Performance optimization of energy-efficient solar absorbers for thermal energy harvesting in modern industrial environments using a solar deep learning model

Thermal energy harvesting has seen a rise in popularity in recent years due to its potential to generate renewable energy from the sun. One of the key components of this process is the solar absorber, which is responsible for converting solar radiation into thermal energy. In this paper, a smart performance optimization of energy efficient solar absorber for thermal energy harvesting is proposed for modern industrial environments using solar deep learning model. In this model, data is collected from multiple sensors over time that measure various environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and solar radiation. This data is then used to train a machine learning algorithm to make predictions on how much thermal energy can be harvested from a particular panel or system. In a computational range, the proposed solar deep learning model (SDLM) reached 83.22 % of testing and 91.72 % of training results of false positive absorption rate, 69.88 % of testing and 81.48 % of training results of false absorption discovery rate, 81.40 % of testing and 72.08 % of training results of false absorption omission rate, 75.04 % of testing and 73.19 % of training results of absorbance prevalence threshold, and 90.81 % of testing and 78.09 % of training results of critical success index. The model also incorporates components such as insulation and orientation to further improve its accuracy in predicting the amount of thermal energy that can be harvested. Solar absorbers are used in industrial environments to absorb the sun's radiation and turn it into thermal energy. This thermal energy can then be used to power things such as heating and cooling systems, air compressors, and even some types of manufacturing operations. By using a solar deep learning model, businesses can accurately predict how much thermal energy can be harvested from a particular solar absorber before making an investment in a system.

Sickle-shaped high gain and low profile based four port MIMO antenna for 5G and aeronautical mobile communication

The construction of the four-port MIMO antenna in the form of a sickle is provided in the article. Initially, the single port element is designed and optimized. Next, a structure with two ports is created, and lastly, a design with four ports is completed. This process is repeated until the design is optimized. Three types of parametric analysis are considered, including variations in length, widths of sickle-shaped patches, and varying sizes of DGS. The frequency range of 2-8 GHz is used for structural investigation. The - 18.77 dB of return loss was observed at 3.825 GHz for a single-element structure. The optimized one-port structure provides a return loss of - 19.79 dB at 3.825 GHz. The port design offers a bandwidth of 0.71 GHz (3.515-4.225). The four-port design represents two bands that are observed at 3 GHz and 5.43 GHz. Both bands provide the return loss at respectively - 19.79 dB and - 20.53 dB with bandwidths of 1.375 GHz (2.14-3.515) and 0.25 GHz (5.335-5.585). The healthy isolation among both transmittance and reflectance response is achieved. The low-profile material was used to create the design that was presented. The article includes a comparison of the findings that were measured and those that were simulated. The four-port design that has been shown offers a total gain of 15.93 dB, a peak co-polar value of 5.46 dB, a minimum return loss of - 20.53 dB, a peak field distribution of 46.43 A/m and a maximum bandwidth of 1.375 GHz. The values for all diversity parameters like ECC are near zero, the Negative value of TARC, Near to zero MEG, DG is almost 10 dB, and a zero value of CCL is achieved. All diversity parameter performance is within the allowable range. The design is well suited for 5G and aeronautical mobile communication applications.

Designing a Graphene Metasurface Organic Material Sensor for Detection of Organic Compounds in Wastewater

In many fields, such as environmental monitoring, food safety, and medical diagnostics, the identification of organic compounds is essential. It is crucial to create exceptionally sensitive and selective sensors for the detection of organic compounds in order to safeguard the environment and human health. Due to its outstanding electrical, mechanical, and chemical characteristics, the two-dimensional carbon substance graphene has recently attracted much attention for use in sensing applications. The purpose of this research is to create an organic material sensor made from graphene for the detection of organic substances like phenol, ethanol, methanol, chloroform, etc. Due to its high surface-to-volume ratio and potent interactions with organic molecules, graphene improves the sensor's performance while the metasurface structure enables the design of highly sensitive and selective sensing elements. The suggested sensor is highly sensitive and accurate at detecting a broad spectrum of organic molecules, making it appropriate for a number of applications. The creation of this sensor has the potential to have a substantial impact on the field of organic sensing and increase the safety of food, medicine, and the environment. The graphene metasurface organic material sensor (GMOMS) was categorized into three types denoted as GMOMS1, GMOMS2, and GMOMS3 based on the specific application of the graphene chemical potential (GCP). In GMOMS1, GCP was applied on both the CSRR and CS surfaces. In GMOMS2, GCP was applied to the CS surface and the surrounding outer region of the CSRR. In GMOMS3, GCP was applied to the CSRR and the surrounding outer region of the CSRR surface. The results show that all three designs exhibit high relative sensitivity, with the maximum values ranging from 227 GHz/RIU achieved by GMOMS1 to 4318 GHz/RIU achieved by GMOMS3. The FOM values achieved for all the designs range from 2.038 RIU-1 achieved by GMOMS2 to 31.52 RIU-1 achieved by GMOMS3, which is considered ideal in this paper.

Design and Development of Ultrabroadband, High-Gain, and High-Isolation THz MIMO Antenna with a Complementary Split-Ring Resonator Metamaterial

The need for high-speed communication has created a way to design THz antennas that operate at high frequencies, speeds, and data rates. In this manuscript, a THz MIMO antenna is designed using a metamaterial. The two-port antenna design proposed uses a complementary split-ring resonator patch. The design results are also compared with a simple patch antenna to show the improvement. The design shows a better isolation of 50 dB. A broadband width of 8.3 THz is achieved using this complementary split-ring resonator design. The percentage bandwidth is 90%, showing an ultrabroadband response. The highest gain of 10.34 dB is achieved with this design. Structural parametric optimization is applied to the complementary split-ring resonator MIMO antenna design. The designed antenna is also optimized by applying parametric optimization to different geometrical parameters. The optimized design has a 20 µm ground plane, 14 µm outer ring width, 6 µm inner ring width, and 1.6 µm substrate thickness. The proposed antenna with its broadband width, high gain, and high isolation could be applied in high-speed communication devices.

Enhanced Sensitivity of Binary/Ternary Locally Resonant Porous Phononic Crystal Sensors for Sulfuric Acid Detection: A New Class of Fluidic-Based Biosensors

This research presented a comprehensive study of a one-dimensional (1D) porous silicon phononic crystal design as a novel fluidic sensor. The proposed sensor is designed to detect sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) within a narrow concentration range of 0-15%. Sulfuric acid is a mineral acid extensively utilized in various physical, chemical, and industrial applications. Undoubtedly, its concentration, particularly at lower levels, plays a pivotal role in these applications. Hence, there is an urgent demand for a highly accurate and sensitive tool to monitor even the slightest changes in its concentration, which is crucial for researchers. Herein, we presented a novel study on the optimization of the phononic crystal (PnC) sensor. The optimization process involves a comparative strategy between binary and ternary PnCs, utilizing a multilayer stack comprising 1D porous silicon (PSi) layers. Additionally, a second comparison is conducted between conventional Bragg and local resonant PnCs to demonstrate the design with the highest sensitivity. Moreover, we determine the optimum values for the materials' thickness and number of periods. The results revealed that the ternary local resonant PnC design with the configuration of {silicone rubber/[PSi1/PSi2/PSi3]^N/silicone rubber} is the optimal sensor design. The sensor provided a super sensitivity of 2.30 × 10⁷ Hz for a concentration change of just 2%. This exceptional sensitivity is attributed to the presence of local resonant modes within the band gap of PnCs. The temperature effects on the local resonant modes and sensor performance have also been considered. Furthermore, additional sensor performance parameters such as quality factor, figure of merit, detection limit, and damping rate have been calculated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed liquid sensor. The transfer matrix method was utilized to compute the transmission spectra of the PnC, and Hashin's expression was employed to manipulate the porous silicon media filled with sulfuric acid at various concentrations. Lastly, the proposed sensor can serve as an efficient tool for detecting acidic rain, contaminating freshwater, and assessing food and liquid quality, as well as monitoring other pharmaceutical products.

A Novel Design of Complementary Split Ring Resonator Metamaterial-Based Low-Profile MIMO Antenna with Defected Ground Structure for S/C/X/Ka Band Applications

The article represents the design of two port-based printed MIMO antenna structures that have the advantages of low profile, simple structure, good isolation, peak gain, directive gain, and reflection coefficient. The performance characteristics are observed for the four design structures by cropping the patch region, loading the slits near the hexagonal-shaped patch, and adding and removing the slots in the ground area. The antenna provides a least reflection coefficient of -39.44 dB, a maximum electric field of patch region of 33.3 V/cm, a total gain of 5.23 dB, and good values of total active reflection coefficient and diversity gain. The proposed design provides nine bands' response, a peak bandwidth of 2.54 GHz, and a peak bandwidth of 26.127 dB. The four proposed structures are fabricated using a low-profile material to support mass production. The comparison among simulated and fabricated structures is included to check the authenticity of the work. The performance assessment of the proposed design with other published articles is carried out for the performance observation. The suggested technique is analyzed over the wideband of frequency region 1 GHz to 14 GHz. The multiple band responses make the proposed work suitable for wireless applications in S/C/X/Ka bands.

Broadband and Efficient Metamaterial Absorber Design Based on Gold-MgF2-Tungsten Hybrid Structure for Solar Thermal Application

We have presented a solar absorber design with gold-MgF₂-tungsten materials. The solar absorber design is optimized with nonlinear optimization mathematical method to find and optimize geometrical parameters. The wideband absorber is made of a three-layer structure composed of tungsten, magnesium fluoride, and gold. This study analyzed the absorber's performance using numerical methods over the sun wavelength range of 0.25 μm to 3 μm. The solar AM 1.5 absorption spectrum is a benchmark against which the proposed structure's absorbing characteristics are evaluated and discussed. It is necessary to analyze the behavior of the absorber under a variety of various physical parameter conditions in order to determine the results and structural dimensions that are optimal. The nonlinear parametric optimization algorithm is applied to obtain the optimized solution. This structure can absorb more than 98% of light across the near-infrared and visible light spectrums. In addition, the structure has a high absorption efficiency for the far range of the infrared spectrum and the THz range. The absorber that has been presented is versatile enough to be used in a variety of solar applications, both narrowband and broadband. The design of the solar cell that has been presented will be of assistance in designing a solar cell that has high efficiency. The proposed optimized design with optimized parameters will help design solar thermal absorbers.

Numerical analysis of hafnium oxide and phase change material-based multi-layered infrared and visible frequency sensor for biomolecules sensing application

We report on the results of a numerical investigation into a phase transition material and hafnium (IV) oxide-based refractive index sensor with a wide spectral range, including both the visible and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The sensor relies on hafnium (IV) oxide and a phase transition material (HfO₂). Three layered versions of the proposed structure are studied; each configuration is built from alternating layers of HfO₂, silica, Ge₂Sb₂Te₅(GST), and silver. The three different arrangements have all been studied. The reflectance response of such multilayer structures is discussed in this manuscript for refractive indices ranging from 1 to 2.4. In addition, we have investigated how the varying heights of the materials affect the overall performance of the structure. Finally, we have supplied several formulae for resonating traces that may be used to calculate the sensing behaviour across a specific wavelength range and refractive index values. The corresponding equations are shown below. We have computed numerous equation traces throughout this inquiry to calculate the wavelength and refractive index values. Computational methods may be used to analyze the proposed structure, which might aid in creating biosensors for detecting a wide variety of biomolecules and biomarkers, such as saliva-cortisol, urine, glucose, cancerous and cancerous, and hemoglobin.

Numerical analysis of Phase change material and graphene-based tunable refractive index sensor for infrared frequency spectrum

Here, we present the findings of parametric analysis into a phase transition material Ge2Sb2Te5(GST)-based, graphene-based, with a wide dynamic range in the infrared and visible electromagnetic spectrum. The suggested structure is studied in multi-layered configurations, built up with layers of GST, graphene, silicon, and silver materials. These multilayer structures' reflectance behavior has been described for refractive indices between 1.3 and 2.5. The complete design is simulated using a computational process called the finite element method. Additionally, we have investigated the impact of material heights on the structure's performance in general. We have presented several resonating tracing curves in polynomial equations to determine the sensing behavior across a specific wavelength range and refractive index values. The proposed design is also investigated at various inclined angles of incidence to ascertain its wide-angle stability. A computational study of the proposed structure can assist in the evolution of biosensors to identify a wide range of biomolecules, including malignant, hemoglobin urine, saliva-cortisol, and glucose.

Development of Split Ring Resonator Shaped Six Element 2 × 3 Multiple Input Multiple Output Antenna for the C/X/Ku/K Band Applications

In this manuscript, we have numerically investigated and experimentally verified the six-element split ring resonator and circular patch-shaped multiple input, multiple output antenna operating in the 1-25 GHz band. MIMO antennas are analyzed in terms of several physical parameters, such as reflectance, gain, directivity, VSWR, and electric field distribution. The parameters of the MIMO antenna, for instance, the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), channel capacity loss (CCL), the total active reflection coefficient (TARC), directivity gain (DG), and mean effective gain (MEG), are also investigated for identification of a suitable range of these parameters for multichannel transmission capacity. Ultrawideband operation at 10.83 GHz is possible for the theoretically designed and practically executed antenna with the return loss and gain values of -19 dB and -28 dBi, respectively. Overall, the antenna offers minimum return loss values of -32.74 dB for the operating band of 1.92 to 9.81 GHz with a bandwidth of 6.89 GHz. The antennas are also investigated in terms of a continuous ground patch and a scattered rectangular patch. The proposed results are highly applicable for the ultrawideband operating MIMO antenna application in satellite communication with C/X/Ku/K bands.

Employment of Self-Adaptive Bayesian Neural Network for Systematic Antenna Design: Improving Wireless Networks Functionalities

The performance of wireless networks is related to the optimized structure of the antenna. Therefore, in this paper, a Machine Learning (ML)-assisted new methodology named Self-Adaptive Bayesian Neural Network (SABNN) is proposed, aiming to optimize the antenna pattern for next-generation wireless networks. In addition, the statistical analysis for the presented SABNN is evaluated in this paper and compared with the current Gaussian Process (GP). The training cost and convergence speed are also discussed in this paper. In the final stage, the proposed model's measured results are demonstrated, showing that the system has optimized outcomes with less calculation time.

5G Technology in Healthcare and Wearable Devices: A Review

Wearable devices with 5G technology are currently more ingrained in our daily lives, and they will now be a part of our bodies too. The requirement for personal health monitoring and preventive disease is increasing due to the predictable dramatic increase in the number of aging people. Technologies with 5G in wearables and healthcare can intensely reduce the cost of diagnosing and preventing diseases and saving patient lives. This paper reviewed the benefits of 5G technologies, which are implemented in healthcare and wearable devices such as patient health monitoring using 5G, continuous monitoring of chronic diseases using 5G, management of preventing infectious diseases using 5G, robotic surgery using 5G, and 5G with future of wearables. It has the potential to have a direct effect on clinical decision making. This technology could improve patient rehabilitation outside of hospitals and monitor human physical activity continuously. This paper draws the conclusion that the widespread adoption of 5G technology by healthcare systems enables sick people to access specialists who would be unavailable and receive correct care more conveniently.

Performance Analysis of Hybrid PDM-SAC-OCDMA-Enabled FSO Transmission Using ZCC Codes

The need for a high-speed transmission network has become essential due to the exponential increase in traffic. In this paper, a free-space-optics (FSO) link modelled by integrating two multiplexing techniques, i.e., spectral amplitude coding-optical code division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) using zero cross correlation (ZCC) codes and polarization division multiplexing (PDM), is proposed. On the X-polarization (XPolar) state, three users with three different ZCC codes are transmitted. In addition, another three users with the same ZCC codes are transmitted on the Y-polarization (YPolar) state. Each user carries 20 Gbps of information. Weather conditions, such as clear, fog, and snowfall, are considered when assessing the efficacy of our suggested model. The results exhibit 120 Gbps transmission at 10 km under clear weather. For foggy weather, the propagation range varies from 1.6 km to 0.76 km according to the density of the fog. Moreover, the system can transport information up to 1.2 km during wet snowfall, though this range decreases to 0.26 km under dry snowfall showing that the highest attenuation is caused by dry snowfall weather conditions. The achieved ranges are obtained with a bit error rate ≤10−9 and Q-factor greater than 6. Consequently, this proposed FSO model is suggested for use in 5G and 6G high speed transmission networks.

SARS-CoV-2 detecting rapid metasurface-based sensor

We have proposed a novel approach to detect COVID-19 by detecting the ethyl butanoate which high volume ratio is present in the exhaled breath of a COVID-19 infected person. We have employed a refractive index sensor (RIS) with the help of a metasurface-based slotted T-shape perfect absorber that can detect ethyl butanoate present in exhaled breath of COVID-19 infected person with high sensitivity and in-process SARS-CoV-2. The optimized structure of the sensor is obtained by varying several structure parameters including structure length and thickness, slotted T-shape resonator length, width, and thickness. Sensor's performance is evaluated based on numerous factors comprising of sensitivity, Q factor, detection limit, a figure of merit (FOM), detection accuracy, and other performance defining parameters. The proposed slotted T-shape RIS achieved the largest sensitivity of 2500 nm/RIU, Q factor of 131.06, a FOM of 131.58 RIU^-1, detection limit of 0.0224 RIU.

Design and Fabrication of Compact, Multiband, High Gain, High Isolation, Metamaterial-Based MIMO Antennas for Wireless Communication Systems

We proposed a novel approach based on a complementary split-ring resonator metamaterial in a two-port MIMO antenna, giving high gain, multiband results with miniature size. We have also analyzed a circular disk metasurface design. The designs are also defected using ground structure by reducing the width of the ground plane to 8 mm and etching all other parts of the ground plane. The electric length of the proposed design is 0.5λ × 0.35λ × 0.02λ. The design results are also investigated for a different variation of complementary split-ring resonator ring sizes. The inner and outer ring diameters are varied to find the optimized solution for enhanced output performance parameters. Good isolation is also achieved for both bands. The gain and directivity results are also presented. The results are compared for isolation, gain, structure size, and the number of ports. The compact, multiband, high gain and high isolation design can apply to WiMAX, WLAN, and satellite communication applications.

Design and Fabrication of a Low-Cost, Multiband and High Gain Square Tooth-Enabled Metamaterial Superstrate Microstrip Patch Antenna

The manuscript represents a novel square tooth-enabled superstrate metamaterial loaded microstrip patch antenna for the multiple frequency band operation. The proposed tooth-based metamaterial antenna provides better gain and directivity. Four antenna structures are numerically investigated for the different geometry of the patch and tooth. These proposed structures are simulated, fabricated, measured, and compared for the frequency range of 3 GHz to 9 GHz. The electrical equivalent model of the split-ring resonator is also analyzed in the manuscript. The comparative analysis of all of the proposed structures has been carried out, in terms of several bands, reflectance response, VSWR, gain and bandwidth. The results are compared with previously published works. The effects are simulated using a high-frequency structure simulator tool with the finite element method. The measured and fabricated results are compared for verification purposes. The proposed structure provides seven bands of operation and 8.57 dB of gain. It is observed that the proposed design offers the multiple frequency band operation with a good gain. The proposed tooth-based metamaterial antenna suits applications, such as the surveillance radar, satellite communication, weather monitoring and many other wireless devices.

A Numerical Investigation of Graphene-Based Hilbert-Shaped Multi-Band MIMO Antenna for the Terahertz Spectrum Applications

We proposed the numerical investigation of Hilbert-shaped multiple-input multi-output (MIMO) with multi-band operation characteristics using graphene resonator material, which operates on the band of 1 to 30 THz of the frequency range. This numerical investigation of antenna structure was carried out for the multiple antenna types, consisting of graphene as a regular patch, Hilbert order 1, and Hilbert order 2 designs. This antenna is investigated for the multiple physical parameters, such as return loss, gain, bandwidth, radiation response, Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC), Mean Effective Gain (MEG), Directivity Gain (DG), and Channel Capacity Loss (CCL). These variables are also determined to verify compatibility and the difficulties connected with communicating over a short distance. The THz MIMO antenna that was recommended offers strong isolation values in addition to an operational band. The maximum gain of ~10 dBi for the band of <15 THz and ~17 dBi for the band of the >15 THz frequency range of the proposed antenna structures. The proposed antennas are primarily operated in three bands over 1 to 30 THz of frequency. This work aims to create a brand new terahertz antenna structure capable of providing an extraordinarily wider bandwidth and high gain while keeping a typical compact antenna size suited for terahertz applications.

Design and Fabrication of the Split Ring Resonator Shaped Two-Element MIMO Antenna with Multiple-Band Operation for WiMAX/5G/Zigbee/Wi-Fi Applications

In this manuscript, we proposed the split ring resonator loaded multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna design for the frequency range of 1 and 25 GHz. The proposed antenna is numerically investigated and fabricated to analyze the different antenna parameters. We provided statistics on a wide range of antenna parameters for five different designs, including a simple circular patch antenna, a single-split-ring antenna, and a double-split-ring antenna. Reflectance, gain, directivity, efficiency, peak gain, and electric field distribution are all analyzed for all proposed antennas. The maximum achievable bandwidth is 5.28 GHz, and the double-split-ring resonator structure achieves this with a return loss of -20.84 dB. The radiation patterns of all the antenna with different port excitation conditions are presented to identify the behavior of the antenna radiation. We found the effect of the split-ring resonators to form radiation beams in different directions. We found the maximum and minimum half-power beam widths of 75° and 2°, respectively, among the different antenna designs. It was found that the split-ring resonator geometries in patch antenna convert wide-beam antenna radiation patterns to several narrow-beam radiation patterns. We found that each antenna's bandwidth, gain, and return loss performance significantly differs from the others. Overall, the proposed results of the antenna may apply to a wide range of communication applications, including those for Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and 5G.

Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Performance Maturing through Machine Learning for High-Yield Optical Wireless Network

The high-yield optical wireless network (OWN) is a promising framework to strengthen 5G and 6G mobility. In addition, high direction and narrow bandwidth-based laser beams are enormously noteworthy for high data transmission over standard optical fibers. Therefore, in this paper, the performance of a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) is evaluated using the machine learning (ML) technique, aiming to purify the optical beam and enable OWN to support high-speed, multi-user data transmission. The ML technique is applied on a designed VCSEL array to optimize paths for DC injection, AC signal modulation, and multiple-user transmission. The mathematical model of VCSEL narrow beam, OWN, and energy loss through nonlinear interference in an optical wireless network is studied. In addition, the mathematical model is then affirmed with a simulation model following the bit error rate (BER), the laser power, the current, and the fiber-length performance matrices. The results estimations declare that the presented methodology offers a narrow beam of VCSEL, mitigating nonlinear interference in OWN and increasing energy efficiency.

Necrotizing soft tissue infections following a scald burn of the lower limb: a case report

Necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) is a rare but potentially fatal infection. It usually complicates skin traumas, such as lacerations, scratches, insect bites, burns and recent surgeries. Rapid diagnosis is crucial for a favourable prognosis. NSTI is an emergency surgical condition and every delay in the operative treatment has a proven negative effect. Recently, a rare case presented to us with a late diagnosis of NSTI complicating a scald burn of the lower limb. The patient's injury was initially treated as a burn case but unfortunately ended in an above knee amputation. We report our management experience in this case, with a review of the literature.