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Waters SE, Davis CM, Thurston JR, Marshak MP. Maximizing Vanadium Deployment in Redox Flow Batteries Through Chelation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17753-17757. [PMID: 36130270 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
By tailoring the coordination sphere of vanadium to accommodate a 7-coordinate geometry, a highly soluble (>1.3 M) and reducing (-1.2 V vs Ag/AgCl) flow battery electrolyte is generated from [V(DTPA)]2-/3- (DTPA = diethylenetriaminepentaacetate). Bulk spectroelectrochemistry is performed in situ to assess material properties in both oxidized and reduced states. Flow batteries are assembled in near neutral pH conditions and operated with discharge energy densities of 12.5 Wh L-1 and high efficiency. Further, the first chelated flow battery using the same aminopolycarboxylate ligand for both electrolytes is generated. The presented batteries demonstrate comparable performance to the iron-vanadium and all-vanadium flow batteries while doubling the effective discharge energy of vanadium (Wh per mol V) and minimizing safety and operating risks, offering grid-scale energy storage alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Waters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States of America
| | - Casey M Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States of America
| | - Jonathan R Thurston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States of America
| | - Michael P Marshak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States of America.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0027, United States of America
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2
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Robb BH, Waters SE, Marshak MP. High Energy Density Chelated Chromium Flow Battery Electrolyte at Neutral pH. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200700. [PMID: 35972999 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
High concentration operation of redox flow batteries (RFBs) is essential for increasing their energy storage capacity, but non-acidic electrolytes struggle to achieve the high concentrations of metal ions dissolved in acid, limiting the development of energy-dense neutral pH electrolytes. We report neutral pH RFB operation of chromium 1,3-propylenediaminetetraacetate (CrPDTA) at concentrations of 1.2 M at room temperature and 1.6 M at 40 °C, demonstrating 60% higher negolyte capacity, up to 42.9 Ah L -1 , than previously reported for non-additive-utilizing solutions of this promising material. With extended full cell cycling, we demonstrate the importance of buffer selection and pH when using the Fumasep E-620(K) membrane. Finally, we expand the pH operation range of CrPDTA to pH 7, which when cycled at 100 mA cm-2 against a ferrocyanide posolyte demonstrated excellent coulombic efficiencies >99.7% and energy efficiencies >87%, while operating at almost 700 mV more negative than the thermodynamic hydrogen evolution window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Robb
- University of Colorado Boulder, Chemical and Biological Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Scott E Waters
- University of Colorado Boulder, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Michael P Marshak
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemistry, 4001 Discovery Drive, UCB 027 Suite N321, 80303, Boulder, UNITED STATES
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Waters SE, Robb BH, Scappaticci SJ, Saraidaridis JD, Marshak MP. Isolation and Characterization of a Highly Reducing Aqueous Chromium(II) Complex. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8752-8759. [PMID: 35642903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The highly reducing CrII-(1,3-propylenediaminetetraacetate) (CrPDTA) complex (-1.1 V vs SHE) has been isolated from aqueous solution and the solid-state structure is described. The reduced CrIIPDTA complex is characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, magnetic moment, and density functional theory calculations. The concentration profile, state of charge, and pH of CrPDTA electrolyte were monitored in a flow battery system in situ by absorption spectroscopy and a pH probe. The stability of CrIIPDTA in aqueous environments is demonstrated by the ability to isolate CaCrPDTA, despite the common misconception that water spontaneously evolves hydrogen at such potentials. The reduced CrIIPDTA prevents water from coordinating to the metal center by maintaining the same coordinatively saturated pseudo-octahedral structure as the oxidized CrIIIPDTA, despite experiencing an increased geometric strain from a Jahn-Teller distortion of the high-spin CrII ion. The important difference between solvent reactivity and solvent thermodynamic window is examined by comparing the electrochemical behavior of the reduced species of CrPDTA in various organic solvents to its behavior in aqueous solution. When examined in tetrahydrofuran (THF), the reduction potential of CrPDTA is observed to be -1.19 V vs cobaltocene (-2.52 V vs ferrocene). Reduced CrPDTA in aqueous solution is also exposed to atmospheric O2 without exhibiting any decomposition of the Cr(III) or Cr(II) species. The techniques detailed provide a higher standard method of characterization for flow battery electrolyte species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Waters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Brian H Robb
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Steven J Scappaticci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - James D Saraidaridis
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Raytheon Technologies Research Center, 411 Silver Lane, East Hartford, Connecticut 06108, United States
| | - Michael P Marshak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Crossman AS, Shi JX, Krajewski SM, Maurer LA, Marshak MP. Synthesis, reactivity, and crystallography of a sterically hindered acyl triflate. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Maurer LA, Pearce OM, Maharaj FDR, Brown NL, Amador CK, Damrauer NH, Marshak MP. Open for Bismuth: Main Group Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10137-10146. [PMID: 34181403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of 4- and 6-coordinate Bi3+ coordination complexes are reported. Bi(bzq)3 (1) and [Bi(bzq)2]Br (2) (bzq = benzo[h]quinoline) are synthesized by reaction of 9-Li-bzq with BiCl3 and BiBr3, respectively. Absorption spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and DFT studies suggest that 1 has 42% Bi 6s character in its highest-occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) as a result of six σ* interactions with the bzq ligands. Excitation of 1 at 450 nm results in a broad emission feature at 520 nm, which is rationalized as a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and phosphorescent emission resulting from bismuth-mediated intersystem crossing (ISC) to a triplet excited state. This excited state revealed a 35 μs lifetime and was quenched in the presence of oxygen. These results demonstrate that useful optoelectronic properties of Bi3+ can be accessed through hypercoordination with covalent organobismuth interactions that mimic the electronic structure of lead perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Orion M Pearce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Franklin D R Maharaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Niamh L Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Camille K Amador
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Michael P Marshak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Abstract
Here, we outline some basic pitfalls in the electrochemical investigation of aqueous metal complexes and advocate for the use of bulk electrolysis in redox flow cells for electrolyte analysis. We demonstrate the methods of operation and performance of a lab scale redox flow battery (RFB), which is assembled from unmodified, commercially available material and cycled with a vanadium electrolyte in order to provide a comparative baseline of expected performance. Common misconceptions about the thermodynamic window for water splitting are addressed and further express the need to develop next-generation aqueous redox flow battery electrolytes. Although non-aqueous electrolytes are a popular approach, they suffer from distinct challenges that limit energy and power density in comparison with aqueous electrolytes. Expanding the scope of aqueous electrolytes to include metal-chelate complexes allows electrolytes to be as tailorable as organic species, while maintaining robust metal-based redox processes. A flow battery assembly and operation guide is provided to help facilitate the use of flow battery testing in the evaluation of next-generation electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Robb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Hopkins EJ, Krajewski SM, Crossman AS, Maharaj FDR, Schwanz LT, Marshak MP. Group 4 Organometallics Supported by Sterically Hindered
β
‐Diketonates. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80303 Boulder USA
| | | | - Aaron S. Crossman
- Department of Chemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80303 Boulder USA
| | | | - Logan T. Schwanz
- Department of Chemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80303 Boulder USA
| | - Michael P. Marshak
- Department of Chemistry University of Colorado Boulder CO 80303 Boulder USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec T. Larson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder (CU Boulder), Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Aaron S. Crossman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder (CU Boulder), Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Sebastian M. Krajewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder (CU Boulder), Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Michael P. Marshak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder (CU Boulder), Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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Krajewski SM, Crossman AS, Akturk ES, Suhrbier T, Scappaticci SJ, Staab MW, Marshak MP. Sterically encumbered β-diketonates and base metal catalysis. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:10714-10722. [PMID: 31245797 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02293g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metal coordination complexes of the sterically hindered β-diketonate, 2,6-dimesitylbenzoyl pinacolone (esac), are reported for Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. All four form ML2-type complexes with typical coordination behavior for late-metal β-diketonates, however the effects on established electrochemistry and reactivity vary somewhat per metal. For example, the striking chemical and electrochemical inertness of CoII(esac)2 to oxidation and disproportionation is atypical. Conversely, the behavior of CuII(esac)2 is rather typical relative to other CuII(β-diketonate)2 complexes. These data suggest a relative disfavoring of certain reaction pathways, and represent an important step in modulating the catalysis of the base metals via sterically hindered β-diketonates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron S Crossman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 80309, USA.
| | - Eser S Akturk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 80309, USA.
| | - Tim Suhrbier
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Maxwell W Staab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 80309, USA.
| | - Michael P Marshak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 80309, USA. and Renewable & Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Crossman AS, Larson AT, Shi JX, Krajewski SM, Akturk ES, Marshak MP. Synthesis of Sterically Hindered β-Diketones via Condensation of Acid Chlorides with Enolates. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7434-7442. [PMID: 31070919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bulky β-diketones have rarely exceeded dipivaloylmethane (DPM) in steric demand, largely due to synthetic limitations of the Claisen condensation. This work demonstrates hindered acid chlorides to be selective electrophiles in noncoordinating solvents for condensations with enolates. An improved synthesis of DPM is described (90% yield), and crowded β-diketones featuring bulky o-biphenyl or m-terphenyl fragments were prepared in good to excellent yields. These compounds are anticipated to have a steric profile far greater than that of DPM. General reaction conditions and mechanistic considerations are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Crossman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80303 , United States
| | - Alec T Larson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80303 , United States
| | - Jake X Shi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80303 , United States
| | - Sebastian M Krajewski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80303 , United States
| | - Eser S Akturk
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80303 , United States
| | - Michael P Marshak
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80303 , United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Eser S. Akturk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Steven J. Scappaticci
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Rachel N. Seals
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Michael P. Marshak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Marshak
- Michael P. Marshak is an assistant professor at the University of Colorado, Boulder, and a fellow at the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute. For more on life and careers, visit . Send your story to
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14
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Er S, Suh C, Marshak MP, Aspuru-Guzik A. Computational design of molecules for an all-quinone redox flow battery. Chem Sci 2014; 6:885-893. [PMID: 29560173 PMCID: PMC5811157 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03030c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the electron transfer properties of quinones in biological systems, we recently showed that quinones are also very promising electroactive materials for stationary energy storage applications. Due to the practically infinite chemical space of organic molecules, the discovery of additional quinones or other redox-active organic molecules for energy storage applications is an open field of inquiry. Here, we introduce a high-throughput computational screening approach that we applied to an accelerated study of a total of 1710 quinone (Q) and hydroquinone (QH2) (i.e., two-electron two-proton) redox couples. We identified the promising candidates for both the negative and positive sides of organic-based aqueous flow batteries, thus enabling an all-quinone battery. To further aid the development of additional interesting electroactive small molecules we also provide emerging quantitative structure-property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Er
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA . .,Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Gorlaeus Laboratories , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502 , 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Changwon Suh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA .
| | - Michael P Marshak
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA .
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USA .
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Marshak MP, Rosenfeld DC, Morris WD, Wolczanski PT, Lobkovsky EB, Cundari TR. Lewis Bases Trigger Intramolecular CH-Bond Activation: (tBu3SiO)2W=NtBu [rlhar2] (tBu3SiO)(κO,κC-tBu2SiOCMe2CH2)HW=NtBu. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Marshak
- Department of Chemistry, Room 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United
States
| | - Daniel G. Nocera
- Department of Chemistry, Room 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United
States
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Abstract
The reaction of Co(2)(mesityl)(4) with acetonitrile leads to the formation of a planar, low spin, bis-β-diketiminate cobalt(II) complex, (1-mesitylbutane-1,3-diimine)(2)Co (1). EPR spectroscopy, magnetic studies, and DFT calculations reveal the Co(II) ion to reside in a tetragonal ligand field with a (2)B(2)(d(yz))(1) ground state electronic configuration. Oxidation of 1 with ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate furnishes (1-mesitylbutane-1,3-diimine)(2)Co(THF)(2)PF(6) (2). The absence of significant changes in the metal-ligand bond metrics of the X-ray crystal structures of 1 and 2 supports ligand participation in the oxidation event. Moreover, no significant changes in C-C or C-N bond lengths are observed by X-ray crystallography upon oxidation of a β-diketiminate ligand, in contrast to typical redox noninnocent ligand platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Marshak
- Department of Chemistry, 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
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Hirsekorn KF, Veige AS, Marshak MP, Koldobskaya Y, Wolczanski PT, Cundari TR, Lobkovsky EB. Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Mechanism of (silox)3M(olefin) to (silox)3M(alkylidene) Rearrangements (silox = tBu3SiO; M = Nb, Ta). J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:4809-30. [PMID: 15796547 DOI: 10.1021/ja046180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Olefin complexes (silox)(3)M(ole) (silox = (t)Bu(3)SiO; M = Nb (1-ole), Ta (2-ole); ole = C(2)H(4), C(2)H(3)Me, C(2)H(3)Et, C(2)H(3)C(6)H(4)-p-X (X = OMe, H, CF(3)), C(2)H(3)(t)Bu, (c)C(5)H(8), (c)C(6)H(10), (c)C(7)H(10) (norbornene)) rearrange to alkylidene isomers (silox)(3)M(alk) (M = Nb (1=alk), Ta (2=alk); alk = CHMe, CHEt, CH(n)Pr, CHCH(2)C(6)H(4)-p-X (X = OMe, H, CF(3) (Ta only)), CHCH(2)(t)Bu, (c)C(5)H(8), (c)C(6)H(10), (c)C(7)H(10) (norbornylidene)). Kinetics and labeling experiments suggest that the rearrangement proceeds via a delta-abstraction on a silox CH bond by the beta-olefin carbon to give (silox)(2)RM(kappa(2)-O,C-OSi(t)Bu(2)CMe(2)CH(2)) (M = Nb (4-R), Ta (6-R); R = Me, Et, (n)Pr, (n)Bu, CH(2)CH(2)C(6)H(4)-p-X (X = OMe, H, CF(3) (Ta only)), CH(2)CH(2)(t)Bu, (c)C(5)H(9), (c)C(6)H(11), (c)C(7)H(11) (norbornyl)). A subsequent alpha-abstraction by the cylometalated "arm" of the intermediate on an alpha-CH bond of R generates the alkylidene 1=alk or 2=alk. Equilibrations of 1-ole with ole' to give 1-ole' and ole, and relevant calculations on 1-ole and 2-ole, permit interpretation of all relative ground and transition state energies for the complexes of either metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F Hirsekorn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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