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Kalmár T, Szakszon K, Maróti Z, Zimmermann A, Máté A, Zombor M, Bereczki C, Sztriha L. A Novel Homozygous Frameshift WDR81 Mutation associated with Microlissencephaly, Corpus Callosum Agenesis, and Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia. J Pediatr Genet 2020; 10:159-163. [PMID: 33996189 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1712916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microlissencephaly is a brain malformation characterized by microcephaly and extremely simplified gyral pattern. It may be associated with corpus callosum agenesis and pontocerebellar hypoplasia. In this case report, we described two siblings, a boy and a girl, with this complex brain malformation and lack of any development. In the girl, exome sequencing of a gene set representing 4,813 genes revealed a homozygous AG deletion in exon 7 of the WDR81 gene, leading to a frameshift (c.4668_4669delAG, p.Gly1557AspfsTer16). The parents were heterozygous for this mutation. The boy died without proper genetic testing. Our findings expand the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of WDR81 gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Kalmár
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Szakszon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Maróti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alíz Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Máté
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Melinda Zombor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Bereczki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Sztriha
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Zombor M, Kalmár T, Maróti Z, Zimmermann A, Máté A, Bereczki C, Sztriha L. Co-occurrence of mutations in FOXP1 and PTCH1 in a girl with extreme megalencephaly, callosal dysgenesis and profound intellectual disability. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:1189-1193. [PMID: 30181650 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous disruptions in FOXP1 are responsible for developmental delay, intellectual disability and speech deficit. Heterozygous germline PTCH1 disease-causing variants cause Gorlin syndrome. We describe a girl with extreme megalencephaly, developmental delay and severe intellectual disability. Dysmorphic features included prominent forehead, frontal hair upsweep, flat, wide nasal bridge, low-set, abnormally modelled ears and post-axial cutaneous appendages on the hands. Brain MRI showed partial agenesis of the corpus callosum and widely separated leaves of the septum pellucidum. Exome sequencing of a gene set representing a total of 4813 genes with known relationships to human diseases revealed an already known heterozygous de novo nonsense disease-causing variant in FOXP1 (c.1573C>T, p.Arg525Ter) and a heterozygous novel de novo frameshift nonsense variant in PTCH1 (c.2834delGinsAGATGTTGTGGACCC, p.Arg945GlnfsTer22). The composite phenotype of the patient seems to be the result of two monogenic diseases, although more severe than described in conditions due to disease-causing variants in either gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Zombor
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kalmár
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Maróti
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alíz Zimmermann
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Máté
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Bereczki
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Sztriha
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Alcantara D, Timms AE, Gripp K, Baker L, Park K, Collins S, Cheng C, Stewart F, Mehta SG, Saggar A, Sztriha L, Zombor M, Caluseriu O, Mesterman R, Van Allen MI, Jacquinet A, Ygberg S, Bernstein JA, Wenger AM, Guturu H, Bejerano G, Gomez-Ospina N, Lehman A, Alfei E, Pantaleoni C, Conti V, Guerrini R, Moog U, Graham Jr. JM, Hevner R, Dobyns WB, O’Driscoll M, Mirzaa GM. Mutations of AKT3 are associated with a wide spectrum of developmental disorders including extreme megalencephaly. Brain 2017; 140:2610-2622. [PMID: 28969385 PMCID: PMC6080423 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of genes within the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT-MTOR pathway are well known causes of brain overgrowth (megalencephaly) as well as segmental cortical dysplasia (such as hemimegalencephaly, focal cortical dysplasia and polymicrogyria). Mutations of the AKT3 gene have been reported in a few individuals with brain malformations, to date. Therefore, our understanding regarding the clinical and molecular spectrum associated with mutations of this critical gene is limited, with no clear genotype-phenotype correlations. We sought to further delineate this spectrum, study levels of mosaicism and identify genotype-phenotype correlations of AKT3-related disorders. We performed targeted sequencing of AKT3 on individuals with these phenotypes by molecular inversion probes and/or Sanger sequencing to determine the type and level of mosaicism of mutations. We analysed all clinical and brain imaging data of mutation-positive individuals including neuropathological analysis in one instance. We performed ex vivo kinase assays on AKT3 engineered with the patient mutations and examined the phospholipid binding profile of pleckstrin homology domain localizing mutations. We identified 14 new individuals with AKT3 mutations with several phenotypes dependent on the type of mutation and level of mosaicism. Our comprehensive clinical characterization, and review of all previously published patients, broadly segregates individuals with AKT3 mutations into two groups: patients with highly asymmetric cortical dysplasia caused by the common p.E17K mutation, and patients with constitutional AKT3 mutations exhibiting more variable phenotypes including bilateral cortical malformations, polymicrogyria, periventricular nodular heterotopia and diffuse megalencephaly without cortical dysplasia. All mutations increased kinase activity, and pleckstrin homology domain mutants exhibited enhanced phospholipid binding. Overall, our study shows that activating mutations of the critical AKT3 gene are associated with a wide spectrum of brain involvement ranging from focal or segmental brain malformations (such as hemimegalencephaly and polymicrogyria) predominantly due to mosaic AKT3 mutations, to diffuse bilateral cortical malformations, megalencephaly and heterotopia due to constitutional AKT3 mutations. We also provide the first detailed neuropathological examination of a child with extreme megalencephaly due to a constitutional AKT3 mutation. This child has one of the largest documented paediatric brain sizes, to our knowledge. Finally, our data show that constitutional AKT3 mutations are associated with megalencephaly, with or without autism, similar to PTEN-related disorders. Recognition of this broad clinical and molecular spectrum of AKT3 mutations is important for providing early diagnosis and appropriate management of affected individuals, and will facilitate targeted design of future human clinical trials using PI3K-AKT pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Alcantara
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - Andrew E Timms
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen Gripp
- Department of Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel Medical School, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Laura Baker
- Department of Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel Medical School, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Kaylee Park
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sarah Collins
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chi Cheng
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Fiona Stewart
- Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sarju G Mehta
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anand Saggar
- South West Thames Regional Genetic Services, St. George’s NHS Trust and St. George’s Hospital Medical School, London, UK
| | - László Sztriha
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Melinda Zombor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Oana Caluseriu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ronit Mesterman
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Pediatric Rehabilitation and Autism Spectrum Disorder, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Margot I Van Allen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- B.C. Children’s Hospital Research Centre, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Adeline Jacquinet
- Center for Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire and University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sofia Ygberg
- Neuropediatric Unit and Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (CMMS), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Aaron M Wenger
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Harendra Guturu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gill Bejerano
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Natalia Gomez-Ospina
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anna Lehman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Enrico Alfei
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Pantaleoni
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Conti
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, A. Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, A. Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ute Moog
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John M Graham Jr.
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark O’Driscoll
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - Ghayda M Mirzaa
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Alby C, Piquand K, Huber C, Megarbané A, Ichkou A, Legendre M, Pelluard F, Encha-Ravazi F, Abi-Tayeh G, Bessières B, El Chehadeh-Djebbar S, Laurent N, Faivre L, Sztriha L, Zombor M, Szabó H, Failler M, Garfa-Traore M, Bole C, Nitschké P, Nizon M, Elkhartoufi N, Clerget-Darpoux F, Munnich A, Lyonnet S, Vekemans M, Saunier S, Cormier-Daire V, Attié-Bitach T, Thomas S. Mutations in KIAA0586 Cause Lethal Ciliopathies Ranging from a Hydrolethalus Phenotype to Short-Rib Polydactyly Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:311-8. [PMID: 26166481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
KIAA0586, the human ortholog of chicken TALPID3, is a centrosomal protein that is essential for primary ciliogenesis. Its disruption in animal models causes defects attributed to abnormal hedgehog signaling; these defects include polydactyly and abnormal dorsoventral patterning of the neural tube. Here, we report homozygous mutations of KIAA0586 in four families affected by lethal ciliopathies ranging from a hydrolethalus phenotype to short-rib polydactyly. We show defective ciliogenesis, as well as abnormal response to SHH-signaling activation in cells derived from affected individuals, consistent with a role of KIAA0586 in primary cilia biogenesis. Whereas centriolar maturation seemed unaffected in mutant cells, we observed an abnormal extended pattern of CEP290, a centriolar satellite protein previously associated with ciliopathies. Our data show the crucial role of KIAA0586 in human primary ciliogenesis and subsequent abnormal hedgehog signaling through abnormal GLI3 processing. Our results thus establish that KIAA0586 mutations cause lethal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Alby
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Kevin Piquand
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Céline Huber
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - André Megarbané
- Medical Genetics Unit, Saint Joseph University, Rue de Damas, BP 175208, Mar Mikhaël, Beyrouth 1104, Lebanon
| | - Amale Ichkou
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marine Legendre
- Department of Genetics, Poitiers University Hospital, 2 Rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Fanny Pelluard
- Unité de Pathologie Fœtoplacentaire, Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Ferechté Encha-Ravazi
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Georges Abi-Tayeh
- Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôtel-Dieu de France, BP 166830, Achrafieh, Beyrouth 1100, Lebanon
| | - Bettina Bessières
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Nicole Laurent
- Génétique et Anomalies du Développement EA4271, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Génétique et Anomalies du Développement EA4271, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - László Sztriha
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 14-15, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Melinda Zombor
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 14-15, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Szabó
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 14-15, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Marion Failler
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Meriem Garfa-Traore
- Cell Imaging Platform, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christine Bole
- Genomic Core Facility, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Nitschké
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Nizon
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nadia Elkhartoufi
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Clerget-Darpoux
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Michel Vekemans
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Saunier
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Tania Attié-Bitach
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Thomas
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France.
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Scarpelli M, Russignan A, Zombor M, Bereczki C, Zappini F, Buono R, Bax BE, Padovani A, Tonin P, Filosto M. Poor Outcome in a Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalomyopathy Patient with a Novel TYMP Mutation: The Need for Early Diagnosis. Case Rep Neurol 2012; 4:248-53. [PMID: 23341816 PMCID: PMC3551392 DOI: 10.1159/000346260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is a devastating autosomal recessive disorder due to mutations in TYMP, which cause loss of function of thymidine phosphorylase (TP), nucleoside accumulation in plasma and tissues and mitochondrial dysfunction. The clinical picture includes progressive gastrointestinal dysmotility, cachexia, ptosis and ophthalmoparesis, peripheral neuropathy and diffuse leukoencephalopathy, which usually lead to death in early adulthood. Therapeutic options are currently available in clinical practice (allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and carrier erythrocyte entrapped TP therapy) and newer, promising therapies are expected in the near future. However, successful treatment is strictly related to early diagnosis. We report on an incomplete MNGIE phenotype in a young man harboring the novel heterozygote c.199 C>T (Q67X) mutation in exon 2, and the previously reported c.866 A>C (E289A) mutation in exon 7 in TYMP. The correct diagnosis was achieved many years after the onset of symptoms and unfortunately, the patient died soon after diagnosis because of multiorgan failure due to severe malnutrition and cachexia before any therapeutic option could be tried. To date, early diagnosis is essential to ensure that patients have the opportunity to be treated. MNGIE should be suspected in all patients who present with both gastrointestinal and nervous system involvement, even if the classical complete phenotype is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Scarpelli
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Russignan
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Melinda Zombor
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szegded, Hungary
| | - Csaba Bereczki
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szegded, Hungary
| | - Francesca Zappini
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Romina Buono
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Bridget E. Bax
- Clinical Sciences, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Clinical Neurology, Section for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, University Hospital ‘Spedali Civili’, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Tonin
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Clinical Neurology, Section for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, University Hospital ‘Spedali Civili’, Brescia, Italy
- *Massimiliano Filosto, MD, PhD, Clinical Neurology, Section for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, University Hospital 'Spedali Civili', Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, IT–25100 Brescia (Italy), E-Mail
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