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Yang MH, Hu CC, Wong CH, Liang JJ, Ko HY, He MH, Lin YL, Lin NS, Hsu YH. Convenient Auto-Processing Vector Based on Bamboo Mosaic Virus for Presentation of Antigens Through Enzymatic Coupling. Front Immunol 2021; 12:739837. [PMID: 34721406 PMCID: PMC8551676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.739837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a new binary epitope-presenting CVP platform based on bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) by using the sortase A (SrtA)-mediated ligation technology. The reconstructed BaMV genome harbors two modifications: 1) a coat protein (CP) with N-terminal extension of the tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease recognition site plus 4 extra glycine (G) residues as the SrtA acceptor; and 2) a TEV protease coding region replacing that of the triple-gene-block proteins. Inoculation of such construct, pKB5G, on Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in the efficient production of filamentous CVPs ready for SrtA-mediated ligation with desired proteins. The second part of the binary platform includes an expression vector for the bacterial production of donor proteins. We demonstrated the applicability of the platform by using the recombinant envelope protein domain III (rEDIII) of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) as the antigen. Up to 40% of the BaMV CP subunits in each CVP were loaded with rEDIII proteins in 1 min. The rEDIII-presenting BaMV CVPs (BJLPET5G) could be purified using affinity chromatography. Immunization assays confirmed that BJLPET5G could induce the production of neutralizing antibodies against JEV infections. The binary platform could be adapted as a useful alternative for the development and mass production of vaccine candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Aminoacyltransferases/genetics
- Aminoacyltransferases/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/blood
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Endopeptidases/genetics
- Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/genetics
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Potexvirus/enzymology
- Potexvirus/genetics
- Potexvirus/immunology
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/immunology
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Virion/enzymology
- Virion/genetics
- Virion/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chi Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hzeng Wong
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Jong Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ying Ko
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsun He
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lee SC, Pai H, Huang YW, He MH, Song YL, Kuo SY, Chang WC, Hsu YH, Lin NS. Exploring the Multifunctional Roles of Odontoglossum Ringspot Virus P126 in Facilitating Cymbidium Mosaic Virus Cell-to-Cell Movement during Mixed Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:1552. [PMID: 34452417 PMCID: PMC8402721 DOI: 10.3390/v13081552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synergistic interactions among viruses, hosts and/or transmission vectors during mixed infection can alter viral titers, symptom severity or host range. Viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) are considered one of such factors contributing to synergistic responses. Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) and cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV), which are two of the most significant orchid viruses, exhibit synergistic symptom intensification in Phalaenopsis orchids with unilaterally enhanced CymMV movement by ORSV. In order to reveal the underlying mechanisms, we generated infectious cDNA clones of ORSV and CymMV isolated from Phalaenopsis that exerted similar unilateral synergism in both Phalaenopsis orchid and Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, we show that the ORSV replicase P126 is a VSR. Mutagenesis analysis revealed that mutation of the methionine in the carboxyl terminus of ORSV P126 abolished ORSV replication even though some P126 mutants preserved VSR activity, indicating that the VSR function of P126 alone is not sufficient for viral replication. Thus, P126 functions in both ORSV replication and as a VSR. Furthermore, P126 expression enhanced cell-to-cell movement and viral titers of CymMV in infected Phalaenopsis flowers and N. benthamiana leaves. Taking together, both the VSR and protein function of P126 might be prerequisites for unilaterally enhancing CymMV cell-to-cell movement by ORSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chuan Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-C.L.); (H.P.); (M.-H.H.); (Y.-L.S.)
| | - Hsuan Pai
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-C.L.); (H.P.); (M.-H.H.); (Y.-L.S.)
| | - Ying-Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (Y.-W.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Meng-Hsun He
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-C.L.); (H.P.); (M.-H.H.); (Y.-L.S.)
| | - Yun-Lin Song
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-C.L.); (H.P.); (M.-H.H.); (Y.-L.S.)
| | - Song-Yi Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (Y.-W.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Wen-Chi Chang
- College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (Y.-W.H.); (S.-Y.K.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (S.-C.L.); (H.P.); (M.-H.H.); (Y.-L.S.)
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Xu LX, He MH, Dai ZH, Yu J, Wang JG, Li XC, Jiang BB, Ke ZF, Su TH, Peng ZW, Guo Y, Chen ZB, Chen SL, Peng S, Kuang M. Genomic and transcriptional heterogeneity of multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2020; 30:990-997. [PMID: 30916311 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often presents with multiple nodules within the liver, with limited effective interventions. The high genetic heterogeneity of HCC might be the major cause of treatment failure. We aimed to characterize genomic heterogeneity, infer clonal evolution, investigate RNA expression pattern and explore tumour immune microenvironment profile of multifocal HCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Whole-exome sequencing and RNA sequencing were carried out in 34 tumours and 6 adjacent normal liver tissue samples from 6 multifocal HCC patients. Protein expression of Ki67, AFP, P53, Survivin and CD8 was detected by immunohistochemistry. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was carried out to validate the amplification status of sorafenib-targeted genes. RESULTS We deciphered genomic and transcriptional heterogeneity among tumours in each multifocal HCC patient including mutational profiles, copy number alterations, tumour evolutionary trajectory and tumour immune microenvironment profiles. Of note, sorafenib-targeted alterations were identified in the trunk of phylogenetic tree in only one out of the six patients, which may explain the relative low treatment response rate to sorafenib in clinical practice. Moreover, we demonstrated RNA expression patterns and tumour immune microenvironment profiles of all nodules. We found that RNA expression pattern was associated with Edmondson-Steiner grading. Based on the differential expression of 66 reported immune markers, unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis of 34 nodules identified immune subsets: one low expression cluster with seven nodules and one high expression cluster with 11 nodules. CD8+ T cells were more enriched in nodules of the high expression cluster. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided a detailed view of genomic and transcriptional heterogeneity, clonal evolution and immune infiltration of multifocal HCC. The heterogeneity of druggable targets and immune landscape might help interpret the clinical responsiveness to targeted drugs and immunotherapy for multifocal HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L X Xu
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| | - M H He
- Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Z H Dai
- Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Yu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - J G Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Division of Life Science, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - X C Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin
| | - B B Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Division of Life Science, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | | | - T H Su
- Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Y Guo
- Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Z B Chen
- Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - S L Chen
- Division of Interventional Ultrasound
| | - S Peng
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Clinical Trials Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - M Kuang
- Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Division of Interventional Ultrasound.
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Alazem M, He MH, Chang CH, Cheng N, Lin NS. Disrupting the Homeostasis of High Mobility Group Protein Promotes the Systemic Movement of Bamboo mosaic virus. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:597665. [PMID: 33424893 PMCID: PMC7793662 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.597665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Viruses hijack various organelles and machineries for their replication and movement. Ever more lines of evidence indicate that specific nuclear factors are involved in systemic trafficking of several viruses. However, how such factors regulate viral systemic movement remains unclear. Here, we identify a novel role for Nicotiana benthamiana high mobility group nucleoprotein (NbHMG1/2a) in virus movement. Although infection of N. benthamiana with Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) decreased NbHMG1/2a expression levels, nuclear-localized NbHMG1/2a protein was shuttled out of the nucleus into cytoplasm upon BaMV infection. NbHMG1/2a knockdown or even overexpression did not affect BaMV accumulation in inoculated leaves, but it did enhance systemic movement of the virus. Interestingly, the positive regulator Rap-GTPase activation protein 1 was highly upregulated upon infection with BaMV, whereas the negative regulator thioredoxin h protein was greatly reduced, no matter if NbHMG1a/2a was silenced or overexpressed. Our findings indicate that NbHMG1/2a may have a role in plant defense responses. Once its homeostasis is disrupted, expression of relevant host factors may be perturbed that, in turn, facilitates BaMV systemic movement.
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Alazem M, He MH, Moffett P, Lin NS. Abscisic Acid Induces Resistance against Bamboo Mosaic Virus through Argonaute2 and 3. Plant Physiol 2017; 174:339-355. [PMID: 28270624 PMCID: PMC5411131 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant resistance to pathogens is tuned by defense-related hormones. Of these, abscisic acid (ABA) is well documented to moderate resistance against fungi and bacteria. However, ABA's contribution to resistance against viruses is pleiotropic. ABA affects callose deposition at plasmodesmata (therefore hindering the viral cell-to-cell movement), but here, we show that when callose synthase is down-regulated, ABA still induces resistance against infection with Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV). By examining the potential connections between the ABA and RNA-silencing pathways in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), we showed that ABA regulates the expression of almost the whole ARGONAUTE (AGO) gene family, of which some are required for plant resistance against BaMV Our data show that BaMV infection and ABA treatment regulate the same set of AGOs, with positive effects on AGO1, AGO2, and AGO3, no effect on AGO7, and negative effects on AGO4 and AGO10 The BaMV-mediated regulation of AGO1, AGO2, and AGO3 is ABA dependent, because the accumulation of these AGOs in BaMV-infected ABA mutants did not reach the levels observed in infected wild-type plants. In addition, the AGO1-miR168a complex is dispensable for BaMV resistance, while AGO2 and AGO3 were important for ABA-mediated resistance. While most ago mutants showed increased susceptibility to BaMV infection (except ago10), ago1-27 showed reduced BaMV titers, which was attributed to the up-regulated levels of AGO2, AGO3, and AGO4 We have established that ABA regulates the expression of several members of the AGO family, and this regulation partially contributes to ABA-mediated resistance against BaMV These findings reveal another role for ABA in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Alazem
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China (M.A., M.-H.H., N.-S.L.); and
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1 (P.M.)
| | - Meng-Hsun He
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China (M.A., M.-H.H., N.-S.L.); and
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1 (P.M.)
| | - Peter Moffett
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China (M.A., M.-H.H., N.-S.L.); and
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1 (P.M.)
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China (M.A., M.-H.H., N.-S.L.); and
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1 (P.M.)
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Wu CD, Wang L, Hu CX, He MH. Single-solute and bisolute sorption of phenol and trichloroethylene from aqueous solution onto modified montmorillonite and application of sorption models. Water Sci Technol 2013; 67:152-158. [PMID: 23128633 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2012.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The single-solute and bisolute sorption behaviour of phenol and trichloroethylene, two organic compounds with different structures, onto cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-montmorillonite was studied. The monolayer Langmuir model (MLM) and empirical Freundlich model (EFM) were applied to the single-solute sorption of phenol or trichloroethylene from water onto monolayer or multilayer CTAB-montmorillonite. The parameters contained in the MLM and EFM were determined for each solute by fitting to the single-solute isotherm data, and subsequently utilized in binary sorption. The extended Langmuir model (ELM) coupled with the single-solute MLM and the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) coupled with the single-solute EFM were used to predict the binary sorption of phenol and trichloroethylene onto CTAB-montmorillonite. It was found that the EFM was better than the MLM at describing single-solute sorption from water onto CTAB-montmorillonite, and the IAST was better than the ELM at describing the binary sorption from water onto CTAB-montmorillonite.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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Wu CD, Zhang JY, Wang L, He MH. Removal of aniline and phenol from water using raw and aluminum hydroxide-modified diatomite. Water Sci Technol 2013; 67:1620-1626. [PMID: 23552253 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2013.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of using raw diatomite and aluminum hydroxide-modified diatomite (Al-diatomite) for removal of aniline and phenol from water was investigated. Their physicochemical characteristics such as pHsolution, point of zero charge (pHPZC), surface area, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy was determined. After the raw diatomite was modified, the surface area of Al-diatomite increases from 26.67 to 82.65 m(2) g(-1). The pHPZC and pHsolution (10%) occurred around pH 5.2 and pH 8.6, respectively. The removal rates of aniline and phenol on diatomite and Al-diatomite decreased with increasing solution pH, while surface charge density decreased. The adsorption of aniline and phenol on diatomite presented a good fit to the Langmuir and Freundlich models, but the models are not fit to forecast the adsorption of aniline and phenol on Al-diatomite. The study indicated that electrostatic interaction was a dominating mechanism of aniline and phenol sorption onto Al-diatomite.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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He MH, Cheung ZH, Yu EH, Tay DKC, So KF. Cytochrome c Release and Caspase-3 Activation in Retinal Ganglion Cells Following Different Distance of Axotomy of the Optic Nerve in Adult Hamsters. Neurochem Res 2004; 29:2153-61. [PMID: 15662850 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-004-6889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between the distance of axotomy and the death of injured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in adult hamsters and the relationship of cytochrome c and caspase-3 on the death pathway of RGCs. The left optic nerve (ON) of adult hamsters was transected either at 1 or 3 mm away from the optic disc, and retrogradely labeled with Flurogold on the ON stump. After a predetermined period of postoperative time, the surviving RGCs were counted by retina flat-mount, and the activation of cytochrome c and caspase-3 were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Cell loss was found to be much faster (P < 0.01), more cells with cytochrome c were observed (P < 0.05) and the activation of caspase-3 was earlier when ON was transected 1 mm away from the optic disc than when was transected 3 mm away from the optic disc. Distance of axotomy affects the axotomized cell death rate where more RGCs died when the ON transection was applied closer to the eye. The timing of activation of caspase-3 in the RGCs may be linked to the distance of axotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H He
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, PR China
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