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Bartolomei M, Li J, Capriotti AL, Fanzaga M, d’Adduzio L, Laganà A, Cerrato A, Mulinacci N, Cecchi L, Bollati C, Lammi C. Olive ( Olea europaea L.) Seed as New Source of Cholesterol-Lowering Bioactive Peptides: Elucidation of Their Mechanism of Action in HepG2 Cells and Their Trans-Epithelial Transport in Differentiated Caco-2 Cells. Nutrients 2024; 16:371. [PMID: 38337656 PMCID: PMC10857614 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of olive oil has important economic repercussions in Mediterranean countries but also a considerable impact on the environment. This production generates enormous quantities of waste and by-products, which can be exploited as new raw materials to obtain innovative ingredients and therefore make the olive production more sustainable. In a previous study, we decided to foster olive seeds by generating two protein hydrolysates using food-grade enzymes, alcalase (AH) and papain (PH). These hydrolysates have shown, both in vitro and at the cellular level, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, being able to inhibit the activity of the DPP-IV enzyme and modulate the secretion of GLP-1. Given the multifunctional behavior of peptides, both hydrolysates displayed dual hypocholesterolemic activity, inhibiting the activity of HMGCoAR and impairing the PPI of PCSK9/LDLR, with an IC50 equal to 0.61 mg/mL and 0.31 mg/mL for AH and PH, respectively. Furthermore, both samples restored LDLR protein levels on the membrane of human hepatic HepG2 cells, increasing the uptake of LDL from the extracellular environment. Since intestinal bioavailability is a key component of bioactive peptides, the second objective of this work is to evaluate the capacity of AH and PH peptides to be transported by differentiated human intestinal Caco-2 cells. The peptides transported by intestinal cells have been analyzed using mass spectrometry analysis, identifying a mixture of stable peptides that may represent new ingredients with multifunctional qualities for the development of nutraceuticals and functional foods to delay the onset of metabolic syndrome, promoting the principles of environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bartolomei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Melissa Fanzaga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
| | - Lorenza d’Adduzio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug and Child Health, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Cecchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Sciences and Technologies, University of Florence, Via Donizetti, 50144 Florence, Italy;
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
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Lammi C, Bollati C, Fiori L, Li J, Fanzaga M, d'Adduzio L, Tosi M, Burlina A, Zuccotti G, Verduci E. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) rescued the oxidative and inflammatory activity of free L-AAs in human Caco-2 cells: New insights that support GMP as a valid and health-promoting product for the dietary management of phenylketonuria (PKU) patients. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113258. [PMID: 37803570 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria represents the most prevalent inborn error of amino acid metabolism. In early diagnosed patients adequate and continued dietary treatment results in a good neurologic outcome. However, due to the natural protein and phenylalanine-restricted diet, oxidative stress represents a concern in phenylketonuric patients. Clear evidences suggest that the pathophysiology of PKU is also dependent by mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress. In this context due to the tight connection between oxidative and inflammatory stress and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) development, it is reasonable to hypothesize that PKU patients may present a higher risk to develop NCDs during their life. Currently available protein substitutes on the market include free amino acids (L-AAs), prolonged-release protein substitute and formula containing glycomacropeptide (GMP). Our results suggest that free L-AAs significanlty worsens the intestinal hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced oxidative and inflammatory status in Caco-2 cells, which are significantly restored towards physiological condition by GMP alone and when present in a 1:1 mixture with free L-AAs, providing new preclinical piece of information which can shed a shadow on the mechanism of action of these products on PKU patients and their future management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Fiori
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\'s Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Melissa Fanzaga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza d'Adduzio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Tosi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\'s Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Burlina
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Reference Centre Expanded Newborn Screening, University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\'s Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\'s Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Fanzaga M, Bollati C, Ranaldi G, Sucato S, Fustinoni S, Roda G, Lammi C. Bioavailability Assessment of an Iron Formulation Using Differentiated Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells. Foods 2023; 12:3016. [PMID: 37628015 PMCID: PMC10453055 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been growing interest in exploring alternative and innovative delivery systems to improve the efficacy of iron supplements, satisfying iron needs and lowering side effects. To address this issue, this study aimed at demonstrating the advantages of Ferro Supremo formulation (composed of encapsulated iron, vitamins, and micronutrients), in terms of capacity to improve iron intestinal absorption, in comparison with standard FeSO4. Hence, differentiated Caco-2 cells have been used for assessing the in vitro bioavailability and safety of FS and FeSO4. MTT experiments demonstrated that both FS and FeSO4 are not able to impair the viability of Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, the quantitative and qualitative analysis, conducted by atomic absorption spectrometry and fluorescence determinations, revealed that FS can enter, accumulate in the cytoplasm, and be transported by intestinal cells four times more efficiently than FeSO4. Our findings indicate that this formulation can be considered a valuable and efficiently good choice as food supplements for improving iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Fanzaga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Giulia Ranaldi
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Sucato
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.S.); (S.F.)
- IRCCS Ca’ Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Roda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (C.B.); (G.R.)
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