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Ringelstein M, Ayzenberg I, Lindenblatt G, Fischer K, Gahlen A, Novi G, Hayward-Könnecke H, Schippling S, Rommer PS, Kornek B, Zrzavy T, Biotti D, Ciron J, Audoin B, Berthele A, Giglhuber K, Zephir H, Kümpfel T, Berger R, Röther J, Häußler V, Stellmann JP, Whittam D, Jacob A, Kraemer M, Gueguen A, Deschamps R, Bayas A, Hümmert MW, Trebst C, Haarmann A, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Grothe M, Siebert N, Ruprecht K, Paul F, Collongues N, Marignier R, Levy M, Karenfort M, Deppe M, Albrecht P, Hellwig K, Gold R, Hartung HP, Meuth SG, Kleiter I, Aktas O. Interleukin-6 Receptor Blockade in Treatment-Refractory MOG-IgG-Associated Disease and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2022; 9:e1100. [PMID: 34785575 PMCID: PMC8596357 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of tocilizumab (TCZ), a humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG-associated disease (MOGAD) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). METHODS Annualized relapse rate (ARR), Expanded Disability Status Scale score, MRI, autoantibody titers, pain, and adverse events were retrospectively evaluated in 57 patients with MOGAD (n = 14), aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG seropositive (n = 36), and seronegative NMOSD (n = 7; 12%), switched to TCZ from previous immunotherapies, particularly rituximab. RESULTS Patients received TCZ for 23.8 months (median; interquartile range 13.0-51.1 months), with an IV dose of 8.0 mg/kg (median; range 6-12 mg/kg) every 31.6 days (mean; range 26-44 days). For MOGAD, the median ARR decreased from 1.75 (range 0.5-5) to 0 (range 0-0.9; p = 0.0011) under TCZ. A similar effect was seen for AQP4-IgG+ (ARR reduction from 1.5 [range 0-5] to 0 [range 0-4.2]; p < 0.001) and for seronegative NMOSD (from 3.0 [range 1.0-3.0] to 0.2 [range 0-2.0]; p = 0.031). During TCZ, 60% of all patients were relapse free (79% for MOGAD, 56% for AQP4-IgG+, and 43% for seronegative NMOSD). Disability follow-up indicated stabilization. MRI inflammatory activity decreased in MOGAD (p = 0.04; for the brain) and in AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD (p < 0.001; for the spinal cord). Chronic pain was unchanged. Regarding only patients treated with TCZ for at least 12 months (n = 44), ARR reductions were confirmed, including the subgroups of MOGAD (n = 11) and AQP4-IgG+ patients (n = 28). Similarly, in the group of patients treated with TCZ for at least 12 months, 59% of them were relapse free, with 73% for MOGAD, 57% for AQP4-IgG+, and 40% for patients with seronegative NMOSD. No severe or unexpected safety signals were observed. Add-on therapy showed no advantage compared with TCZ monotherapy. DISCUSSION This study provides Class III evidence that long-term TCZ therapy is safe and reduces relapse probability in MOGAD and AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Aquaporin 4/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/drug therapy
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/immunology
- Neuromyelitis Optica/drug therapy
- Neuromyelitis Optica/immunology
- Outcome Assessment, Health Care
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Secondary Prevention
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gero Lindenblatt
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Katinka Fischer
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Anna Gahlen
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Giovanni Novi
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Helen Hayward-Könnecke
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Sven Schippling
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Paulus S. Rommer
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Barbara Kornek
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Tobias Zrzavy
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Damien Biotti
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Ciron
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Bertrand Audoin
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Achim Berthele
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Katrin Giglhuber
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Helene Zephir
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Robert Berger
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Joachim Röther
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Vivien Häußler
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Jan-Patrick Stellmann
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Daniel Whittam
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Anu Jacob
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Markus Kraemer
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Antoine Gueguen
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Romain Deschamps
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Antonios Bayas
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Martin W. Hümmert
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Corinna Trebst
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Axel Haarmann
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Matthias Grothe
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Nadja Siebert
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Collongues
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Romain Marignier
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Michael Levy
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Michael Karenfort
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Michael Deppe
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
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Ringelstein M, Harmel J, Zimmermann H, Brandt AU, Paul F, Haarmann A, Buttmann M, Hümmert MW, Trebst C, Schroeder C, Ayzenberg I, Kleiter I, Hellwig K, Havla J, Kümpfel T, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Rommer P, Weber MS, Pellkofer H, Röpke L, Geis C, Retzlaff N, Zettl U, Deppe M, Klotz L, Young K, Stellmann JP, Kaste M, Kermer P, Marouf W, Lauda F, Tumani H, Graf J, Klistorner A, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Albrecht P. Longitudinal optic neuritis-unrelated visual evoked potential changes in NMO spectrum disorders. Neurology 2019; 94:e407-e418. [PMID: 31796527 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate if patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) develop subclinical visual pathway impairment independent of acute attacks. METHODS A total of 548 longitudinally assessed full-field visual evoked potentials (VEP) of 167 patients with NMOSD from 16 centers were retrospectively evaluated for changes of P100 latencies and P100-N140 amplitudes. Rates of change in latencies (RCL) and amplitudes (RCA) over time were analyzed for each individual eye using linear regression and compared using generalized estimating equation models. RESULTS The rates of change in the absence of optic neuritis (ON) for minimal VEP intervals of ≥3 months between baseline and last follow-up were +1.951 ms/y (n = 101 eyes; SD = 6.274; p = 0.012) for the P100 latencies and -2.149 µV/y (n = 64 eyes; SD = 5.013; p = 0.005) for the P100-N140 amplitudes. For minimal VEP intervals of ≥12 months, the RCL was +1.768 ms/y (n = 59 eyes; SD = 4.558; p = 0.024) and the RCA was -0.527 µV/y (n = 44 eyes; SD = 2.123; p = 0.111). The history of a previous ON >6 months before baseline VEP had no influence on RCL and RCA. ONs during the observational period led to mean RCL and RCA of +11.689 ms/y (n = 16 eyes; SD = 17.593; p = 0.003) and -1.238 µV/y (n = 11 eyes; SD = 3.708; p = 0.308), respectively. CONCLUSION This first longitudinal VEP study of patients with NMOSD provides evidence of progressive VEP latency delay occurring independently of acute ON. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to corroborate these findings and help to interpret the clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Ringelstein
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jens Harmel
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hanna Zimmermann
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander U Brandt
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Friedemann Paul
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Axel Haarmann
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mathias Buttmann
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin W Hümmert
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Corinna Trebst
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christoph Schroeder
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joachim Havla
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sven Jarius
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paulus Rommer
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin S Weber
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hannah Pellkofer
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luise Röpke
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christian Geis
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nele Retzlaff
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Uwe Zettl
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Deppe
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luisa Klotz
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kim Young
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jan-Patrick Stellmann
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthias Kaste
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pawel Kermer
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wael Marouf
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Florian Lauda
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hayrettin Tumani
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonas Graf
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander Klistorner
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Orhan Aktas
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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