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Suski JG, Chanov MK, Heron CG, Field JA, Salice CJ. Ecotoxicity and Accumulation of Perfluorononanoic Acid in the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) and an Approach to Developing Protective Thresholds in the Aquatic Environment Through Species Sensitivity Distribution. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023; 42:2229-2236. [PMID: 37294059 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the environment. Locations where PFAS-containing aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) has been used or accidentally released have resulted in persistently high concentrations of PFAS, including in surface water that may be adjacent to release sites. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is most frequently measured near AFFF release sites; however, other PFAS are being quantified more frequently and, of those, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is common. The goal of our study was to fill data gaps on PFNA toxicity to freshwater fish using the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). We aimed to understand how PFNA may impact apical endpoints following a 42-day exposure to mature fish and a 21-day exposure to second-generation larval fish. Exposure concentrations were 0, 124, 250, 500, and 1000 µg/L for both adult (F0) and larval (F1) generations. The most sensitive endpoint measured was development in the F1 generation at concentrations of ≥250 µg/L. The 10% and 20% effective concentration of the tested population for the F1 biomass endpoint was 100.3 and 129.5 µg/L, respectively. These data were collated with toxicity values from the primary literature on aquatic organisms exposed to PFNA for subchronic or chronic durations. A species sensitivity distribution was developed to estimate a screening-level threshold for PFNA. The resulting hazard concentration protective of 95% of the freshwater aquatic species was 55 µg PFNA/L. Although this value is likely protective of aquatic organisms exposed to PFNA, it is prudent to consider that organisms experience multiple stressors (including many PFAS) simultaneously; an approach to understand screening-level thresholds for PFAS mixtures remains an uncertainty within the field of ecological risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2229-2236. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie G Suski
- Water and Natural Resources, EA Engineering, Science and Technology, PBC, Hunt Valley, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael K Chanov
- Water and Natural Resources, EA Engineering, Science and Technology, PBC, Hunt Valley, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher G Heron
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennifer A Field
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Jones DK, Quinlin KA, Wigren MA, Choi YJ, Sepúlveda MS, Lee LS, Haskins DL, Lotufo GR, Kennedy A, May L, Harmon A, Biber T, Melby N, Chanov MK, Hudson ML, Key PB, Chung KW, Moore DW, Suski JG, Wirth EF, Hoverman JT. Acute Toxicity of Eight Aqueous Film-Forming Foams to 14 Aquatic Species. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:6078-6090. [PMID: 35486899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have developed numerous per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-free aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) formulations to replace PFAS-containing AFFF used for fire suppression. As part of the Department of Defense's Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), we examined the direct lethal effects of seven PFAS-free AFFF and a PFAS-containing AFFF on 14 aquatic species using a series of lethal concentration (LC50) tests. We assessed the LC10, LC50, and LC90 values using log-logistic and logit analyses. Across all aquatic species tested, we discovered that exposure to at least one PFAS-free AFFF was more or as toxic as exposure to the PFAS-containing AFFF. For most cases, National Foam Avio F3 Green KHC 3% and Buckeye Platinum Plus C6MILSPEC 3% were the most and least toxic formulations, respectively. Moreover, we found consistency among results from multiple experiments using the same minnow species (Pimephales promelas) and among closely related taxa (e.g., daphnids, amphibians). Lastly, the LC50 values for AFFF formulations trended lower for tested marine species as compared to those of freshwater species. These results dramatically increase the current knowledge on the potentially toxic effects of AFFF but also highlight the need for additional research and the development of new PFAS-free AFFF that are more "ecologically friendly" than those containing persistent PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin K Jones
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kathryn A Quinlin
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Maggie A Wigren
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Youn J Choi
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Linda S Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - David L Haskins
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Guilherme R Lotufo
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Alan Kennedy
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Lauren May
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Ashley Harmon
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Thomas Biber
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Nicolas Melby
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Michael K Chanov
- EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc. PBC, Hunt Valley, Maryland 21031, United States
| | - Michelle L Hudson
- EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc. PBC, Hunt Valley, Maryland 21031, United States
| | - Peter B Key
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
| | - Katy W Chung
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to NOAA, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
| | - David W Moore
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Jamie G Suski
- EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc. PBC, Hunt Valley, Maryland 21031, United States
| | - Edward F Wirth
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
| | - Jason T Hoverman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Lotufo GR, Biedenbach JM, Farrar JD, Chanov MK, Hester BW, Warbritton CR, Steevens JA, Netchaev JM, Bednar AJ, Moore DW. Interlaboratory Comparison of Three Sediment Bioaccumulation Tests. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022; 41:1260-1275. [PMID: 35349191 PMCID: PMC9310598 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Standard bioaccumulation tests are commonly conducted using Macoma nasuta (clam), and Alitta virens (polychaete) for marine tests, and Lumbriculus variegatus (an oligochaete) for freshwater tests. Because the interlaboratory variability associated with these tests is unknown, four experienced laboratories conducted standard 28-day bioaccumulation tests with the above species using sediments contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Chemical analysis of tissue samples was performed by a single laboratory. The intralaboratory variance among replicates was relatively low for PCB tissue concentrations, with coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 9% to 28% for all laboratories and species, with the exception of one laboratory reporting higher variability for L. variegatus (CV = 51%). Intralaboratory variance for PCB tissue concentrations was higher than interlaboratory variance for A. virens and L. variegatus, and the magnitude of difference (MOD) for laboratory means ranged from 1.4 to 2.0 across species. Intralaboratory variability was also low for lipid content, and lipid normalization of PCB and PAH body residues generally had little impact on variability. In addition to variability across bioassay laboratories, analytical variability was evaluated by different laboratories measuring the concentration of PCBs and total lipids in a subsample of tissue homogenate of sediment-exposed test organisms. Variability associated with tissue analysis was higher than bioassay laboratory variability only in tests with L. variegatus. Statistical differences between samples may be observed due to the low intralaboratory variability; however, the biological significance of these differences may be limited because the MOD is low. Considering the MOD when comparing bioaccumulation across treatments accounts for uncertainty related to inherent variability of the test in the interpretation of statistically significant results. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1260-1275. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. Daniel Farrar
- US Army Engineer Research and Development CenterVicksburgMississippiUSA
| | | | | | - C. Ryan Warbritton
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research CenterColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Jeffery A. Steevens
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research CenterColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | | | - Anthony J. Bednar
- US Army Engineer Research and Development CenterVicksburgMississippiUSA
| | - David W. Moore
- US Army Engineer Research and Development CenterVicksburgMississippiUSA
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Suski JG, Salice CJ, Chanov MK, Ayers J, Rewerts J, Field J. Sensitivity and Accumulation of Perfluorooctanesulfonate and Perfluorohexanesulfonic Acid in Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) Exposed over Critical Life Stages of Reproduction and Development. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021; 40:811-819. [PMID: 33275288 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have emerged as contaminants of environmental concern following release from industrial practices and use of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF). Of the identified PFAS in surface water samples from known AFFF release sites, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) are frequently detected. The focus of the present study was to determine the effects of PFOS and PFHxS to the native (and common) fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, over critical life stages of reproduction and development. Two separate, 42-d experiments were carried out using sexually mature fish, exposed to either PFOS or PFHxS. Measured exposure concentrations for PFOS and PFHxS were 0, 44, 88, 140, and 231 µg/L and 0, 150, 300, 600, and 1200 µg/L, respectively. At day 21 of the adult exposure, eggs were collected and reared for 21 d to determine the effects of PFOS or PFHxS on development, growth, and survival of larvae. The no-observable-effect concentration (NOEC) for PFOS was 44 µg/L, and the lowest-observable-effect concentration was 88 µg/L based on reduced growth in juvenile (F1) fish. Effects from PFOS exposures that did not follow a standard dose-response curve were reduced gonadosomatic index in adult males (at 44 µg/L) and reduced fecundity in females (at 140 µg/L). There was no toxicity on apical endpoints to report on adult or juvenile fish exposed to PFHxS up to 1200 µg/L. Importantly, we note that both PFOS and PFHxS accumulated in gonads and liver of adult fish following the respective exposures. The present study supports previous literature on PFOS toxicity and accumulation in fathead minnows but resulted in a lower NOEC than previously established for this species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:811-819. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Suski
- EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc., PBC, Water and Natural Resources, Hunt Valley, Maryland, USA
| | - C J Salice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - M K Chanov
- EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc., PBC, Water and Natural Resources, Hunt Valley, Maryland, USA
| | - J Ayers
- EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc., PBC, Water and Natural Resources, Hunt Valley, Maryland, USA
| | - J Rewerts
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - J Field
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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