2D/3D displacement and strain analyses of plant structures, which is suitable for numerous in-depth research questions in the fields of plant biomechanics and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max D. Mylo
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Poppinga
- Botanical Garden, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Mylo MD, Speck O. Longevity of System Functions in Biology and Biomimetics: A Matter of Robustness and Resilience. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8020173. [PMID: 37092425 PMCID: PMC10123643 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the framework of a circular economy, we aim to efficiently use raw materials and reduce waste generation. In this context, the longevity of biomimetic material systems can significantly contribute by providing robustness and resilience of system functionality inspired by biological models. The aim of this review is to outline various principles that can lead to an increase in robustness (e.g., safety factor, gradients, reactions to environmental changes) and resilience (e.g., redundancy, self-repair) and to illustrate the principles with meaningful examples. The study focuses on plant material systems with a high potential for transfer to biomimetic applications and on existing biomimetic material systems. Our fundamental concept is based on the functionality of the entire system as a function of time. We use functionality as a dimensionless measure of robustness and resilience to quantify the system function, allowing comparison within biological material systems and biomimetic material systems, but also between them. Together with the enclosed glossary of key terms, the review provides a comprehensive toolbox for interdisciplinary teams. Thus, allowing teams to communicate unambiguously and to draw inspiration from plant models when developing biomimetic material systems with great longevity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max D Mylo
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Speck
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Mylo MD, Ludwig F, Rahman MA, Shu Q, Fleckenstein C, Speck T, Speck O. Conjoining Trees for the Provision of Living Architecture in Future Cities: A Long-Term Inosculation Study. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1385. [PMID: 36987073 PMCID: PMC10058916 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Faced with the environmental challenges posed by climate change, architects are creating nature-based solutions for urban areas, such as transforming living trees into artificial architectural structures. In this study, we have analyzed stem pairs of five tree species conjoined for more than eight years by measuring the stem diameters below and above the resulting inosculation and by calculating the respective diameter ratio. Our statistical analyses reveal that Platanus × hispanica and Salix alba stems do not differ significantly in diameter below inosculation. However, in contrast to P. × hispanica, the diameters of the conjoined stems above inosculation differ significantly in S. alba. We provide a binary decision tree based on diameter comparisons above and below inosculation as a straightforward tool for identifying the likelihood of full inosculation with water exchange. Moreover, we have compared branch junctions and inosculations by means of anatomical analyses, micro-computed tomography, and 3D reconstructions showing similarities in the formation of common annual rings that increase the capacity for water exchange. Due to the highly irregular cell arrangement in the center of the inosculations, cells cannot be assigned clearly to either of the stems. In contrast, cells in the center of branch junctions can always be attributed to one of the branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max D. Mylo
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Ludwig
- Green Technologies in Landscape Architecture, Research Group Baubotanik, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Mohammad A. Rahman
- Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Qiguan Shu
- Green Technologies in Landscape Architecture, Research Group Baubotanik, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Fleckenstein
- Green Technologies in Landscape Architecture, Research Group Baubotanik, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Mylo MD, Hofmann M, Balle F, Beisel S, Speck T, Speck O. Biomechanics of the parasite-host interaction of the European mistletoe. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:1204-1221. [PMID: 34849736 PMCID: PMC8866656 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The European mistletoe (Viscum album) is an epiphytic hemiparasite that attaches to its host by an endophytic system. Two aspects are essential for its survival: the structural integrity of the host-parasite interface must be maintained during host growth and the functional integrity of the interface must be maintained during ontogeny and under mechanical stress. We investigated the mechanical properties of the mistletoe-host interaction. Intact and sliced mistletoe-host samples, with host wood as reference, were subjected to tensile tests up to failure. We quantified the rough fractured surface by digital microscopy and analysed local surface strains by digital image correlation. Tensile strength and deformation energy were independent of mistletoe age but exhibited markedly lower values than host wood samples. Cracks initiated at sites with a major strain of about 30%, especially along the mistletoe-host interface. The risk of sudden failure was counteracted by various sinkers and a lignification gradient that smooths the differences in the mechanical properties between the two species. Our results improve the understanding of the key mechanical characteristics of the host-mistletoe interface and show that the mechanical connection between the mistletoe and its host is age-independent. Thus, functional and structural integrity is ensured over the lifetime of the mistletoe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max D Mylo
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Mara Hofmann
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Balle
- Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering—INATECH, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Beisel
- Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering—INATECH, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Mylo MD, Hoppe A, Pastewka L, Speck T, Speck O. Elastic property and fracture mechanics of lateral branch-branch junctions in cacti: A case study of Opuntia ficus-indica and Cylindropuntia bigelovii. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:950860. [PMID: 36237506 PMCID: PMC9551649 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.950860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Species with various reproductive modes accompanied by different mechanical properties of their (lateral) branch-branch junctions have evolved in the cactus subfamily Opuntioideae. Older branches of Opuntia ficus-indica with fracture-resistant junctions often bear flowers and fruits for sexual reproduction, whereas younger branches break off easily and provide offshoots for vegetative propagation. Cylindropuntia bigelovii plants are known for their vegetative reproduction via easily detachable branches that can establish themselves as offshoots. We characterized the elastic and fracture behaviors of these lateral junctions by tensile testing and analyzed local strains during loading. Additionally, we carried out finite element analyses to quantify the influence of five relevant tissue layers on joint elastic behavior. Our fracture analysis revealed various fracture modes: (i) most young samples of Opuntia ficus-indica failed directly at the junction and had smooth fracture surfaces, and relative fracture strain was on median 4% of the total strain; (ii) most older samples of Opuntia ficus-indica failed at the adjacent branch and exhibited rough fracture surfaces, and relative fracture strain was on median 47%; (iii) most samples of Cylindropuntia bigelovii abscised directly at the junction and exhibited cup and cone surfaces, and relative fracture strain was on median 28%. Various geometric and mechanical properties such as junction area, fracture energy, and tensile strength were analyzed with respect to significant differences between species and age of sample. Interestingly, the abscission of lateral branches naturally triggered by wind, passing animals, or vibration showed the following differences in maximum force: 153 N (older Opuntia ficus-indica), 51 N (young Opuntia ficus-indica), and 14 N (Cylindropuntia bigelovii).
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Affiliation(s)
- Max D. Mylo
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, FIT–Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- *Correspondence: Max D. Mylo,
| | - Anna Hoppe
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, FIT–Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Lars Pastewka
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, FIT–Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, FIT–Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Olga Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, FIT–Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Mylo MD, Hesse L, Masselter T, Leupold J, Drozella K, Speck T, Speck O. Morphology and Anatomy of Branch-Branch Junctions in Opuntia ficus-indica and Cylindropuntia bigelovii: A Comparative Study Supported by Mechanical Tissue Quantification. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10112313. [PMID: 34834679 PMCID: PMC8618873 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The Opuntioideae include iconic cacti whose lateral branch-branch junctions are intriguing objects from a mechanical viewpoint. We have compared Opuntia ficus-indica, which has stable branch connections, with Cylindropuntia bigelovii, whose side branches abscise under slight mechanical stress. To determine the underlying structures and mechanical characteristics of these stable versus shedding cacti junctions, we conducted magnetic resonance imaging, morphometric and anatomical analyses of the branches and tensile tests of individual tissues. The comparison revealed differences in geometry, shape and material properties as follows: (i) a more pronounced tapering of the cross-sectional area towards the junctions supports the abscission of young branches of C. bigelovii. (ii) Older branches of O. ficus-indica form, initially around the branch-branch junctions, collar-shaped periderm tissue. This secondary coverage mechanically stiffens the dermal tissue, giving a threefold increase in strength and a tenfold increase in the elastic modulus compared with the epidermis. (iii) An approximately 200-fold higher elastic modulus of the vascular bundles of O. ficus-indica is a prerequisite for the stable junction of its young branches. Our results provide, for both biological and engineered materials systems, important insights into the geometric characteristics and mechanical properties of branching joints that are either stable or easily detachable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max D. Mylo
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (L.H.); (T.M.); (T.S.); (O.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-203-2604
| | - Linnea Hesse
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (L.H.); (T.M.); (T.S.); (O.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tom Masselter
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (L.H.); (T.M.); (T.S.); (O.S.)
| | - Jochen Leupold
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstraße 5a, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Kathrin Drozella
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Bertoldstraße 17, D-79098 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (L.H.); (T.M.); (T.S.); (O.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (L.H.); (T.M.); (T.S.); (O.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Mylo MD, Hofmann M, Delp A, Scholz R, Walther F, Speck T, Speck O. Advances on the Visualization of the Internal Structures of the European Mistletoe: 3D Reconstruction Using Microtomography. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:715711. [PMID: 34616413 PMCID: PMC8488221 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.715711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The European mistletoe (Viscum album) is a dioecious epiphytic evergreen hemiparasite that develops an extensive endophyte enabling the absorption of water and mineral salts from the host tree, whereas the exophytic leaves are photosynthetically active. The attachment mode and host penetration are well studied, but little information is available about the effects of mistletoe age and sex on haustorium-host interactions. We harvested 130 plants of Viscum album ssp. album growing on host branches of Aesculus flava for morphological and anatomical investigations. Morphometric analyses of the mistletoe and the (hypertrophied) host interaction site were correlated with mistletoe age and sex. We recorded the morphology of the endophytic systems of various ages by using X-ray microtomography scans and corresponding stereomicroscopic images. For detailed anatomical studies, we examined thin stained sections of the mistletoe-host interface by light microscopy. The diameter and length of the branch hypertrophy showed a positive linear correlation with the age of the mistletoe. Correlations with their sex were only found for ratios between host branch and hypertrophy size. A female bias of about 76% was found. In a 4-year-old mistletoe, several small, almost equally sized sinkers and the connected cortical strands extend over more than 5 cm within the host branch. In older mistletoes, one main sinker was predominant and occupied an increasingly large proportion of the stem cross-section. Bands of vessels ran along the axis of the wedge-shaped haustoria and sinkers and bent sideways toward the mistletoe-host interface. At the interface, the vascular elements of the host wood changed their direction and formed vortices near the haustorium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max D. Mylo
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Max D. Mylo,
| | - Mara Hofmann
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Delp
- Department of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ronja Scholz
- Department of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Frank Walther
- Department of Materials Test Engineering (WPT), TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg, Germany
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Yin K, Mylo MD, Speck T, Wegst UG. Bamboo-inspired tubular scaffolds with functional gradients. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Yin K, Mylo MD, Speck T, Wegst UG. 2D and 3D graphical datasets for bamboo-inspired tubular scaffolds with functional gradients: micrographs and tomograms. Data Brief 2020; 31:105870. [PMID: 32642506 PMCID: PMC7334595 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Presented in this article are 2D and 3D graphical datasets in the form of micrographs and tomograms that were obtained as part of a systematic microstructural characterization by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microtomography to illustrate freeze-cast bamboo-inspired tubular scaffolds with functional gradients ("Bamboo-inspired Tubular Scaffolds with Functional Gradients" [1]). Four material combinations of the coaxial 'core-shell' molds and their two end pieces were used to freeze cast highly porous tubes (Tube/Rod/Holder): ASA (Aluminum, 316 Stainless Steel, Aluminum), ASP (Aluminum, 316 Stainless Steel, Epoxy (Plastic)), SCA (316 Stainless Steel, Copper, Aluminum), and CSP (Copper, 316 Stainless Steel, Epoxy (Plastic)). Three techniques were used to coat the best performing CSP freeze-cast tubes: spray freezing (SF), spray coating (SC), and brush freezing (BF). The structure and density profile of the uncoated and coated tubes was quantified using X-ray microtomography and their functional gradients, and the resulting mechanical performance in bending were determined and compared. The structure-property-processing correlations determined for the coated and uncoated coaxially freeze cast tubular scaffolds offer strategies for the biomimetic design of bamboo-inspired porous tubes, which emulate bamboo's stiff outer shell supported by a porous, elastic inner layer to delay the onset of ovalization and failure, thereby increasing the tubes' mechanical efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyang Yin
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Max D. Mylo
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike G.K. Wegst
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Mylo MD, Krüger F, Speck T, Speck O. Self-Repair in Cacti Branches: Comparative Analyses of Their Morphology, Anatomy, and Biomechanics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134630. [PMID: 32610697 PMCID: PMC7370035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage-repair is particularly important for the maintenance of the water-storing abilities of succulent plants such as cacti. Comparative morphological, anatomical, and biomechanical analyses of self-repair were performed on artificially wounded branches of Opuntiaficus-indica and Cylindropuntia bigelovii. Macroscopic observations, contrast staining, and lignin-proof staining were used to investigate morphological and anatomical responses after wounding at various time intervals. Two-point bending tests were repeatedly performed on the same branches under unwounded, freshly wounded, and healed conditions by using customized 3D-printed clamping jaws. Morphologically, both species showed a rolling-in of the wound edges, but no mucilage discharge. Anatomically, ligno-suberized peridermal layers developed that covered the wound region, and new parenchyma cells formed, especially in O. ficus-indica. In all samples, the wounding effect directly after damage caused a decrease between 18% and 37% in all the tested mechanical parameters, whereas a positive healing effect after 21 days was only found for C. bigelovii. Based on our data, we hypothesize a high selection pressure on the restoration of structural integrity in the wound area, with a focus on the development of efficient water-retaining mechanisms, whereas the concept of “sufficient is good enough” seems to apply for the restoration of the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max D. Mylo
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (F.K.); (T.S.); (O.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Friederike Krüger
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (F.K.); (T.S.); (O.S.)
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces (CPI) Department of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (F.K.); (T.S.); (O.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (F.K.); (T.S.); (O.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Correa D, Poppinga S, Mylo MD, Westermeier AS, Bruchmann B, Menges A, Speck T. 4D pine scale: biomimetic 4D printed autonomous scale and flap structures capable of multi-phase movement. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 378:20190445. [PMID: 32008450 PMCID: PMC7015286 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We developed biomimetic hygro-responsive composite polymer scales inspired by the reversible shape-changes of Bhutan pine (Pinus wallichiana) cone seed scales. The synthetic kinematic response is made possible through novel four-dimensional (4D) printing techniques with anisotropic material use, namely copolymers with embedded cellulose fibrils and ABS polymer. Multi-phase motion like the subsequent transversal and longitudinal bending deformation during desiccation of a natural pinecone scale can be structurally programmed into such printed hygromorphs. Both the natural concept generator (Bhutan pinecone scale) and the biomimetic technical structure (4D printed scale) were comparatively investigated as to their displacement and strain over time via three-dimensional digital image correlation methods. Our bioinspired prototypes can be the basis for tailored autonomous and self-sufficient flap and scale structures performing complex consecutive motions for technical applications, e.g. in architecture and soft robotics. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology (part 3)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Correa
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- School of Architecture, University of Waterloo, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada
- e-mail:
| | - Simon Poppinga
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- e-mail:
| | - Max D. Mylo
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Anna S. Westermeier
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- BASF SE Advanced Materials and Systems Research, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Achim Menges
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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