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Matsumoto H, Dickson ME, Stephenson WJ, Thompson CF, Young AP. Modeling future cliff-front waves during sea level rise and implications for coastal cliff retreat rates. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7810. [PMID: 38565914 PMCID: PMC10987572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
It is often assumed that future coastal cliff retreat rates will accelerate as global sea level rises, but few studies have investigated how SLR (sea level rise) might change cliff-front wave dynamics. Using a new simple numerical model, this study simulates the number and type (breaking, broken, or unbroken) of cliff-front waves under future SLR scenarios. Previous research shows breaking waves deliver more energy to cliffs than broken waves, and unbroken waves generate minimal impact. Here, we investigated six cliff-platform profiles from three regions (USA, New Zealand, and UK) with varied tidal ranges and wave climates. Model inputs included 2013-2100 hindcast/forecast incident wave height and tidal water level, and three future SLR scenarios. Results show the number of both cliff-front breaking and broken waves generally increase for a high-elevation (relative to tide) cliff-platform junction. In contrast, breaking/broken wave occurrence decrease by 38-92% for a near-horizontal shore platform with a low-elevation cliff-platform junction under a high SRL scenario, leading to high (96-97%) unbroken wave occurrence. Overall, results suggest the response of cliff-front waves to future SLR is complex and depends on shore platform geometries and SLR scenarios, indicating that future cliff retreat rates may not homogeneously accelerate under SLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matsumoto
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - M E Dickson
- The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - C F Thompson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - A P Young
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
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Dickson ME, Matsumoto H, Stephenson WJ, Swirad ZM, Thompson CF, Young AP. Sea-level rise may not uniformly accelerate cliff erosion rates. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8485. [PMID: 38129403 PMCID: PMC10739881 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M E Dickson
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - H Matsumoto
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - W J Stephenson
- School of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Z M Swirad
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - C F Thompson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - A P Young
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
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Kench PS, Liang C, Ford MR, Owen SD, Aslam M, Ryan EJ, Turner T, Beetham E, Dickson ME, Stephenson W, Vila-Concejo A, McLean RF. Reef islands have continually adjusted to environmental change over the past two millennia. Nat Commun 2023; 14:508. [PMID: 36720884 PMCID: PMC9889315 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Global environmental change is identified as a driver of physical transformation of coral reef islands over the past half-century, and next 100 years, posing major adaptation challenges to island nations. Here we resolve whether these recent documented changes in islands are unprecedented compared with the pre-industrial era. We utilise radiometric dating, geological, and remote sensing techniques to document the dynamics of a Maldivian reef island at millennial to decadal timescales. Results show the magnitude of island change over the past half-century (±40 m movement) is not unprecedented compared with paleo-dynamic evidence that reveals large-scale changes in island dimension, shape, beach levels, as well as positional changes of ±200 m since island formation ~1,500 years ago. Results highlight the value of a multi-temporal methodological approach to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamic trajectories of reef islands, to support development of adaptation strategies at timeframes relevant to human security.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Kench
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - C Liang
- Department of Environmental Management, Southern Institute of Technology, Invercargill, New Zealand
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M R Ford
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S D Owen
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M Aslam
- Small Island Research Station, Fares-Maathodaa Island, Huvadhoo Atoll, Maldives
| | - E J Ryan
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - T Turner
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E Beetham
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M E Dickson
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - W Stephenson
- School of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - A Vila-Concejo
- School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - R F McLean
- School of Science, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Voss K, Sewell AE, Krystofiak ES, Gibson-Corley KN, Young AC, Basham JH, Sugiura A, Arner EN, Beavers WN, Kunkle DE, Dickson ME, Needle GA, Skaar EP, Rathmell WK, Ormseth MJ, Major AS, Rathmell JC. Elevated transferrin receptor impairs T cell metabolism and function in systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eabq0178. [PMID: 36638190 PMCID: PMC9936798 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abq0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) exhibit multiple metabolic abnormalities. Excess iron can impair mitochondria and may contribute to SLE. To gain insights into this potential role of iron in SLE, we performed a CRISPR screen of iron handling genes on T cells. Transferrin receptor (CD71) was identified as differentially critical for TH1 and inhibitory for induced regulatory T cells (iTregs). Activated T cells induced CD71 and iron uptake, which was exaggerated in SLE-prone T cells. Cell surface CD71 was enhanced in SLE-prone T cells by increased endosomal recycling. Blocking CD71 reduced intracellular iron and mTORC1 signaling, which inhibited TH1 and TH17 cells yet enhanced iTregs. In vivo treatment reduced kidney pathology and increased CD4 T cell production of IL-10 in SLE-prone mice. Disease severity correlated with CD71 expression on TH17 cells from patients with SLE, and blocking CD71 in vitro enhanced IL-10 secretion. T cell iron uptake via CD71 thus contributes to T cell dysfunction and can be targeted to limit SLE-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Voss
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Allison E. Sewell
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Evan S. Krystofiak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Katherine N. Gibson-Corley
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Arissa C. Young
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jacob H. Basham
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ayaka Sugiura
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Emily N. Arner
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William N. Beavers
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dillon E. Kunkle
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Megan E. Dickson
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gabriel A. Needle
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P. Skaar
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - W. Kimryn Rathmell
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michelle J. Ormseth
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amy S. Major
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Rathmell
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Mühling OM, Dickson ME, Zenovich A, Huang Y, Wilson BV, Wilson RF, Anand IS, Seethamraju RT, Jerosch-Herold M, Wilke NM. Quantitative magnetic resonance first-pass perfusion analysis: inter- and intraobserver agreement. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2002; 3:247-56. [PMID: 11816621 DOI: 10.1081/jcmr-100107473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance first-pass (MRFP) imaging awaits longitudinal clinical trials for quantification of myocardial perfusion. The purpose of this study was to assess inter- and intraobserver agreement of this method. Seventeen MRFP studies (14 rest and 3 under adenosine-induced hyperemia) from 14 patients were acquired. Two observers visually graded study quality. Each study was subdivided into eight regions. Both observers analyzed all 17 studies (8 x 17 = 136 regions) for interobserver agreement. Each observer then analyzed 10 of the 17 studies a second time (2 x 8 x 10 = 160 regions) for intraobserver agreement. Signal intensity curves were obtained with Argus software (Siemens, Iselin, NJ). The maximum amplitude of the impulse response function (Rmax) and the change of signal intensity (deltaSImax) of the contrast bolus were determined. Intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determine intra- and interobserver agreement. The quality was good or excellent in 14 studies. Intraobserver agreement of Rmax and deltaSImax were good (0.85 and 0.80, n = 160). Interobserver agreement of Rmax was fair (0.55, n = 136) but improved after exclusion of poor-quality studies (0.88, n = 112). Interobserver agreement of deltaSImax was good (0.73) and improved less than Rmax with study quality (0.83). Interobserver agreement for Rmax in individual myocardial regions before and after exclusion of studies with poor quality changed most markedly in lateral and posterior regions (0.69 and 0.65 vs. 0.97 and 0.94), where signal-to-noise ratios were reduced compared with anteroseptal regions (p < 0.01). Analysis of MRFP images provides good intraobserver agreement. Interobserver agreement of the quantitative perfusion analysis is good under the premise of good image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Mühling
- Department of Radiology, MR-Core Laboratory, Center of Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA
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