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Sèbe M, Kontovas CA, Pendleton L, Gourguet S. Cost-effectiveness of measures to reduce ship strikes: A case study on protecting the Mediterranean fin whale. Sci Total Environ 2022; 827:154236. [PMID: 35245541 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Collisions between ships and whales can pose a significant threat to the survival of some whale populations. The lack of robust and holistic assessments of the consequences of mitigation solutions often leads to poor compliance from the shipping industry. To overcome this, several papers support a regulatory approach to the management of whale-ship collisions through the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the UN agency responsible for maritime affairs. According to the IMO risk assessment approach, in order to compare the costs of implementing mitigation solutions and their benefits, there is a need for a well-defined risk evaluation criterion. To define such a criterion for whales, we have used an ecological-economic framework based on existence values and conservation objectives. As an illustration, we have applied our framework to the Mediterranean fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) population and determined the cost of averting a whale fatality as a proxy for the societal benefits. More precisely, we have estimated the 'Cost of averting a Mediterranean fin whale fatality' of 562,462 (in 2017 US dollars); this corresponds to 637,790 USD when converted to 2021 US dollars. The societal benefits of solutions that reduce the risk to whales could therefore be weighed against the costs of shipping companies to implement such measures. This could lead to assessments that are more transparent and the introduction of mandatory measures to reduce ship strikes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Sèbe
- Centre de Recherche en Gestion, Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France; Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France.
| | - Christos A Kontovas
- Liverpool Logistics, Offshore and Marine Research Institute (LOOM) and School of Engineering, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Linwood Pendleton
- University of Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, UMR 6308, AMURE, Unité d'Economie Maritime, IUEM, Plouzané, France.
| | - Sophie Gourguet
- University of Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, UMR 6308, AMURE, Unité d'Economie Maritime, IUEM, Plouzané, France.
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Sèbe M, Scemama P, Choquet A, Jung JL, Chircop A, Marras-Aït Razouk P, Michel S, Stiger-Pouvreau V, Recuero-Virto L. Maritime transportation: Let's slow down a bit. Sci Total Environ 2022; 811:152262. [PMID: 34896500 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Maritime transportation is a major contributor to the world economy, but has significant social and environmental impacts. Each impact calls for different technical or operational solutions. Amongst these solutions, we found that speed reduction measures appear to mitigate several issues: (1) collision with wildlife; (2) collision with non-living objects; (3) underwater noise; (4) invasive species; and (5) gas emission. We do not pretend that speed reduction is the best solution for each individual issue mentioned in this paper, but we argue that it could be a key solution to significantly reduce these threats all together. Further interdisciplinary research is required to balance private economic costs of speed reduction measures with environmental and social benefits emerging from all mitigated issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Sèbe
- Centre de Recherche en Gestion, Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France; Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France.
| | - Pierre Scemama
- Unité d'Economie Maritime, UMR 6308 AMURE, Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IUEM, Plouzané, France
| | - Anne Choquet
- Brest Business School, Brest, France; Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, UMR 6308, AMURE, IUEM, Plouzané, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jung
- Univ Brest, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB, UMR7205), Brest, France
| | - Aldo Chircop
- Canada Research Chair in Maritime Law and Policy, Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | | | - Sylvain Michel
- French Agency for Biodiversity, AFB, Le Nadar Hall C, 5 allée Felix Nadar, Vincennes, France
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Coché L, Arnaud E, Bouveret L, David R, Foulquier E, Gandilhon N, Jeannesson E, Le Bras Y, Lerigoleur E, Lopez PJ, Madon B, Sananikone J, Sèbe M, Le Berre I, Jung JL. Kakila database: Towards a FAIR community approved database of cetacean presence in the waters of the Guadeloupe Archipelago, based on citizen science. Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e69022. [PMID: 34393586 PMCID: PMC8322044 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e69022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the French West Indies, more than 20 species of cetaceans have been observed over the last decades. The recognition of this hotspot of biodiversity of marine mammals, observed in the French Exclusive Economic Zone of the West Indies, motivated the French government to create in 2010 a marine protected area (MPA) dedicated to the conservation of marine mammals: the Agoa Sanctuary. Threats that cetacean populations face are multiple, but well-documented. Cetacean conservation can only be achieved if relevant and reliable data are available, starting by occurrence data. In the Guadeloupe Archipelago and in addition to some data collected by the Agoa Sanctuary, occurrence data are mainly available through the contribution of citizen science and of local stakeholders (i.e. non-profit organisations (NPO) and whale-watchers). However, no observation network has been coordinated and no standards exist for cetacean presence data collection and management. New information In recent years, several whale watchers and NPOs regularly collected cetacean observation data around the Guadeloupe Archipelago. Our objective was to gather datasets from three Guadeloupean whale watchers, two NPOs and the Agoa Sanctuary, that agreed to share their data. These heterogeneous data went through a careful process of curation and standardisation in order to create a new extended database, using a newly-designed metadata set. This aggregated dataset contains a total of 4,704 records of 21 species collected in the Guadeloupe Archipelago from 2000 to 2019. The database was called Kakila ("who is there?" in Guadeloupean Creole). The Kakila database was developed following the FAIR principles with the ultimate objective of ensuring sustainability. All these data were transferred into the PNDB repository (Pöle National de Données de Biodiversité, Biodiversity French Data Hub, https://www.pndb.fr). In the Agoa Sanctuary and surrounding waters, marine mammals have to interact with increasing anthropogenic pressure from growing human activities. In this context, the Kakila database fulfils the need for an organised system to structure marine mammal occurrences collected by multiple local stakeholders with a common objective: contribute to the knowledge and conservation of cetaceans living in the French Antilles waters. Much needed data analysis will enable us to identify high cetacean presence areas, to document the presence of rarer species and to determine areas of possible negative interactions with anthropogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Coché
- LETG, IUEM UBO, Brest, France LETG, IUEM UBO Brest France
| | - Elie Arnaud
- PNDB (Pôle national de données de Biodiversité), UMS 2006 PatriNat, Concarneau, France PNDB (Pôle national de données de Biodiversité), UMS 2006 PatriNat Concarneau France
| | | | - Romain David
- ERINHA (European Research Infrastructure on Highly Pathogenic Agents), Bruxelles, Belgium ERINHA (European Research Infrastructure on Highly Pathogenic Agents) Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Eric Foulquier
- LETG, IUEM UBO, Brest, France LETG, IUEM UBO Brest France
| | | | - Etienne Jeannesson
- Sanctuaire Agoa, Les trois Ilets, France Sanctuaire Agoa Les trois Ilets France
| | - Yvan Le Bras
- PNDB (Pôle national de données de Biodiversité), UMS 2006 PatriNat, Concarneau, France PNDB (Pôle national de données de Biodiversité), UMS 2006 PatriNat Concarneau France
| | - Emilie Lerigoleur
- UMR 5602 CNRS GEODE, Toulouse, France UMR 5602 CNRS GEODE Toulouse France
| | - Pascal Jean Lopez
- Observatoire Hommes-Milieux Littoral Caraïbe, Pointe-à-Pitre, France Observatoire Hommes-Milieux Littoral Caraïbe Pointe-à-Pitre France.,Laboratoire BOREA, MNHN/CNRS/SU/IRD/UCN/UA, Paris, France Laboratoire BOREA, MNHN/CNRS/SU/IRD/UCN/UA Paris France
| | | | - Julien Sananikone
- PNDB (Pôle national de données de Biodiversité), UMS 2006 PatriNat, Paris, France PNDB (Pôle national de données de Biodiversité), UMS 2006 PatriNat Paris France
| | - Maxime Sèbe
- Aix Marseille Univ., Universite de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France Aix Marseille Univ., Universite de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110 Marseille France.,Centre de Recherche en Gestion, École Polytechnique, Paris, Bâtiment Ensta, Palaiseau, France Centre de Recherche en Gestion, École Polytechnique, Paris, Bâtiment Ensta Palaiseau France
| | - Iwan Le Berre
- LETG, IUEM UBO, Brest, France LETG, IUEM UBO Brest France
| | - Jean-Luc Jung
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Brest, France Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles Brest France.,Université de Brest, Brest, France Université de Brest Brest France
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Sèbe M, Kontovas CA, Pendleton L. Reducing whale-ship collisions by better estimating damages to ships. Sci Total Environ 2020; 713:136643. [PMID: 31955104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Collisions between ships and whales raise environmental, safety, and economic concerns. The management of whale-ship collisions, however, lacks a holistic approach, unlike the management of other types of wildlife-vehicle collisions, which have been more standardized for several years now. In particular, safety and economic factors are routinely omitted in the assessment of proposed mitigation solutions to ship strikes, possibly leading to under-compliance and a lack of acceptance from the stakeholders. In this study, we estimate the probability of ship damage due to a whale-ship collision. While the probability of damage is low, the costs could be important, suggesting that property damages are significant enough to be taken into consideration when assessing solutions. Lessons learned from other types of wildlife-vehicle collisions suggest that the whale-ship collision should be managed as wildlife-aircraft collisions. For several years, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) manages collisions between aircrafts and wildlife at the international level. We advocate that its United Nations counterpart, namely the International Maritime Organization (IMO), get more involved in the whale-ship collision management. Further research is needed to more precisely quantify the costs incurred to ships from damages caused by whale-ship collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Sèbe
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, UMR 6308, AMURE, IUEM, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Christos A Kontovas
- Liverpool Logistics, Offshore and Marine Research Institute (LOOM), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Linwood Pendleton
- World Wildlife Fund, Global Science, Washington, DC, USA; Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Ifremer, CNRS, UMR 6308, AMURE, IUEM, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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