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Korinthenberg R, Trollmann R, Felderhoff-Müser U, Bernert G, Hackenberg A, Hufnagel M, Pohl M, Hahn G, Mentzel HJ, Sommer C, Lambeck J, Mecher F, Hessenauer M, Winterholler C, Kempf U, Jacobs BC, Rostasy K, Müller-Felber W. Diagnosis and treatment of Guillain-Barré Syndrome in childhood and adolescence: An evidence- and consensus-based guideline. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 25:5-16. [PMID: 31941581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This evidence- and consensus-based practical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in childhood and adolescence has been developed by a group of delegates from relevant specialist societies and organisations; it is the result of an initiative by the German-Speaking Society of Neuropediatrics (GNP), and is supported by the Association of Scientific Medical Societies (AWMF, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften). A systematic analysis of the literature revealed that only a few adequately-controlled studies exist for this particular age group, while none carries a low risk of bias. For this reason, the diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations largely rely on findings in adult patients with GBS, for which there are a higher number of suitable studies available. Consensus was established using a written, multi-step Delphi process. A high level of consensus could be reached for the crucial steps in diagnosis and treatment. We recommend basing the diagnostic approach on the clinical criteria of GBS and deriving support from CSF and electrophysiological findings. Repetition of invasive procedures that yield ambiguous results is only recommended if the diagnosis cannot be ascertained from the other criteria. For severe or persistently-progressive GBS treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is recommended, whereas in cases of IVIG intolerance or inefficacy we recommended treatment with plasmapheresis. Corticosteroids are ineffective for GBS but can be considered when acute onset chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (A-CIDP) is suspected due to a prolonged disease course. The full German version of the Guideline is available on the AWMF website (https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/022-008.html).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Korinthenberg
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Muscular Disorders, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center (UMC), University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - R Trollmann
- Department of Neuropediatrics, UMC, Friedrich- Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - G Bernert
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaiser-Franz-Joseph-Hospital with Preyer's Childrens Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Hackenberg
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Hufnagel
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UMC, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Pohl
- Section Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UMC, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - G Hahn
- Department of Radiological Diagnostics, UMC, University of Dresden, Germany
| | - H J Mentzel
- Section Pediatric Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Germany
| | - C Sommer
- Department of Neurology, UMC, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - J Lambeck
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, UMC, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - F Mecher
- Physio Deutschland, German Federal Association for Physiotherapy, Germany
| | - M Hessenauer
- Centre for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - C Winterholler
- German Federal Association of Logopedics (dbl e.V. Deutscher Bundesverband für Logopädie e.v), Germany
| | - U Kempf
- Mother of a GBS PPatient, Kraichtal-Neuenbürg, Germany
| | - B C Jacobs
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Erasmus MC, UMC Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - K Rostasy
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Children´s Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany
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Uhl B, Zuchtriegel G, Puhr-Westerheide D, Praetner M, Rehberg M, Fabritius M, Hessenauer M, Holzer M, Khandoga A, Fürst R, Zahler S, Krombach F, Reichel CA. Tissue plasminogen activator promotes postischemic neutrophil recruitment via its proteolytic and nonproteolytic properties. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1495-504. [PMID: 24764453 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neutrophil infiltration of the postischemic tissue considerably contributes to organ dysfunction on ischemia/reperfusion injury. Beyond its established role in fibrinolysis, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) has recently been implicated in nonfibrinolytic processes. The role of this serine protease in the recruitment process of neutrophils remains largely obscure. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using in vivo microscopy on the postischemic cremaster muscle, neutrophil recruitment and microvascular leakage, but not fibrinogen deposition at the vessel wall, were significantly diminished in tPA(-/-) mice. Using cell transfer techniques, leukocyte and nonleukocyte tPA were found to mediate ischemia/reperfusion-elicited neutrophil responses. Intrascrotal but not intra-arterial application of recombinant tPA induced a dose-dependent increase in the recruitment of neutrophils, which was significantly higher compared with stimulation with a tPA mutant lacking catalytic activity. Whereas tPA-dependent transmigration of neutrophils was selectively reduced on the inhibition of plasmin or gelatinases, neutrophil intravascular adherence was significantly diminished on the blockade of mast cell activation or lipid mediator synthesis. Moreover, stimulation with tPA caused a significant elevation in the leakage of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran to the perivascular tissue, which was completely abolished on neutrophil depletion. In vitro, tPA-elicited macromolecular leakage of endothelial cell layers was abrogated on the inhibition of its proteolytic activity. CONCLUSIONS Endogenously released tPA promotes neutrophil transmigration to reperfused tissue via proteolytic activation of plasmin and gelatinases. As a consequence, tPA on transmigrating neutrophils disrupts endothelial junctions allowing circulating tPA to extravasate to the perivascular tissue, which, in turn, amplifies neutrophil recruitment through the activation of mast cells and release of lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Uhl
- From the Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (B.U., G.Z., D.P.-W., M.P., M.R., M.F., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, F.K., C.A.R.), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (G.Z., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, C.A.R.), Department of Surgery, Klinikum der Universität München (A.K.), and Department of Pharmacy (R.F., S.Z.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (R.F.)
| | - Gabriele Zuchtriegel
- From the Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (B.U., G.Z., D.P.-W., M.P., M.R., M.F., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, F.K., C.A.R.), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (G.Z., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, C.A.R.), Department of Surgery, Klinikum der Universität München (A.K.), and Department of Pharmacy (R.F., S.Z.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (R.F.)
| | - Daniel Puhr-Westerheide
- From the Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (B.U., G.Z., D.P.-W., M.P., M.R., M.F., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, F.K., C.A.R.), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (G.Z., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, C.A.R.), Department of Surgery, Klinikum der Universität München (A.K.), and Department of Pharmacy (R.F., S.Z.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (R.F.)
| | - Marc Praetner
- From the Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (B.U., G.Z., D.P.-W., M.P., M.R., M.F., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, F.K., C.A.R.), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (G.Z., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, C.A.R.), Department of Surgery, Klinikum der Universität München (A.K.), and Department of Pharmacy (R.F., S.Z.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (R.F.)
| | - Markus Rehberg
- From the Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (B.U., G.Z., D.P.-W., M.P., M.R., M.F., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, F.K., C.A.R.), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (G.Z., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, C.A.R.), Department of Surgery, Klinikum der Universität München (A.K.), and Department of Pharmacy (R.F., S.Z.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (R.F.)
| | - Matthias Fabritius
- From the Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (B.U., G.Z., D.P.-W., M.P., M.R., M.F., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, F.K., C.A.R.), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (G.Z., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, C.A.R.), Department of Surgery, Klinikum der Universität München (A.K.), and Department of Pharmacy (R.F., S.Z.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (R.F.)
| | - Maximilian Hessenauer
- From the Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (B.U., G.Z., D.P.-W., M.P., M.R., M.F., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, F.K., C.A.R.), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (G.Z., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, C.A.R.), Department of Surgery, Klinikum der Universität München (A.K.), and Department of Pharmacy (R.F., S.Z.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (R.F.)
| | - Martin Holzer
- From the Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (B.U., G.Z., D.P.-W., M.P., M.R., M.F., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, F.K., C.A.R.), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (G.Z., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, C.A.R.), Department of Surgery, Klinikum der Universität München (A.K.), and Department of Pharmacy (R.F., S.Z.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (R.F.)
| | - Andrej Khandoga
- From the Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (B.U., G.Z., D.P.-W., M.P., M.R., M.F., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, F.K., C.A.R.), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (G.Z., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, C.A.R.), Department of Surgery, Klinikum der Universität München (A.K.), and Department of Pharmacy (R.F., S.Z.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (R.F.)
| | - Robert Fürst
- From the Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (B.U., G.Z., D.P.-W., M.P., M.R., M.F., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, F.K., C.A.R.), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (G.Z., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, C.A.R.), Department of Surgery, Klinikum der Universität München (A.K.), and Department of Pharmacy (R.F., S.Z.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (R.F.)
| | - Stefan Zahler
- From the Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (B.U., G.Z., D.P.-W., M.P., M.R., M.F., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, F.K., C.A.R.), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (G.Z., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, C.A.R.), Department of Surgery, Klinikum der Universität München (A.K.), and Department of Pharmacy (R.F., S.Z.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (R.F.)
| | - Fritz Krombach
- From the Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (B.U., G.Z., D.P.-W., M.P., M.R., M.F., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, F.K., C.A.R.), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (G.Z., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, C.A.R.), Department of Surgery, Klinikum der Universität München (A.K.), and Department of Pharmacy (R.F., S.Z.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (R.F.)
| | - Christoph A Reichel
- From the Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (B.U., G.Z., D.P.-W., M.P., M.R., M.F., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, F.K., C.A.R.), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (G.Z., M. Hessenauer, M. Holzer, C.A.R.), Department of Surgery, Klinikum der Universität München (A.K.), and Department of Pharmacy (R.F., S.Z.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (R.F.).
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