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Kang M, Kendall MA, Ribaudo H, Tierney C, Zheng L, Smeaton L, Lindsey JC. Incorporating estimands into clinical trial statistical analysis plans. Clin Trials 2022; 19:285-291. [PMID: 35257600 DOI: 10.1177/17407745221080463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) E9 Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials was developed as a consensus guidance document to encourage worldwide harmonization of the principles of statistical methodology in clinical trials. Addendum E9 (R1) clarified and extended ICH E9 with a focus on estimands and sensitivity analyses. Since the release of E9 (R1), clinical trial protocols have included estimands, but there is variation in how they are presented. Statistical analysis plans (SAPs) are increasingly becoming publicly available (e.g. posting on ClinicalTrials.gov) and present an opportunity to link estimands with planned analyses to present the alignment of trial objectives, design, conduct, and analysis. METHODS A table format was used to create a template for inclusion in SAPs that satisfies ICH E9 (R1) guidance to align statistical analysis to the estimand. The template provides a consistent structure for presentation of estimands and the associated analysis, and is applicable to a wide range of trial designs. We illustrate use of the template with a hypothetical clinical trial in HIV-1. RESULTS The estimand-to-analysis table template starts with the study objective describing the clinical question of interest as written in the trial protocol. The remainder of the table describes each attribute of the estimand (treatment, target population, variable, intercurrent events, and population-level summary) in the left column (ESTIMAND), while the right column describes how each attribute will be handled using the data collected in the clinical trial (ANALYSIS). The template was applied to a hypothetical, early-phase single-arm trial, modeled after a pediatric trial in HIV, where the objective was to determine the safety of a new antiretroviral drug as part of a combination antiretroviral treatment regimen in the pediatric population. Three intercurrent events were illustrated in the table: death, premature treatment discontinuation before 24 weeks, and pregnancy. An estimand-to-analysis table from a grant application that addresses the primary objective of a placebo-controlled randomized trial is also presented to demonstrate an alternative usage. CONCLUSION We found the template to be useful in study design, providing a snapshot of the objective, target population, potential intercurrent events, analysis plan, and considerations for missing data in one place and facilitating discussion among stakeholders. The proposed standardized presentation of estimand attributes and analysis considerations in SAPs will provide guidance to SAP authors and consistency across studies to facilitate reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Kang
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle A Kendall
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather Ribaudo
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camlin Tierney
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lu Zheng
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Smeaton
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jane C Lindsey
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Haas DW, Mngqibisa R, Francis J, McIlleron H, Robinson JA, Kendall MA, Baker P, Mawlana S, Badal-Faesen S, Angira F, Omoz-Oarhe A, Samaneka WP, Denti P, Cohn SE. Pharmacogenetics of interaction between depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and efavirenz, rifampicin, and isoniazid during treatment of HIV and tuberculosis. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2022; 32:24-30. [PMID: 34369424 PMCID: PMC8578190 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In AIDS Clinical Trials Group study A5338, concomitant rifampicin, isoniazid, and efavirenz was associated with more rapid plasma medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) clearance compared to historical controls without tuberculosis or HIV therapy. We characterized the pharmacogenetics of this interaction. METHODS In A5338, women receiving efavirenz-based HIV therapy and rifampicin plus isoniazid for tuberculosis underwent pharmacokinetic evaluations over 12 weeks following a 150-mg intramuscular injection of depot MPA. Data were interpreted with nonlinear mixed-effects modelling. Associations between individual pharmacokinetic parameters and polymorphisms relevant to rifampicin, isoniazid, efavirenz, and MPA were assessed. RESULTS Of 62 A5338 participants in four African countries, 44 were evaluable for pharmacokinetic associations, with 17 CYP2B6 normal, 21 intermediate, and 6 poor metabolizers, and 5 NAT2 rapid, 20 intermediate, and 19 slow acetylators. There were no associations between either CYP2B6 or NAT2 genotype and MPA Cmin at week 12, apparent clearance, Cmax, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) or half-life, or unexplained interindividual variability in clearance, and uptake rate constant or mean transit time of the slow-release fraction (P > 0.05 for each). In exploratory analyses, none of 28 polymorphisms in 14 genes were consistently associated with MPA pharmacokinetic parameters, and none withstood correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS Study A5338 suggested that more frequent depot MPA dosing may be appropriate for women receiving rifampicin, isoniazid, and efavirenz. The present results suggest that knowledge of CYP2B6 metabolizer or NAT2 acetylator status does not inform individualized DMPA dosing in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Haas
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rosie Mngqibisa
- Enhancing Care Foundation, Durban International CRS, Wentworth Hospital, Durban
| | - Jose Francis
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helen McIlleron
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer A Robinson
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michelle A Kendall
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paxton Baker
- Vanderbilt Technologies for Advanced Genomics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sajeeda Mawlana
- Enhancing Care Foundation, Durban International CRS, Wentworth Hospital, Durban
| | - Sharlaa Badal-Faesen
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Francis Angira
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research (KEMRI/CGHR)/Emory-CDC CTU, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ayotunde Omoz-Oarhe
- Botswana Clinical Trials Unit, Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Wadzanai P Samaneka
- Parirenyatwa CRS, University of Zimbabwe Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Paolo Denti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Susan E Cohn
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Kendall MA, Lalloo U, Fletcher CV, Wu X, Podany AT, Cardoso SW, Ive P, Benson CA. Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Double-Dose Lopinavir/Ritonavir + Rifampin Versus Lopinavir/Ritonavir + Daily Rifabutin for Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Tuberculosis Coinfection. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:706-715. [PMID: 34398956 PMCID: PMC8366816 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy may be used in resource-limited settings in persons with human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis (HIV-TB). Data on safety, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), and HIV-TB outcomes for lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) used with rifampin (RIF) or rifabutin (RBT) are limited. METHODS We randomized adults with HIV-TB from July 2013 to February 2016 to arm A, LPV/r 400 mg/100 mg twice daily + RBT 150 mg/day; arm B, LPV/r 800 mg/200 mg twice daily + RIF 600 mg/day; or arm C, LPV/r 400 mg/100 mg twice daily + raltegravir (RAL) 400 mg twice daily + RBT 150 mg/day. All received two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and other TB drugs. PK visits occurred on day 12 ± 2. Within-arm HIV-TB outcomes were summarized using proportions and 95% CIs; PK were compared using Wilcoxon tests. RESULTS Among 71 participants, 52% were women; 72% Black; 46% Hispanic; median age, 37 years; median CD4+ count, 130 cells/mm3; median HIV-1 RNA, 4.6 log10 copies/mL; 46% had confirmed TB. LPV concentrations were similar across arms. Pooled LPV AUC12 (157 203 hours × ng/mL) and Ctrough (9876 ng/mL) were similar to historical controls; RBT AUC24 (7374 hours × ng/mL) and Ctrough (208 ng/mL) were higher, although 3 participants in arm C had RBT Cmax <250 ng/mL. Proportions with week 48 HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL were 58%, 67%, and 61%, respectively, in arms A, B, and C. CONCLUSIONS Double-dose LPV/r+RIF and LPV/r+RBT 150mg/day had acceptable safety, PK and TB outcomes; HIV suppression was suboptimal but unrelated to PK. Faster RBT clearance and low Cmax in 3 participants on RBT+RAL requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Kendall
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Umesh Lalloo
- Enhancing Care Foundation, Durban International Clinical Research Site (CRS), Durban, South Africa
| | - Courtney V Fletcher
- UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Xingye Wu
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony T Podany
- UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Sandra W Cardoso
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clinica Evandro Chagas (IPEC) CRS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Prudence Ive
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Constance A Benson
- Antiviral Research Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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Francis J, Mngqibisa R, McIlleron H, Kendall MA, Wu X, Dooley KE, Firnhaber C, Godfrey C, Cohn SE, Denti P. A Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic Model for Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Drug-Drug Interactions With Antiretroviral and Antituberculosis Treatment. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:1057-1065. [PMID: 34151439 PMCID: PMC8449800 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate is an injectable hormonal contraceptive, widely used by women of childbearing potential living with HIV and/or tuberculosis. As medroxyprogesterone acetate is a cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) substrate, drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with antiretroviral or antituberculosis treatment may lead to subtherapeutic medroxyprogesterone acetate concentrations (< 0.1 ng/mL), resulting in contraception failure, when depot medroxyprogesterone is dosed at 12-week intervals. A pooled population pharmacokinetic analysis with 744 plasma medroxyprogesterone acetate concentrations from 138 women treated with depot medroxyprogesterone and antiretroviral/antituberculosis treatment across three clinical trials was performed. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to predict the percentage of participants with subtherapeutic medroxyprogesterone acetate concentrations and to derive alternative dosing strategies. Medroxyprogesterone acetate clearance increased by 24.7% with efavirenz coadministration. Efavirenz plus antituberculosis treatment (rifampicin + isoniazid) increased clearance by 52.4%. Conversely, lopinavir/ritonavir and nelfinavir decreased clearance (28.7% and 15.8%, respectively), but lopinavir/ritonavir also accelerated medroxyprogesterone acetate's appearance into the systemic circulation, thus shortening the terminal half-life. A higher risk of subtherapeutic medroxyprogesterone acetate concentrations at Week 12 was predicted on a typical 60-kg woman on efavirenz (4.99%) and efavirenz with antituberculosis treatment (6.08%) when compared with medroxyprogesterone acetate alone (2.91%). This risk increased in women with higher body weight. Simulations show that re-dosing every 8 to 10 weeks circumvents the risk of subtherapeutic medroxyprogesterone acetate exposure associated with these DDIs. Dosing depot medroxyprogesterone every 8 to 10 weeks should eliminate the risk of subtherapeutic medroxyprogesterone acetate exposure caused by coadministered efavirenz and/or antituberculosis treatment, thus reducing the risk of contraceptive failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Francis
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rosie Mngqibisa
- Enhancing Care Foundation, Durban International CRS, Wentworth Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Helen McIlleron
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Xingye Wu
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kelly E Dooley
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cynthia Firnhaber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Catherine Godfrey
- Division of AIDS, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan E Cohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Paolo Denti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Mngqibisa R, Kendall MA, Dooley K, Wu XS, Firnhaber C, Mcilleron H, Robinson J, Cramer Y, Rosenkranz SL, Roa J, Coughlin K, Mawlana S, Badal-Faesen S, Schnabel D, Omoz-Oarhe A, Samaneka W, Godfrey C, Cohn SE. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate in African Women Receiving Treatment for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis: Potential Concern for Standard Dosing Frequency. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:517-524. [PMID: 31504342 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective contraception is critical to young women with HIV-associated tuberculosis (TB), as unintended pregnancy is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. The effects of co-administration of efavirenz and rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) are unknown. We hypothesized that clearance of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) would increase when given with rifampicin and efavirenz, thus increasing risk of ovulation. METHODS This pharmacokinetics (PK) study assessed DMPA among HIV/TB coinfected women on an efavirenz-based antiretroviral treatment and rifampicin-based TB treatment. Plasma MPA concentrations and progesterone were measured predose (MPA only) and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after a single DMPA 150 mg intramuscular injection. The primary outcome measure, MPA concentration (<0.1 ng/mL) at week 12, was assessed using exact 95% Clopper-Pearson confidence intervals. MPA PK parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. RESULTS Among 42 PK-evaluable women from 5 African countries, median age was 32 years and median CD4 was 414 cells/mm3. Five women (11.9%; 95% CI, 4.0-25.6%) had MPA <0.1 ng/mL at week 12; of these, one had MPA <0.1 ng/mL at week 10. The median clearance of MPA was 19 681 L/week compared with 12 118 L/week for historical controls. There were no adverse events related to DMPA, and progesterone concentrations were <1 ng/mL for all women for the study duration. CONCLUSIONS DMPA, when given with rifampicin and efavirenz, was safe. MPA clearance was higher than in women with HIV not on ART, leading to subtherapeutic concentrations of MPA in 12% of women, suggesting that more frequent dosing might be needed. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02412436.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Mngqibisa
- Enhancing Care Foundation, Durban International Clinical Research Site (CRS), Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Kelly Dooley
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xingye Shirley Wu
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Helen Mcilleron
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Mowbray, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Robinson
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoninah Cramer
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jhoanna Roa
- AIDS Clinical Trial Group Network Coordinating Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristine Coughlin
- Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation, Amherst, New York, USA
| | - Sajeeda Mawlana
- Enhancing Care Foundation, Durban International Clinical Research Site (CRS), Durban, South Africa
| | - Sharlaa Badal-Faesen
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Susan E Cohn
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Silva CAM, Graham B, Webb K, Ashton LV, Harton M, Luetkemeyer AF, Bokatzian S, Almubarak R, Mahapatra S, Hovind L, Kendall MA, Havlir D, Belisle JT, De Groote MA. A pilot metabolomics study of tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 84:30-38. [PMID: 31009738 PMCID: PMC6613934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) is challenging and new tools are needed for early diagnosis as well as to understand the biochemical events that underlie the pathology in TB-IRIS. METHODS Plasma samples were obtained from participants from a randomized HIV/TB treatment strategy study (AIDS Clinical Trials Group [ACTG] A5221) with (n = 26) and without TB-IRIS (n = 22) for an untargeted metabolomics pilot study by liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry. The metabolic profile of these participants was compared at the study entry and as close to the diagnosis of TB-IRIS as possible (TB-IRIS window). Molecular features with p < 0.05 and log2 fold change ≥0.58 were submitted for pathway analysis through MetaboAnalyst. We also elucidated potential metabolic signatures for TB-IRIS using a LASSO regression model. RESULTS At the study entry, we showed that the arachidonic acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism were altered in the TB-IRIS group. Sphingolipid and linoleic acid metabolism were the most affected pathways during the TB-IRIS window. LASSO modeling selected a set of 8 and 7 molecular features with the potential to predict TB-IRIS at study entry and during the TB-IRIS window, respectively. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the use of plasma metabolites may distinguish HIV-TB patients with and without TB-IRIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A M Silva
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Barbara Graham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kristofor Webb
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Marisa Harton
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura Hovind
- Frontier Science & Technology Research Foundation, Inc., Amherst, NY, USA
| | - Michelle A Kendall
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane Havlir
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John T Belisle
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Stringer EM, Kendall MA, Lockman S, Campbell TB, Nielsen-Saines K, Sawe F, Cu-Uvin S, Wu X, Currier JS. Pregnancy outcomes among HIV-infected women who conceived on antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199555. [PMID: 30020964 PMCID: PMC6051581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As antiretroviral therapy (ART) expands in resource-limited settings, understanding the impact of ART on pregnancy outcomes is critical. We analyzed women who became pregnant on ART while enrolled in a clinical trial (HPTN 052, ACTG A5208, and ACTG A5175); the majority of women were from Africa, with a median age of 29 years. Eligible women were on ART at conception and had a documented date of a last menstrual period and a pregnancy outcome. The primary outcome was non-live birth (stillbirth; spontaneous abortion; elective termination; or ectopic pregnancy) versus live birth. Preterm birth (<37 weeks completed gestation) was a secondary outcome. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models with time-varying covariates. 359 women became pregnant, of whom 253 (70%) met inclusion criteria: 127 (50%) were on NNRTI-based ART, 118 (47%) on PI-based ART, and 8 (3%) on 3-NRTIs at conception. There were 160 (63%) live births (76 term and 84 preterm), 11 (4%) stillbirths, 51 (20%) spontaneous abortions, 28 (11%) elective terminations, and 3 (1%) ectopic pregnancies. In multivariable analysis adjusted for region, parent study, and pre-pregnancy ART class, only older age was associated with increased hazard of preterm birth [HR: 2.49 for age 25-30 years; 95% CI: 1.18-5.26; p = 0.017]. Women conceiving on ART had high rates of preterm birth and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Despite the benefits of ART, studies designed to investigate the effects of preconception ART on pregnancy outcomes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Stringer
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Michelle A Kendall
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Shahin Lockman
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Thomas B Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Karin Nielsen-Saines
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Fred Sawe
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Henry Jackson Foundation Medical Research International (HJFMRI), Kericho, Kenya
| | - Susan Cu-Uvin
- Director, Providence/Boston Center for AIDS Research, Director, Brown Global Health Initiative, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Xingye Wu
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Judith S Currier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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Kelesidis T, Kendall MA, Danoff A, Aberg JA, Currier JS, Schmidt AM. Soluble levels of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts and dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: ACTG NWCS332. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e10955. [PMID: 29851842 PMCID: PMC6392937 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in HIV-related atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is unclear. Both glycation and oxidation (HDLox) are major modifications of HDL that can alter its composition and function. Therefore, we explored the longitudinal association of HDLox with progression of glycation, as evaluated by measurement of circulating forms of receptor for AGE that predict morbidity (soluble Receptors for Advanced Glycation Endproducts [sRAGE], endogenous secretory Receptors for Advanced Glycation Endproducts [esRAGE]), in people with HIV-1 (PWH; HIV-1) and uninfected (HIV-1) individuals.We retrospectively assessed if levels of plasma sRAGE and esRAGE and HDL function (reduced antioxidant function is associated with increased HDL lipid hydroperoxide content; HDLox) in a subset of participants (n = 80) from a prospective 3-year study (AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5078). Primary outcomes were baseline and yearly rates of change over 96 of 144 weeks (Δ) in HDLox in HIV-1 versus uninfected HIV-1 controls (noted as HIV-1).Higher baseline levels of sRAGE in PWH on effective anti-retroviral therapy and with low CVD risk, but not in HIV-1 persons, were independently associated with higher HDLox. EsRAGE, but not sRAGE, had consistent inverse relationships with ΔHDLox in both HIV-1 and HIV-1 persons at baseline. In HIV-1 but not in HIV-1 persons, ΔHDLox had positive and inverse relationships with ΔRAGE and ΔesRAGE, respectively.Glycation and oxidation of HDL may contribute to impaired HDL function present in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michelle A. Kendall
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Ann Danoff
- Department of Medicine, CPL Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Judith A. Aberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Judith S. Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Sattler FR, Chelliah D, Wu X, Sanchez A, Kendall MA, Hogg E, Lagat D, Lalloo U, Veloso V, Havlir DV, Landay A. Biomarkers Associated with Death After Initiating Treatment for Tuberculosis and HIV in Patients with Very Low CD 4 Cells. Pathog Immun 2018; 3:46-62. [PMID: 29770360 PMCID: PMC5951172 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v3i1.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The risk of short-term death for treatment naive patients dually infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV may be reduced by early anti-retroviral therapy. Of those dying, mechanisms responsible for fatal outcomes are unclear. We hypothesized that greater malnutrition and/or inflammation when initiating treatment are associated with an increased risk for death. Methods We utilized a retrospective case-cohort design among participants of the ACTG A5221 study who had baseline CD4 < 50 cells/mm3. The case-cohort sample consisted of 51 randomly selected participants, whose stored plasma was tested for C-reactive protein, cytokines, chemokines, and nutritional markers. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association of nutritional, inflammatory, and immunomodulatory markers for survival. Results The case-cohort sample was similar to the 282 participants within the parent cohort with CD4 <50 cells/mm3. In the case cohort, 7 (14%) had BMI < 16.5 (kg/m2) and 17 (33%) had BMI 16.5-18.5(kg/m2). Risk of death was increased per 1 IQR width higher of log10 transformed level of C-reactive protein (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 3.42 [95% CI = 1.33-8.80], P = 0.011), interferon gamma (aHR = 2.46 [CI = 1.02-5.90], P = 0.044), MCP-3 (3.67 [CI = 1.08-12.42], P = 0.037), and with IL-15 (aHR = 2.75 [CI = 1.08-6.98], P = 0.033) and IL-17 (aHR = 3.99 [CI = -1.06-15.07], P = 0.041). BMI, albumin, hemoglobin, and leptin levels were not associated with risk of death. Conclusions Unlike patients only infected with M. tuberculosis for whom malnutrition and low BMI increase the risk of death, this relationship was not evident in our dually infected patients. Risk of death was associated with significant increases in markers of global inflammation along with soluble biomarkers of innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred R Sattler
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel Chelliah
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xingye Wu
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alejandro Sanchez
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Evelyn Hogg
- Social & Scientific Systems Inc., Silver Springs, Maryland
| | - David Lagat
- Moi University Clinical Research Center, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Umesh Lalloo
- Enhancing Care Foundation, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Valdilea Veloso
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diane V Havlir
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alan Landay
- Rush Presbyterian Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Badal-Faesen S, Firnhaber C, Kendall MA, Wu X, Grinsztejn B, Escada RODS, Fernandez M, Hogg E, Sanne I, Johnson P, Alland D, Mazurek GH, Benator DA, Luetkemeyer AF. Impact of Larger Sputum Volume on Xpert ® MTB/RIF Assay Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Smear-Negative Individuals with Suspected Tuberculosis. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6080078. [PMID: 28783093 PMCID: PMC5575580 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6080078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a strategy to improve the sensitivity of nucleic acid-based testing in acid-fast bacilli (AFB) negative samples, larger volumes of sputum (5–10 mL) were tested with Xpert® MTB/RIF from 176 individuals with smear-negative sputum undergoing tuberculosis evaluation. Despite larger volumes, this strategy had a suboptimal sensitivity of 50% (4/8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharlaa Badal-Faesen
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa.
| | - Cynthia Firnhaber
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa.
| | - Michelle A Kendall
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Xingye Wu
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas-INI-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21.045-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Michel Fernandez
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Department, Baylor Scott and White Hospital, Temple, TX 76508, USA.
| | - Evelyn Hogg
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Ian Sanne
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa.
| | | | - David Alland
- Division of Infectious Disease, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Gerald H Mazurek
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Debra A Benator
- The Veterans Affairs Medical Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
| | - Anne F Luetkemeyer
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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11
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Danoff A, Kendall MA, Currier JS, Kelesidis T, Schmidt AM, Aberg JA. Soluble Levels of Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) and Progression of Atherosclerosis in Individuals Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: ACTG NWCS 332. Inflammation 2017; 39:1354-62. [PMID: 27216802 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification of biomarkers and/or mediators of cardiovascular disease (CVD) associated with HIV infection would be of diagnostic and therapeutic value. As soluble receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (sRAGE) and endogenous secretory (esRAGE) have been implicated in vascular complications in other settings, we investigated whether either soluble form of RAGE was associated with changes in carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in HIV-infected patients and HIV-uninfected controls. We found no differences in sRAGE, esRAGE, or CIMT among groups at study entry, or in yearly rates of change in sRAGE, esRAGE, or CIMT by HIV-serostatus (all p > 0.10). However, yearly rates of change in sRAGE (p = 0.07) and esRAGE (p < 0.001) were higher in those taking protease inhibitors, and lower baseline esRAGE levels (p = 0.06) were associated with increased odds of CIMT progression in HIV-infected individuals. Although esRAGE was not altered by HIV-serostatus (p = 0.17), its inverse relationship with CIMT progression in HIV-infected patients suggests a possible role as a mediator of CVD in HIV-infected persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Danoff
- Department of Medicine, VA Corporal Michael J Crecenz VA Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Perelman School of Medicine, 3900 Woodland Ave, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA.
| | - Michelle A Kendall
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Judith A Aberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Luetkemeyer AF, Firnhaber C, Kendall MA, Wu X, Mazurek GH, Benator DA, Arduino R, Fernandez M, Guy E, Johnson P, Metchock B, Sattler F, Telzak E, Wang YF, Weiner M, Swindells S, Sanne IM, Havlir DV, Grinsztejn B, Alland D. Evaluation of Xpert MTB/RIF Versus AFB Smear and Culture to Identify Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Patients With Suspected Tuberculosis From Low and Higher Prevalence Settings. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:1081-8. [PMID: 26839383 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) assay is a rapid nucleic acid amplification test widely used in settings of high tuberculosis prevalence to detect tuberculosis as well asrpoBmutations associated with rifampin resistance. Data are needed on the diagnostic performance of Xpert in lower-prevalence settings to inform appropriate use for both tuberculosis detection and the need for respiratory isolation. METHODS Xpert was compared to 2 sputum samples, each evaluated with acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear and mycobacterial culture using liquid and solid culture media, from participants with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis from the United States, Brazil, and South Africa. RESULTS Of 992 participants enrolled with evaluable results, 22% had culture-confirmed tuberculosis. In 638 (64%) US participants, 1 Xpert result demonstrated sensitivity of 85.2% (96.7% in participants with AFB smear-positive [AFB(+)] sputum, 59.3% with AFB smear-negative [AFB(-)] sputum), specificity of 99.2%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 97.6%, and positive predictive value of 94.9%. Results did not differ between higher- and low-prevalence settings. A second Xpert assay increased overall sensitivity to 91.1% (100% if AFB(+), 71.4% if AFB(-)), with specificity of 98.9%. In US participants, a single negative Xpert result predicted the absence of AFB(+)/culture-positive tuberculosis with an NPV of 99.7%; NPV of 2 Xpert assays was 100%, suggesting a role in removing patients from airborne infection isolation. Xpert detected tuberculosis DNA and mutations associated with rifampin resistance in 5 of 7 participants with rifampin-resistant, culture-positive tuberculosis. Specificity for rifampin resistance was 99.5% and NPV was 98.9%. CONCLUSIONS In the United States, Xpert testing performed comparably to 2 higher-tuberculosis-prevalence settings. These data support the use of Xpert in the initial evaluation of tuberculosis suspects and in algorithms assessing need for respiratory isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne F Luetkemeyer
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California
| | - Cynthia Firnhaber
- Clinical HIV Research Unit Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michelle A Kendall
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xingye Wu
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gerald H Mazurek
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Debra A Benator
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and The George Washington University, Washington D.C
| | - Roberto Arduino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Michel Fernandez
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Tarrant County Health Department, Fort Worth
| | - Elizabeth Guy
- Section of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Beverly Metchock
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Fred Sattler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California
| | - Edward Telzak
- St. Barnabus Hospital Health System, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Yun F Wang
- Emory University School of Medicine, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marc Weiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Antonio
| | - Susan Swindells
- Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln
| | - Ian M Sanne
- Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Diane V Havlir
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto de Pesquisa Clinica Evandro Chagas Fiocruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David Alland
- Division of Infectious Disease, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark
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Kendall MA, Tassiopoulos K, McComsey GA, Yin MT. Fractures Are Not Associated with CD8(+) T Cell Activation: An Analysis of the ACTG ALLRT Study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:769-71. [PMID: 26087394 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Kendall
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine Tassiopoulos
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Grace A. McComsey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Michael T. Yin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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14
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Natsag J, Kendall MA, Sellmeyer DE, McComsey GA, Brown TT. Vitamin D, osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (OPG/RANKL) and inflammation with alendronate treatment in HIV-infected patients with reduced bone mineral density. HIV Med 2015; 17:196-205. [PMID: 26177791 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine the effect of alendronate (ALN) on inflammatory markers and osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL), and to explore the associations of baseline systemic inflammation and vitamin D status on the bone mineral density (BMD) response to ALN. METHODS Eighty-two HIV-positive patients with lumbar spine T-score ≤ -1.5 were randomized to ALN 70 mg weekly or placebo for 48 weeks; all received calcium carbonate 500 mg/vitamin D3 200 IU twice daily. Serum C-telopeptide (CTx) and BMD were assessed at baseline and week 48. Stored plasma samples in 70 subjects were assayed for levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), OPG, RANKL, interleukin (IL)-6 and soluble receptors for tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α 1 and 2 (sTNFR 1 and 2). RESULTS ALN increased BMD more than placebo at both the lumbar spine (difference ALN - placebo 2.64%; P = 0.011) and the total hip (difference 2.27%; P = 0.016). No within- or between-arm differences in OPG, RANKL or inflammatory markers were observed over 48 weeks. High baseline CTx and sTNFR2 were associated with a more robust BMD response to ALN over 48 weeks at the lumbar spine [difference 5.66%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.50, 7.82; P < 0.0001] and total hip (difference 4.99%; 95% CI 2.40, 7.57; P = 0.0002), respectively. Baseline 25(OH)D < 32 ng/mL was associated with larger increases in total hip BMD over 48 weeks, independent of ALN treatment (P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Among HIV-positive patients, higher baseline bone resorption and TNF-α activity were associated with an increased BMD response to ALN. The greater BMD response in those with lower vitamin D reinforces the importance of vitamin D supplementation with bisphosphonate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Natsag
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M A Kendall
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D E Sellmeyer
- Metabolic Bone Center, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - G A McComsey
- Division of Pediatric Infectious and Rheumatology Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - T T Brown
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Wohl DA, Kendall MA, Owens S, Holland G, Nokta M, Spector SA, Schrier R, Fiscus S, Davis M, Jacobson MA, Currier JS, Squires K, Alston-Smith B, Andersen J, Freeman WR, Higgins M, Torriani FJ. The Safety of Discontinuation of Maintenance Therapy for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Retinitis and Incidence of Immune Recovery Uveitis Following Potent Antiretroviral Therapy. HIV Clinical Trials 2015; 6:136-46. [PMID: 16192248 DOI: 10.1310/4j65-4yx1-4et6-e5kr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reconstitution of immune function during potent antiretroviral therapy can prompt discontinuation of maintenance cytomegalovirus (CMV) therapy but has also been associated with sight-threatening inflammatory conditions including immune recovery uveitis (IRU). METHOD Patients with inactive CMV retinitis and a CD4+ cell count above 100/mm3, receiving CMV therapy and stable combination antiretroviral therapy, were assigned to one of two groups based on willingness to discontinue CMV therapy. RESULTS Thirty-eight participants were enrolled: 28 discontinued anti-CMV therapy (Group 1) and 10 continued CMV treatment (Group 2). Median on-study follow-up was 16 months. One Group 1 participant who experienced an increase in plasma HIV viral load and a decline in CD4+ cell count developed confirmed progression of CMV retinitis. Progression or reactivation CMV retinitis was not observed among Group 2. IRU was present at study entry in 3 participants. Six participants in Group 1 and 3 participants in Group 2 developed IRU on-study. CMV viremia was not detected in any participants, and urinary shedding of CMV was intermittent. CONCLUSION Recurrence of CMV retinitis following discontinuation of anti-CMV therapy among patients with antiretroviral-induced increases in CD4+ cell count was rare. However, IRU was common in both those who maintained and discontinued anti-CMV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Wohl
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516-7215, USA.
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Crump JA, Wu X, Kendall MA, Ive PD, Kumwenda JJ, Grinsztejn B, Jentsch U, Swindells S. Predictors and outcomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia among patients with HIV and tuberculosis co-infection enrolled in the ACTG A5221 STRIDE study. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:12. [PMID: 25582793 PMCID: PMC4297427 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated predictors and outcomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia among participants undergoing baseline mycobacterial blood culture in the ACTG A5221 STRIDE study, a randomized clinical trial comparing earlier with later ART among HIV-infected patients suspected of having tuberculosis with CD4-positive T-lymphocyte counts (CD4 counts) <250 cells/mm3. We conducted a secondary analysis comparing participants with respect to presence or absence of M. tuberculosis bacteremia. Methods Participants with a baseline mycobacterial blood culture were compared with respect to the presence or absence of M. tuberculosis bacteremia. Baseline predictors of M. tuberculosis bacteremia were identified and participant outcomes were compared by mycobacteremia status. Results Of 90 participants with baseline mycobacterial blood cultures, 29 (32.2%) were female, the median (IQR) age was 37 (31–45) years, CD4 count was 81 (33–131) cells/mm3, HIV-1 RNA level was 5.39 (4.96–5.83) log10 copies/mL, and 18 (20.0%) had blood cultures positive for M. tuberculosis. In multivariable analysis, lower CD4 count (OR 0.85 per 10-cell increase, p = 0.012), hemoglobin ≤8.5 g/dL (OR 5.8, p = 0.049), and confirmed tuberculosis (OR 17.4, p = 0.001) were associated with M. tuberculosis bacteremia. There were no significant differences in survival and AIDS-free survival, occurrence of tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), or treatment interruption or discontinuation by M. tuberculosis bacteremia status. IRIS did not differ significantly between groups despite trends toward more virologic suppression and greater CD4 count increases at week 48 in the bacteremic group. Conclusions Among HIV-infected tuberculosis suspects, lower CD4 count, hemoglobin ≤8.5 g/dL, and the presence of microbiologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis were associated with increased adjusted odds of mycobacteremia. No evidence of an association between M. tuberculosis bacteremia and the increased risk of IRIS was detected. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00108862.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Crump
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 102359, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Box 90519, Durham, NC, 27708, USA. .,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, PO Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania. .,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, PO Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania.
| | - Xingye Wu
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Michelle A Kendall
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Prudence D Ive
- Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Johnstone J Kumwenda
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi.
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenue Brasil 4365, Manguinhos 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Ute Jentsch
- School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Susan Swindells
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd and Emile, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Wohl DA, Kendall MA, Feinberg J, Alston-Smith B, Owens S, Chafey S, Marco M, Maxwell S, Benson C, Keiser P, van der Horst C, Jacobson MA. The clinical impact of continuing to prescribe antiretroviral therapy in patients with advanced AIDS who manifest no virologic or immunologic benefit. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78676. [PMID: 24260125 PMCID: PMC3829816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite the efficacy and tolerability of modern antiretroviral therapy (ART), many patients with advanced AIDS prescribed these regimens do not achieve viral suppression or immune reconstitution as a result of poor adherence, drug resistance, or both. The clinical outcomes of continued ART prescription for such patients have not been well characterized. Methods We examined the causes and predictors of all-cause mortality, AIDS-defining conditions, and serious non-AIDS-defining events among a cohort of participants in a clinical trial of pre-emptive therapy for CMV disease. We focused on participants who, despite ART had failed to achieve virologic suppression and substantive immune reconstitution. Results 233 ART-receiving participants entered with a median baseline CD4+ T cell count of 30/mm3 and plasma HIV RNA of 5 log10 copies/mL. During a median 96 weeks of follow-up, 24.0% died (a mortality rate of 10.7/100 patient-years); 27.5% reported a new AIDS-defining condition, and 22.3% a new serious non-AIDS event. Of the deaths, 42.8% were due to an AIDS-defining condition, 44.6% were due to a non-AIDS-defining condition, and 12.5% were of unknown etiology. Decreased risk of mortality was associated with baseline CD4+ T cell count ≥25/mm3 and lower baseline HIV RNA. Conclusions Among patients with advanced AIDS prescribed modern ART who achieve neither virologic suppression nor immune reconstitution, crude mortality percentages appear to be lower than reported in cohorts of patients studied a decade earlier. Also, in contrast to the era before modern ART became available, nearly half of the deaths in our modern-era study were caused by serious non-AIDS-defining events. Even among the most advanced AIDS patients who were not obtaining apparent immunologic and virologic benefit from ART, continued prescription of these medications appears to alter the natural history of AIDS—improving survival and shifting the causes of death from AIDS- to non-AIDS-defining conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Wohl
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michelle A. Kendall
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Judith Feinberg
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Beverly Alston-Smith
- Division of AIDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan Owens
- Frontier Science & Technology Foundation, Amherst, New York, United States of America
| | - Suzette Chafey
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Marco
- Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sharon Maxwell
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Constance Benson
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Philip Keiser
- University of Texas – Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Mark A. Jacobson
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Kelesidis T, Kendall MA, Yang OO, Hodis H, Currier JS. Perturbations of circulating levels of RANKL-osteoprotegerin axis in relation to lipids and progression of atherosclerosis in HIV-infected and -uninfected adults: ACTG NWCS 332/A5078 Study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:938-48. [PMID: 23351153 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor activator of the NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-osteoprotegerin (OPG) axis has been shown to play a role in the inflammatory process of atherogenesis and may be regulated by changes in levels of cholesterol. However, the interplay between HIV-1 infection, lipids, the RANKL-OPG axis, and atherosclerosis is poorly defined. Serum RANKL, OPG, and RANKL/OPG ratio were retrospectively assessed for 91 subjects from a 3-year study of carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT), which enrolled triads of risk factor-matched persons that were HIV-1 uninfected (n=36) or HIV-1(+) with (n=29) or without (n=26) continuous protease inhibitor (PI)-based therapy for ≥2 years. Associations of serum RANKL, OPG, and RANKL/OPG ratio to the primary outcomes of levels of circulating lipids and atherosclerosis progression were determined using multivariate regression models. Serum RANKL and RANKL/OPG ratio were significantly lower in HIV-infected versus HIV-uninfected subjects (p<0.01). Multivariate models for HIV-1(+) subjects, but not in uninfected controls, demonstrated that perturbations in serum cholesterol levels were significantly associated (p<0.05) with perturbations in serum levels of RANKL and OPG, and their ratio (RANKL/OPG). There were no significant associations of serum RANKL, OPG, and RANKL/OPG with progression of atherosclerosis in HIV-1(+) subjects. Our results suggest that HIV-1 infection is associated with reductions in both serum RANKL and the RANKL/OPG ratio, and perturbations in the circulating levels of RANKL and OPG are significantly associated with increases in cholesterol levels, but not with progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michelle A. Kendall
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Otto O. Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Howard Hodis
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Judith S. Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Kelesidis T, Yang OO, Kendall MA, Hodis HN, Currier JS. Dysfunctional HDL and progression of atherosclerosis in HIV-1-infected and -uninfected adults. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:23. [PMID: 23510548 PMCID: PMC3602051 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HDL function rather than absolute level may be a more accurate indicator for risk of developing atherosclerosis. Dysfunctional HDL has increased redox activity and reduced antioxidant properties, but it is unknown whether abnormal HDL function is associated with progression of atherosclerosis in HIV-1-infected subjects. FINDINGS We retrospectively measured serum HDL function in 91 subjects from a prospective 3-year study of carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT), which enrolled triads of risk factor-matched persons that were HIV-1-uninfected (n=36) or HIV-1+ with (n=29) or without (n=26) protease inhibitor (PI)-based therapy for ≥ 2 years. HDL function was assessed using a biochemical assay that measures the oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR oxidation rate, DOR), in which higher DOR readout corresponds to dysfunctional HDL phenotype.There were no significant associations between DOR and HIV-1 infection. In univariate analysis of 55 HIV-1-infected subjects, greater waist circumference and lower serum HDL were significantly associated with higher baseline levels of DOR (p=0.01). These subjects had significant increases in levels of DOR over time (3 years) that were associated with white race (p=0.03), higher nadir CD4 count (p<0.001), and lower baseline CIMT (p<0.001). Lower baseline HDL levels, but not function of HDL (p>0.1) (DOR), were significantly associated (p=0.02) with progression of CIMT. CONCLUSION In a small matched cohort study of HIV-1-infected subjects who had a low cardiovascular risk profile, HDL function changed over time and was independently associated with anthropometric parameters of obesity but not with progression of CIMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kelesidis T, Kendall MA, Yang OO, Hodis HN, Currier JS. Biomarkers of microbial translocation and macrophage activation: association with progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1558-67. [PMID: 23066162 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationships between soluble CD14 (sCD14), endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]), and progression of atherosclerosis have not been defined in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. METHODS We retrospectively assessed serum sCD14 and LPS levels of 91 subjects in a prospective 3-year study of carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) (AIDS Clinical Trials Group [ACTG] 5078), where subjects were enrolled as risk factor-controlled triads of HIV-uninfected (n = 36) and HIV-infected individuals with (n = 29) or without (n = 26) protease inhibitor (PI)-based therapy for ≥2 years. The primary end point was the yearly rate of change of CIMT (ΔCIMT). RESULTS In multivariate analysis of the HIV-infected subjects, each 1 µg/mL above the mean of baseline serum sCD14 corresponded to an additional 1.52 µm/y (95% confidence interval, .07-2.98; P = .04) in the ΔCIMT. Every 100 pg/mL above the mean of baseline serum LPS corresponded to an additional 0.49 µm/y (95% confidence interval, .18-.81; P = .003) in the ΔCIMT. However, in univariate analysis in the HIV-uninfected group sCD14 (P = .33) and LPS (P = .27) levels were not associated with higher ΔCIMT. HIV infection and PI therapy were not associated with baseline serum LPS and sCD14 levels (P > .1). CONCLUSIONS Our data are among the first to suggest that serum biomarkers of microbial translocation (LPS) and macrophage activation (sCD14) predict subclinical atherosclerosis progression in HIV-infected persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA
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21
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Havlir DV, Kendall MA, Ive P, Kumwenda J, Swindells S, Qasba SS, Luetkemeyer AF, Hogg E, Rooney JF, Wu X, Hosseinipour MC, Lalloo U, Veloso VG, Some FF, Kumarasamy N, Padayatchi N, Santos BR, Reid S, Hakim J, Mohapi L, Mugyenyi P, Sanchez J, Lama JR, Pape JW, Sanchez A, Asmelash A, Moko E, Sawe F, Andersen J, Sanne I. Timing of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection and tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:1482-91. [PMID: 22010914 PMCID: PMC3327101 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1013607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is indicated during tuberculosis treatment in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), but the timing for the initiation of ART when tuberculosis is diagnosed in patients with various levels of immune compromise is not known. METHODS We conducted an open-label, randomized study comparing earlier ART (within 2 weeks after the initiation of treatment for tuberculosis) with later ART (between 8 and 12 weeks after the initiation of treatment for tuberculosis) in HIV-1 infected patients with CD4+ T-cell counts of less than 250 per cubic millimeter and suspected tuberculosis. The primary end point was the proportion of patients who survived and did not have a new (previously undiagnosed) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining illness at 48 weeks. RESULTS A total of 809 patients with a median baseline CD4+ T-cell count of 77 per cubic millimeter and an HIV-1 RNA level of 5.43 log(10) copies per milliliter were enrolled. In the earlier-ART group, 12.9% of patients had a new AIDS-defining illness or died by 48 weeks, as compared with 16.1% in the later-ART group (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.8 to 8.1; P=0.45). Among patients with screening CD4+ T-cell counts of less than 50 per cubic millimeter, 15.5% of patients in the earlier-ART group versus 26.6% in the later-ART group had a new AIDS-defining illness or died (95% CI, 1.5 to 20.5; P=0.02). Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome was more common with earlier ART than with later ART (11% vs. 5%, P=0.002). The rate of viral suppression at 48 weeks was 74% and did not differ between the groups (P=0.38). CONCLUSIONS Overall, earlier ART did not reduce the rate of new AIDS-defining illness and death, as compared with later ART. In persons with CD4+ T-cell counts of less than 50 per cubic millimeter, earlier ART was associated with a lower rate of new AIDS-defining illnesses and death. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; ACTG A5221 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00108862.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane V Havlir
- University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Ave., Bldg. 80, Ward 84, San Francisco, CA 94110-2897, USA.
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22
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Wohl DA, Kendall MA, Andersen J, Crumpacker C, Spector SA, Feinberg J, Alston-Smith B, Owens S, Chafey S, Marco M, Maxwell S, Lurain N, Jabs D, Benson C, Keiser P, Jacobson MA. Low rate of CMV end-organ disease in HIV-infected patients despite low CD4+ cell counts and CMV viremia: results of ACTG protocol A5030. HIV Clin Trials 2009; 10:143-52. [PMID: 19632953 DOI: 10.1310/hct1003-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe cytomegalovirus (CMV) end-organ disease (EOD) rate in AIDS patients with low CD4+ cell count despite HAART who were enrolled in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of preemptive valganciclovir (VGCV) to prevent CMV EOD in those with CMV viremia. METHODS Subjects (N = 338) were HIV-infected with CD4+ count <100 cells/mm3, plasma HIV RNA >400 copies/mL, and on stable or no HAART. All underwent plasma CMV DNA PCR testing every 8 weeks (Step 1); those with detectable CMV DNA were randomized to VGCV or placebo (Step 2). RESULTS Plasma CMV DNA was detected in 68 (20%), of whom 4 developed CMV EOD. During Step 1, 53 died. Of the 47 who entered Step 2 (24 VGCV, 23 placebo), CMV EOD was diagnosed in 10 (4 VGCV, 6 placebo) and 15 died (7 VGCV, 8 placebo). Of those randomized to placebo, 14% were diagnosed with CMV EOD at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS We observed a lower CMV EOD rate among subjects receiving HAART than predicted based on published literature. However, mortality was high in this study. Our findings suggest that preemptive anti-CMV therapy in patients with persistently low CD4+ cell counts in the current treatment era may not be warranted given the low incidence of CMV EOD and high all-cause mortality observed in this study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Wohl
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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23
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Acosta EP, Kendall MA, Gerber JG, Alston-Smith B, Koletar SL, Zolopa AR, Agarwala S, Child M, Bertz R, Hosey L, Haas DW. Effect of concomitantly administered rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and safety of atazanavir administered twice daily. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:3104-10. [PMID: 17576825 PMCID: PMC2043180 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00341-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potent induction of hepatic cytochrome P450 3A isoforms by rifampin complicates therapy for coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We performed an open-label, single-arm study to assess the safety and pharmacokinetic interactions of the HIV protease inhibitor atazanavir coadministered with rifampin. Ten healthy HIV-negative subjects completed pharmacokinetic sampling at steady state while receiving 300 mg atazanavir every 12 h without rifampin (period 1), 300 mg atazanavir every 12 h with 600 mg rifampin every 24 h (period 2), and 400 mg atazanavir every 12 h with 600 mg rifampin every 24 h (period 3). During period 1, the mean concentration of drug in serum at 12 h (C(12 h)) was 811 ng/ml (range, 363 to 2,484 ng/ml) for atazanavir, similar to historic seronegative data for once-daily treatment with 300 mg atazanavir boosted with 100 mg ritonavir. During periods 2 and 3, the mean C(12 h) values for atazanavir were 44 ng/ml (range, <25 to 187 ng/ml) and 113 ng/ml (range, 39 to 260 ng/ml), respectively, well below historic seronegative data for once-daily treatment with 400 mg atazanavir without ritonavir. Although safe and generally well tolerated, 300 mg or 400 mg atazanavir administered every 12 h did not maintain adequate plasma exposure when coadministered with rifampin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Acosta
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Currier JS, Kendall MA, Henry WK, Alston-Smith B, Torriani FJ, Tebas P, Li Y, Hodis HN. Progression of carotid artery intima-media thickening in HIV-infected and uninfected adults. AIDS 2007; 21:1137-45. [PMID: 17502724 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32811ebf79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the rate of change in intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery among uninfected subjects and HIV-infected subjects receiving or not receiving protease inhibitor (PI) regimens over a 144 week period. DESIGN This prospective, matched cohort study enrolled 133 subjects into 45 triads (groups of three subjects matched by age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, blood pressure, and menopause) from university based outpatient HIV clinics. Each triad consisted of one subject from each of the following groups: 1, HIV-infected subjects with continuous use of PI therapy for > or = 2 years; 2, HIV-infected subjects without prior PI use; 3, HIV-uninfected subjects. METHODS Standardized ultrasound images of carotid IMT were collected at weeks 0, 2, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 144. The main outcome was the yearly progression rate of carotid IMT (mm/year). RESULTS The median yearly IMT progression rate in groups 1, 2, and 3 was 0.0096, 0.0058, and 0.0085 mm/year, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in progression between groups 1 and 2, or between the combined HIV-positive groups and the HIV-negative control group. A multicovariate model examining predictors of progression in carotid IMT among all subjects contained low density lipoprotein cholesterol and homocysteine. Among HIV subjects, predictors included nadir CD4 cell count and ritonavir use. CONCLUSIONS HIV infection and PI use did not contribute substantially to the rate of carotid IMT progression in our matched study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S Currier
- Center for Clinical AIDS Research and Education, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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25
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Kendall MA, Andersen JW, van der Horst C. A reduced frequency visit schedule underreports adverse events that resulted in dose modifications or treatment discontinuations in HIV/AIDS clinical trials: ACTG DACS 207. Contemp Clin Trials 2006; 27:287-94. [PMID: 16545621 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most large clinical trials for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) conducted at university medical centers require intensive real-time monitoring, with clinic visits at least every 4 to 8 weeks. Investigating a reduced frequency visit schedule will help determine whether the current amount of monitoring is needed to ensure subject safety. If we can show that subjects may visit the clinic less often than every 8 weeks and not miss important laboratory-related drug toxicities, then it may be feasible to conduct large studies with simpler designs without compromising the subjects' health. METHODS In a retrospective analysis, we examined 3385 study participants who were enrolled in one of four clinical trials conducted by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Variables examined included age, sex, race, CD4 cell count, HIV antiretroviral use, and medications to treat or prevent selected HIV-associated opportunistic infections. RESULTS Significantly more than the hypothesized 5% of clinic visits with at least one drug toxicity were missed when visits were either every 16 or 24 weeks instead of every 8 weeks (exact Poisson lower 95% confidence bounds = 9.7% and 9.2%, respectively). In both visit-skipping scenarios, there were no significant differences found in the rates of missed drug toxicities by sex or age. However, entry CD4 cell count, HIV antiretroviral use, and medications to treat or prevent two HIV-associated opportunistic infections significantly affected the expected mean number of missed drug toxicities. CONCLUSION Study visits cannot be extended from every 8 weeks to every 16 or 24 weeks without potentially harming the subjects' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Kendall
- Harvard School of Public Health, Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, 651 Huntington Avenue, FXB Building, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02115-6009, USA.
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Currier JS, Kendall MA, Henry WK, Torriani FJ, Hodis HN. Response to: 'carotid intima-media thickness: assessment of sub-clinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients'. AIDS 2006; 20:311. [PMID: 16511437 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000202654.26150.cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Weinberg A, Tierney C, Kendall MA, Bosch RJ, Patterson-Bartlett J, Erice A, Hirsch MS, Polsky B. Cytomegalovirus-specific immunity and protection against viremia and disease in HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:488-93. [PMID: 16425127 DOI: 10.1086/499826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To define the immune correlates of protection against cytomegalovirus (CMV) end-organ disease, CMV-specific interferon (IFN)- gamma enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and CD8(+) and CD4(+) intracellular IFN- gamma synthesis assays were performed for subjects with CD4(+) cell counts of < or =50 cells/ microL who were enrolled in a prospective observational study of CMV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Of 87 subjects, 46 developed viremia, 14 developed end-organ disease, and 20 died. Positive ELISPOT assay results, but not positive results for CD4(+) or CD8(+) intracellular IFN- gamma synthesis, were associated with delayed development of viremia and CMV end-organ disease or death. CMV viremia did not appear to boost CMV-specific immunity. ELISPOT assays may be used to identify HIV-infected patients who might benefit from anti-CMV prophylactic interventions.
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Hardman-Mountford NJ, Allen JI, Frost MT, Hawkins SJ, Kendall MA, Mieszkowska N, Richardson KA, Somerfield PJ. Diagnostic monitoring of a changing environment: an alternative UK perspective. Mar Pollut Bull 2005; 50:1463-71. [PMID: 16051279 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive management of the marine environment requires an understanding of the complex interactions within it. Establishing levels of natural variability within and between marine ecosystems is a necessary prerequisite to this process and requires a monitoring programme which takes account of the issues of time, space and scale. In this paper, we argue that an ecosystem approach to managing the marine environment should take direct account of climate change indicators at a regional level if it is to cope with the unprecedented change expected as a result of human impacts on the earth climate system. We discuss the purpose of environmental monitoring and the importance of maintaining long-term time series. Recommendations are made on the use of these data in conjunction with modern extrapolation and integration tools (e.g. ecosystem models, remote sensing) to provide a diagnostic approach to the management of marine ecosystems, based on adaptive indicators and dynamic baselines.
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Bosch RJ, Pierce C, Spritzler J, Kendall MA, Jacobson JM, Schock B, Siminski S. A reporting tool for real-time assessment of study data availability. Clin Trials 2005; 1:339-40. [PMID: 16279259 DOI: 10.1191/1740774504cn028xx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A simple framework for assessing and reporting data availability in an ongoing clinical trial is described. Protocol requirements, visit schedules and data availability are combined into a simple report to track the progress of a study.
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Glesby MJ, Aberg JA, Kendall MA, Fichtenbaum CJ, Hafner R, Hall S, Grosskopf N, Zolopa AR, Gerber JG. Pharmacokinetic interactions between indinavir plus ritonavir and calcium channel blockers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005; 78:143-53. [PMID: 16084849 DOI: 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is an important modifiable cardiac risk factor in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Calcium channel blockers are substrates of cytochrome P450 3A and are commonly prescribed for hypertension. We evaluated potential bidirectional pharmacokinetic interactions between calcium channel blockers and coadministered indinavir and ritonavir. METHODS Healthy HIV- seronegative subjects received 120 mg diltiazem daily or 5 mg amlodipine daily for days 1 to 7 and 20 to 26. All subjects received 100 mg ritonavir and 800 mg indinavir every 12 hours on days 8 to 26. Twenty-four-hour pharmacokinetic collection was performed on days 7 and 26, with 12-hour collection on day 19. RESULTS Indinavir plus ritonavir increased the median amlodipine area under the curve from 0 to 24 hours (AUC) by 89.8%, from 122 to 230 ng.h/mL (n = 18, P < .0001), and increased the median diltiazem AUC by 26.5%, from 800 to 1060 ng.h/mL (n = 13, P = .06). Of 13 subjects, 2 (15%) had greater than 4-fold increases in diltiazem AUC. Desacetyldiltiazem AUC increased by 102.2% (P = .001), and desmethyldiltiazem AUC decreased by 27.4% (P = .01). Neither amlodipine nor diltiazem affected steady-state AUCs of the protease inhibitors. No serious cardiovascular adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS Indinavir plus ritonavir increases the AUCs of both amlodipine and diltiazem, which may result in an increased response. If coadministration is indicated, amlodipine or diltiazem should be initiated at low doses with careful titration to response and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall J Glesby
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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31
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Currier JS, Kendall MA, Zackin R, Henry WK, Alston-Smith B, Torriani FJ, Schouten J, Mickelberg K, Li Y, Hodis HN. Carotid artery intima-media thickness and HIV infection: traditional risk factors overshadow impact of protease inhibitor exposure. AIDS 2005; 19:927-33. [PMID: 15905673 PMCID: PMC1373680 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000171406.53737.f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The impact of HIV infection and exposure to antiretroviral therapy on the development of subclinical atherosclerosis is incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE To compare intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery between HIV-infected subjects receiving protease inhibitor-containing regimens and subjects not receiving these regimens and to compare differences in the IMT of the carotid artery between HIV-infected subjects and HIV-uninfected subjects. METHODS A prospective matched cohort study in university-based outpatient clinics. Groups of three individuals (triads) matched on the following characteristics were enrolled: age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, blood pressure and menopausal status. Group 1, HIV-infected subjects with continuous use of protease inhibitor (PI) therapy for > or = 2 years; group 2, HIV-infected subjects without prior PI use; and group 3: HIV-uninfected. Ultrasonographers at six sites sent standardized ultrasound images to a central reading site for carotid IMT measurements. Carotid IMT was compared within the HIV-infected groups (1 and 2) and between the HIV-infected and uninfected groups in a matched analysis. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-four individuals were enrolled in 45 triads. The median IMT in groups 1, 2 and 3 was 0.690, 0.712 and 0.698 mm, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in IMT between groups 1 and 2, or in the combined HIV groups compared with the HIV uninfected group. Significant predictors of carotid IMT in a multivariate model included high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the interaction of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides, age and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS We found no association between PI inhibitor exposure or HIV infection and carotid IMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S Currier
- Center for Clinical AIDS Research and Education, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Erice A, Tierney C, Hirsch M, Caliendo AM, Weinberg A, Kendall MA, Polsky B. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) burden, CMV end-organ disease, and survival in subjects with advanced HIV infection (AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 360). Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:567-78. [PMID: 12905142 DOI: 10.1086/375843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2002] [Accepted: 03/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We undertook a prospective study to analyze cytomegalovirus (CMV) end-organ disease (EOD) in subjects with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Of 403 individuals without prior CMV EOD who were followed up for a median of 151 weeks, 56 died and 21 developed CMV EOD. Twenty of the subjects with CMV EOD had CD4 cell counts of < or =50 cells/mm3 and HIV RNA level of >10,000 copies/mL of plasma at baseline; in these 20 subjects, an increase of CMV DNA level to greater than the quantification limits was associated with CMV EOD. A CD4 cell count of < or =100 cells/mm3 and an HIV RNA level of >10,000 copies/mL of plasma at baseline, a CMV DNA level of >200 copies/mL of blood during follow-up, or development of CMV EOD were all associated with decreased survival. HIV-infected subjects with CD4 cell counts of < or =50 cells/mm3 and HIV RNA levels of >10,000 copies/mL of plasma should have blood fractions screened for CMV DNA; if CMV DNA is detected, CMV prophylaxis might be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Erice
- University of Minnesota, MN, USA.
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Robinson WR, Luck MB, Kendall MA, Darragh TM. The predictive value of cytologic testing in women with the human immunodeficiency virus who have low-grade squamous cervical lesions: a substudy of a randomized, phase III chemoprevention trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188:896-900. [PMID: 12712082 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2003.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether the progression of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix in women with the human immunodeficiency virus can be predicted reliably by standard cytologic testing. STUDY DESIGN As part of a previously reported trial, 288 biopsy specimens were collected from 117 women with the human immunodeficiency virus. These specimens underwent central and local interpretation, which were compared and correlated with cytologic results. Ninety-two subjects had matched cytologic/histologic pairs at study termination, which were compared to determine whether cytologic testing was predictive of progression. RESULTS Of the central histologic interpretations, 26 of 288 interpretations (9%) differed from local results, 97 of 246 cytologic/histologic pairs (39%) were discordant, and 21 subjects had progression to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions by histologic evidence. Cytologic testing showed high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in 4 of 21 specimens (sensitivity, 19%). The remaining cytologic specimens were either low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or were normal. CONCLUSION This substudy of pathologic results from a randomized clinical trial suggests that, although the risk of progression of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions is low, follow-up cytologic testing is unreliable. Colposcopic evaluation with directed biopsies should be continued.
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Clark RA, Kendall MA, Robinson WR. Progression of cervical disease among adolescents infected with HIV with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 31:543-5. [PMID: 12473845 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200212150-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Robinson WR, Andersen J, Darragh TM, Kendall MA, Clark R, Maiman M. Isotretinoin for low-grade cervical dysplasia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 99:777-84. [PMID: 11978287 DOI: 10.1016/s0029-7844(02)01949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the efficacy of isotretinoin for prevention of progression of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) of the cervix to high-grade lesions or invasive cervical cancer; to estimate the regression rate of low-grade SIL with isotretinoin and the toxicity of isotretinoin in this setting; and to correlate serum CD4 levels with progression of low-grade SIL. METHODS A randomized, phase III, observation-controlled, multicenter trial was performed in which 117 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women with low-grade SIL of the cervix received either oral isotretinoin at 0.5 mg/kg per day for 6 months or observation. Papanicolaou smears and colposcopy/biopsy were done at regular intervals during follow-up. The primary endpoint was progression to high-grade SIL or cervical cancer. RESULTS Twenty-one of 102 women (20.6%) completing follow-up experienced progression to high-grade SIL, 13 in the observation group and eight in the isotretinoin group. This difference was not significant (P =.29). No cases of invasive cancer were seen. Baseline CD4 levels were lower than anticipated (median 329 cells/mm(3)), but not associated with time to progression (P =.36). Most subjects (63 of 102, 61.7%) used highly active antiretroviral therapy. Subjects under age 30 were more likely to progress than those older than 30 (P =.046). CONCLUSION Isotretinoin was not associated with longer time to progression of low-grade SIL. This appears to be a chronic condition in HIV-positive women, with a low risk of progression and significant rate of resolution. As in the general population, observation without excisional therapy may be appropriate for HIV-positive women with low-grade SIL.
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Sha BE, Johnson VA, Kendall MA, Haubrich R, Nokta M, Lamb K, Zackin RA, Nail CD, Currier JS. Absence of virological changes after acute febrile illnesses in two patients with undetectable pre-illness plasma HIV-1-RNA levels. AIDS 2000; 14:746-8. [PMID: 10807200 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200004140-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Maiman M, Watts DH, Andersen J, Clax P, Merino M, Kendall MA. Vaginal 5-fluorouracil for high-grade cervical dysplasia in human immunodeficiency virus infection: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 94:954-61. [PMID: 10576182 DOI: 10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and toxicity of topical vaginal 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) maintenance therapy against the effects of observation after standard treatment for high-grade cervical dysplasia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women and to evaluate the association between baseline CD4 count and time to recurrence. METHODS In a phase III unmasked, randomized, multicenter, outpatient clinical trial, 101 HIV-positive women either received 6 months of biweekly treatment with vaginal 5-FU cream (2 g) or underwent 6 months of observation after standard excisional or ablative cervical treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Papanicolaou smears and colposcopy were scheduled at regular intervals during the ensuing 18 months, with the primary end point being the time at which CIN of any grade recurred. RESULTS Thirty-eight percent of women developed recurrence: 14 (28%) of 50 in the 5-FU therapy group and 24 (47%) of 51 in the observation group. Treatment with 5-FU was significantly associated with prolonged time to CIN development (P = .04). Observation subjects were more likely to have high-grade recurrences, with 31% developing CIN 2-3 compared with 8% in the 5-FU treatment arm (P = .014), and disease recurred more quickly in observation subjects as well. Baseline CD4 count was related significantly to time to recurrence (P = .04), with 46% of subjects with CD4 counts less than 200 cells/mm3 developing recurrence compared with 33% of subjects with CD4 counts at least 200 cells/mm3. Disease recurred more slowly in subjects who had received antiretroviral therapy than in antiretroviral therapy-naive subjects. There were no instances of grade 3 or 4 toxicity, and compliance with 5-FU treatment was generally good. CONCLUSION Adjunctive maintenance intravaginal 5-FU therapy after standard surgery for high-grade lesions safely and effectively reduced recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-infected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maiman
- Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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