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Rapti M, Zouaghi Y, Meylan J, Ranza E, Antonarakis SE, Santoni FA. CoverageMaster: comprehensive CNV detection and visualization from NGS short reads for genetic medicine applications. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6537346. [PMID: 35224620 PMCID: PMC8921749 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CoverageMaster (CoM) is a copy number variation (CNV) calling algorithm based on depth-of-coverage maps designed to detect CNVs of any size in exome [whole exome sequencing (WES)] and genome [whole genome sequencing (WGS)] data. The core of the algorithm is the compression of sequencing coverage data in a multiscale Wavelet space and the analysis through an iterative Hidden Markov Model. CoM processes WES and WGS data at nucleotide scale resolution and accurately detects and visualizes full size range CNVs, including single or partial exon deletions and duplications. The results obtained with this approach support the possibility for coverage-based CNV callers to replace probe-based methods such as array comparative genomic hybridization and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melivoia Rapti
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Univesity of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yassine Zouaghi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Univesity of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jenny Meylan
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Ranza
- Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stylianos E Antonarakis
- Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.,University of Geneva Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Federico A Santoni
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.,Univesity of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Antonarakis SE, Holoubek A, Rapti M, Rademaker J, Meylan J, Iwaszkiewicz J, Zoete V, Wilson C, Taylor J, Ansar M, Borel C, Menzel O, Kuželová K, Santoni FA. Dominant monoallelic variant in the PAK2 gene causes Knobloch syndrome type 2. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:1-9. [PMID: 33693784 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knobloch syndrome is an autosomal recessive phenotype mainly characterized by retinal detachment and encephalocele caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the COL18A1 gene. However, there are patients clinically diagnosed as Knobloch syndrome with unknown molecular etiology not linked to COL18A1. We studied an historical pedigree (published in 1998) designated as KNO2 (Knobloch type 2 syndrome with intellectual disability, autistic behavior, retinal degeneration, encephalocele). Whole exome sequencing of the two affected siblings and the normal parents resulted in the identification of a PAK2 non-synonymous substitution p.(Glu435Lys) as a causative variant. The variant was monoallelic and apparently de novo in both siblings indicating a likely germline mosaicism in one of the parents; the mosaicism however could not be observed after deep sequencing of blood parental DNA. PAK2 encodes a member of a small group of serine/threonine kinases; these P21-activating kinases (PAKs) are essential in signal transduction and cellular regulation (cytoskeletal dynamics, cell motility, death and survival signaling, and cell cycle progression). Structural analysis of the PAK2 p.(Glu435Lys) variant which is located in the kinase domain of the protein predicts a possible compromise in the kinase activity. Functional analysis of the p.(Glu435Lys) PAK2 variant in transfected HEK293T cells results in a partial loss of the kinase activity. PAK2 has been previously suggested as an autism related gene. Our results show that PAK2 induced phenotypic spectrum is broad and not fully understood. We conclude that the KNO2 syndrome in the studied family is dominant and caused by a deleterious variant in the PAK2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos E Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical Faculty, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.,iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Ales Holoubek
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Melivoia Rapti
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Jesse Rademaker
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Jenny Meylan
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Justyna Iwaszkiewicz
- Molecular Modeling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne University, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Callum Wilson
- National Metabolic Service, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Juliet Taylor
- National Metabolic Service, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Muhammad Ansar
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Borel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical Faculty, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Menzel
- Health 2030 Genome Center, Foundation Campus Biotech Geneva Foundation, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Kateřina Kuželová
- Department of Proteomics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Federico A Santoni
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
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Schukur L, Zimmermann T, Niewoehner O, Kerr G, Gleim S, Bauer-Probst B, Knapp B, Galli GG, Liang X, Mendiola A, Reece-Hoyes J, Rapti M, Barbosa I, Reschke M, Radimerski T, Thoma CR. Identification of the HECT E3 ligase UBR5 as a regulator of MYC degradation using a CRISPR/Cas9 screen. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20044. [PMID: 33208877 PMCID: PMC7676242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC oncoprotein is a multifunctional transcription factor that regulates the expression of a large number of genes involved in cellular growth, proliferation and metabolism. Altered MYC protein level lead to cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. MYC is deregulated in > 50% of human cancers, rendering it an attractive drug target. However, direct inhibition of this class of proteins using conventional small molecules is challenging due to their intrinsically disordered state. To discover novel posttranslational regulators of MYC protein stability and turnover, we established a genetic screen in mammalian cells by combining a fluorescent protein-based MYC abundance sensor, CRISPR/Cas9-based gene knockouts and next-generation sequencing. Our screen identifies UBR5, an E3 ligase of the HECT-type family, as a novel regulator of MYC degradation. Even in the presence of the well-described and functional MYC ligase, FBXW7, UBR5 depletion leads to accumulation of MYC in cells. We demonstrate interaction of UBR5 with MYC and reduced K48-linked ubiquitination of MYC upon loss of UBR5 in cells. Interestingly, in cancer cell lines with amplified MYC expression, depletion of UBR5 resulted in reduced cell survival, as a consequence of MYC stabilization. Finally, we show that MYC and UBR5 are co-amplified in more than 40% of cancer cells and that MYC copy number amplification correlates with enhanced transcriptional output of UBR5. This suggests that UBR5 acts as a buffer in MYC amplified settings and protects these cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schukur
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland. .,Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Tamara Zimmermann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ole Niewoehner
- NIBR Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis, Cambridge, USA
| | - Grainne Kerr
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Scott Gleim
- NIBR Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis, Cambridge, USA
| | - Beatrice Bauer-Probst
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Britta Knapp
- NIBR Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis, Cambridge, USA
| | - Giorgio G Galli
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoyou Liang
- NIBR Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis, Cambridge, USA
| | - Angelica Mendiola
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, LaJolla, USA
| | - John Reece-Hoyes
- NIBR Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis, Cambridge, USA
| | - Melivoia Rapti
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ines Barbosa
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Reschke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Radimerski
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR) Oncology, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland.,Basilea Pharmaceutica, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudio R Thoma
- NIBR Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis, Cambridge, USA.
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Gelalis I, Arnaoutoglou E, Pakos E, Politis A, Rapti M, Xenakis T, Papadopoulos G. Effect of interlaminar epidural steroid injection in acute and subacute pain due to lumbar disk herniation: a randomized comparison of 2 different protocols. Open Orthop J 2009; 3:121-4. [PMID: 20111695 PMCID: PMC2812872 DOI: 10.2174/1874325000903010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to assess the efficacy of epidural steroid injections (ESI) in acute and subacute pain due to lumbar spine disk herniation, we conducted a randomized trial, comparing 2 different protocols. Fourty patients with radicular pain due to L4-L5 and L5-S1 disc herniation were assigned to receive either 3 consecutive ESI every 24 hours through a spinal catheter (group A) or 3 consecutive ESI every 10 days with an epidural needle (group B). All patients had improved Oswestry Disabilty Index (ODI) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain scores at 1 month of follow-up compared to baseline, while no significant differences were observed between the 2 groups. The scores for group B were statistically significant lower at 2 months of follow-up compared to those of group A. The improvement in the scores of group B was continuous since the mean scores at 2 months of follow up were lower compared to the respective scores at 1 month. Protocol B (3 consecutive ESI every 10 days) was found more effective in the treatment of subacute pain compared to Protocol A (3 consecutive ESI every 24 hours) with statistically significant differences in the ODI and VAS scores at 2 months of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.D Gelalis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - E Arnaoutoglou
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - E.E Pakos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - A.N Politis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - M Rapti
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - T.A Xenakis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - G Papadopoulos
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, University of Ioannina, School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
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Williamson RA, Hutton M, Vogt G, Rapti M, Knäuper V, Carr MD, Murphy G. Tyrosine 36 plays a critical role in the interaction of the AB loop of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 with matrix metalloproteinase-14. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:32966-70. [PMID: 11390386 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101843200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) is potentially an important inhibitor of all known matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). However, it has been shown to undergo specific interactions with both MMP-2 (gelatinase A) and MMP-14 (MT1-MMP), and it has been proposed that these three proteins function as a cell surface-based activation cascade for matrix metalloproteinases and as a focus of proteolytic activity. In this study, we have carried out mutagenesis and kinetic analyses to examine the unique interactions between the AB loop of TIMP-2 and MMP-14. The results demonstrate that the major binding contribution of the AB loop is due solely to residue Tyr-36 at the tip of the hairpin. From this work, we propose that TIMP-2 may be engineered to abrogate MMP-14 binding, whereas its binding properties for other MMPs, including MMP-2, are maintained. Mutants of TIMP-2 with more directed specificity may be of use in gene therapeutic approaches to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Williamson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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