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Patel MB, Spikes H, Bailey RS, Connell T, Gill H, Gokel MR, Harris R, Meisel JW, Negin S, Yin SA, Gokel GW. Antimicrobial and Adjuvant Potencies of Di- n-alkyl Substituted Diazalariat Ethers. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1513. [PMID: 37887214 PMCID: PMC10603992 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lariat ethers are macrocyclic polyethers-crown ethers-to which sidearms are appended. 4,13-Diaza-18-crown-6 having twin alkyl chains at the nitrogens show biological activity. They exhibit antibiotic activity, but when co-administered at with an FDA-approved antibiotic, the latter's potency is often strongly enhanced. Potency enhancements and resistance reversals have been documented in vitro for a range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria with a variety of antimicrobials. Strains of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus having resistance to a range of drugs have been studied and the potency enhancements (checkerboards) are reported here. Drugs included in the present study are ampicillin, cefepime, chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, kanamycin, minocycline, norfloxacin, oxycycline, penicillin G, and tetracycline. Enhancements of norfloxacin potency against S. aureus 1199B of up to 128-fold were observed. The properties of these lariat ethers have been studied to determine solubility, their membrane penetration, cytotoxicity and mammalian cell survival, and their effect on bacterial efflux pumps. It is shown that in some cases, the lariat ethers have complex antimicrobials with considerable selectivity. Based on these observations, including 1:1 complexation between lariat ethers and antimicrobials and the cytotoxicity of the MeI salts showing a separation index of 32-fold, they hold significant potential for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - George W. Gokel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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Gokel MR, McKeever M, Meisel JW, Negin S, Patel MB, Yin S, Gokel GW. Crown ethers having side arms: a diverse and versatile supramolecular chemistry. J COORD CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2021.1878352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Gokel
- Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael McKeever
- Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph W. Meisel
- Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Saeedeh Negin
- Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mohit B. Patel
- Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shanheng Yin
- Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - George W. Gokel
- Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Biology, University of Missouri – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Patel MB, Garrad E, Meisel JW, Negin S, Gokel MR, Gokel GW. Synthetic ionophores as non-resistant antibiotic adjuvants. RSC Adv 2019; 9:2217-2230. [PMID: 35516101 PMCID: PMC9059958 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07641c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a world-wide health care crisis. New antimicrobials must both exhibit potency and thwart the ability of bacteria to develop resistance to them. We report the use of synthetic ionophores as a new approach to developing non-resistant antimicrobials and adjuvants. Most studies involving amphiphilic antimicrobials have focused on either developing synthetic amphiphiles that show ion transport, or developing non-cytotoxic analogs of such peptidic amphiphiles as colistin. We have rationally designed, prepared, and evaluated crown ether-based synthetic ionophores (‘hydraphiles’) that show selective ion transport through bilayer membranes and are toxic to bacteria. We report here that hydraphiles exhibit a broad range of antimicrobial properties and that they function as adjuvants in concert with FDA-approved antibiotics against multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Studies described herein demonstrate that benzyl C14 hydraphile (BC14H) shows high efficacy as an antimicrobial. BC14H, at sub-MIC concentrations, forms aggregates of ∼200 nm that interact with the surface of bacteria. Surface-active BC14H then localizes in the bacterial membranes, which increases their permeability. As a result, antibiotic influx into the bacterial cytosol increases in the presence of BCnHs. Efflux pump inhibition and accumulation of substrate was also observed, likely due to disruption of the cation gradient. As a result, BC14H recovers the activity of norfloxacin by 128-fold against resistant Staphylococcus aureus. BC14H shows extremely low resistance development and is less cytotoxic than colistin. Overall, synthetic ionophores represent a new scaffold for developing efficient and non-resistant antimicrobial-adjuvants. Antimicrobial resistance is a world-wide health care crisis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit B. Patel
- Department of Biology
- University of Missouri – St. Louis
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - Evan Garrad
- Department of Biology
- University of Missouri – St. Louis
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - Joseph W. Meisel
- Department of Chemistry
- Biochemistry University of Missouri – St. Louis
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - Saeedeh Negin
- Department of Chemistry
- Biochemistry University of Missouri – St. Louis
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - Michael R. Gokel
- Department of Chemistry
- Biochemistry University of Missouri – St. Louis
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - George W. Gokel
- Department of Biology
- University of Missouri – St. Louis
- St. Louis
- USA
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Negin S, Patel MB, Gokel MR, Meisel JW, Gokel GW. Inside Cover: Antibiotic Potency against E. coli
Is Enhanced by Channel-Forming Alkyl Lariat Ethers (ChemBioChem 22/2016). Chembiochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Negin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Missouri; 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
- Upaya Pharmaceuticals, LLC; 4633 World Parkway Berkeley MO 63134 USA
| | - Mohit B. Patel
- Department of Biology; University of Missouri; 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
- Upaya Pharmaceuticals, LLC; 4633 World Parkway Berkeley MO 63134 USA
| | - Michael R. Gokel
- Upaya Pharmaceuticals, LLC; 4633 World Parkway Berkeley MO 63134 USA
| | - Joseph W. Meisel
- Center for Nanoscience; University of Missouri; 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Missouri; 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
| | - George W. Gokel
- Center for Nanoscience; University of Missouri; 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Missouri; 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
- Department of Biology; University of Missouri; 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
- Upaya Pharmaceuticals, LLC; 4633 World Parkway Berkeley MO 63134 USA
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Negin S, Patel MB, Gokel MR, Meisel JW, Gokel GW. Antibiotic Potency againstE. coliIs Enhanced by Channel-Forming Alkyl Lariat Ethers. Chembiochem 2016; 17:2153-2161. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Negin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Missouri; 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
- Upaya Pharmaceuticals, LLC; 4633 World Parkway Berkeley MO 63134 USA
| | - Mohit B. Patel
- Department of Biology; University of Missouri; 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
- Upaya Pharmaceuticals, LLC; 4633 World Parkway Berkeley MO 63134 USA
| | - Michael R. Gokel
- Upaya Pharmaceuticals, LLC; 4633 World Parkway Berkeley MO 63134 USA
| | - Joseph W. Meisel
- Center for Nanoscience; University of Missouri; 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Missouri; 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
| | - George W. Gokel
- Center for Nanoscience; University of Missouri; 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Missouri; 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
- Department of Biology; University of Missouri; 1 University Blvd. St. Louis MO 63121 USA
- Upaya Pharmaceuticals, LLC; 4633 World Parkway Berkeley MO 63134 USA
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Patel MB, Garrad EC, Stavri A, Gokel MR, Negin S, Meisel JW, Cusumano Z, Gokel GW. Hydraphiles enhance antimicrobial potency against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2864-70. [PMID: 27166575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydraphiles are synthetic amphiphiles that form ion-conducting pores in liposomal membranes. These pores exhibit open-close behavior when studied by planar bilayer conductance techniques. In previous work, we showed that when co-administered with various antibiotics to the DH5α strain of Escherichia coli, they enhanced the drug's potency. We report here potency enhancements at low concentrations of hydraphiles for the structurally and mechanistically unrelated antibiotics erythromycin, kanamycin, rifampicin, and tetracycline against Gram negative E. coli (DH5α and K-12) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as Gram positive Bacillus subtilis. Earlier work suggested that potency increases correlated to ion transport function. The data presented here comport with the function of hydraphiles to enhance membrane permeability in addition to, or instead of, their known function as ion conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit B Patel
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA; Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Evan C Garrad
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Ariel Stavri
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Michael R Gokel
- Upaya Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 4633 World Pkwy. Cir., Berkeley, MO 63134, USA; Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Saeedeh Negin
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Joseph W Meisel
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Zachary Cusumano
- Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - George W Gokel
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA; Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA; Upaya Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 4633 World Pkwy. Cir., Berkeley, MO 63134, USA.
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Cantwell R, C. Garrad E, R. Gokel M, J. Hayes M, W. Meisel J, Negin S, B. Patel M, W. Gokel G. Biological Activity of Macrocyclic Cation Transporters. CURR ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272819666150618195919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
A series of straight and branched chain pyrogallol[4]arenes was studied and found to be essentially nontoxic to two strains of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Negin
- Center for Nanoscience
- University of Missouri-St. Louis
- St. Louis
- USA
- Dept. of Chemistry
| | - Michael R. Gokel
- Center for Nanoscience
- University of Missouri-St. Louis
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - Mohit B. Patel
- Dept. of Chemistry
- University of Missouri-St. Louis
- St. Louis
- USA
- Department of Biology
| | - Sergey L. Sedinkin
- Center for Nanoscience
- University of Missouri-St. Louis
- St. Louis
- USA
- Dept. of Chemistry
| | - David C. Osborn
- Center for Nanoscience
- University of Missouri-St. Louis
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - George W. Gokel
- Center for Nanoscience
- University of Missouri-St. Louis
- St. Louis
- USA
- Dept. of Chemistry
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Weber ME, Wang W, Steinhardt SE, Gokel MR, Leevy WM, Gokel GW. The Influence of Varied Amide Bond Positions on Hydraphile Ion Channel Activity. NEW J CHEM 2006; 30:177-184. [PMID: 19169369 DOI: 10.1039/b510863m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydraphile compounds have been prepared in which certain of the amine nitrogens have been replaced by amide residues. The amide bonds are present either in the sidearm, the side chain, or the central relay. Sodium cation transport through phospholipid vesicles mediated by each hydraphile was assessed. All of the amide-containing hydraphiles showed increased levels of Na(+) transport compared to the parent compound, but the most dramatic rate increase was observed for sidearm amine to amide replacement. We attribute this enhancement to stabilization of the sidearm in the bilayer to achieve a better conformation for ion conduction. Biological studies of the amide hydraphiles with E. coli and B. subtilis showed significant toxicity only with the latter. Further, the consistency between the efficacies of ion transport and toxicity previously observed for non-amidic hydraphiles was not in evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Weber
- Department of Molecular Biology & Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8103, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110 USA; E-mail:
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Leevy WM, Weber ME, Gokel MR, Hughes-Strange GB, Daranciang DD, Ferdani R, Gokel GW. Correlation of bilayer membrane cation transport and biological activity in alkyl-substituted lariat ethers. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:1647-52. [PMID: 15858645 PMCID: PMC2615582 DOI: 10.1039/b418194h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dialkyldiaza-18-crown-6 lariat ethers having twin n-octyl, n-decyl, n-dodecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-hexadecyl, 1-oxodecyl and 1-oxododecyl side arms were prepared and studied. Cation transport in liposomes mediated by these compounds showed discontinuous activity that correlated with toxicity to the bacteria E. coli and B. Subtilis, and the yeast S. Cerevisiae. Transport, toxicity and membrane depolarization studies all suggest that side chain length affords very different interactions in a bilayer membrane compared with bulk phases. An explanation for activity in terms of carrier transport and restricted transverse relaxation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Matthew Leevy
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology & Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Leevy WM, Gokel MR, Hughes-Strange GB, Schlesinger PH, Gokel GW. Structure and medium effects on hydraphile synthetic ion channel toxicity to the bacterium E. coli. NEW J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b413048k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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