Consideration of nutrition and sustainability in public definitions of 'healthy' food: an analysis of submissions to the US FDA

OBJECTIVE

To better understand how the public defines 'healthy' foods and to determine whether the public considers sustainability, implicitly and explicitly, in the context of healthy eating.

DESIGN

We conducted a content analysis of public comments submitted to the US FDA in 2016 and 2017 in response to an invitation for feedback on use of the term 'healthy' on food labels. The analysis explored the ways in which commenters' definitions of 'healthy' aligned with the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and whether their definitions considered sustainability.

SETTING

The US Government's Regulations.gov website.

PARTICIPANTS

All 1125 unique comments from individuals and organisations.

RESULTS

Commenters' definitions of 'healthy' generally mirrored the recommendations that the Dietary Guidelines for Americans put forth to promote a 'healthy eating pattern'. Commenters emphasised the healthfulness of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, fish and other minimally processed foods and the need to limit added sugars, sodium, saturated and trans fats and other ingredients sometimes added during processing. One-third of comments (n 374) incorporated at least one dimension of sustainability, mainly the environmental dimension. Commenters who mentioned environmental considerations primarily expressed concerns about synthetic chemicals and genetic modification. Less than 20 % of comments discussed social or economic dimensions of sustainability, and less than 3 % of comments (n 30) used the word 'sustainability' explicitly.

CONCLUSIONS

This novel analysis provides new information about the public's perceptions of 'healthy' foods relative to nutrition and sustainability considerations. The findings can be used to advance policy discussions regarding nutrition labelling and guidance.

Vulnerability to acute psychosocial stress in subjects with eating disorders and history of childhood trauma: experimental evidence of a “Maltreated Ecophenotype”

Introduction

Subjects with eating disorders (ED) show a high prevalence of childhood trauma.

Objectives

Aim of the study is to evaluate the emotional, biological and behavioral responses to an experimental acute psychosocial stress in subjects with ED with or without childhood maltreatment. Secondary aim is to evaluate the effects of different traumatic experiences (physical and emotional).

Methods

48 women with ED completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). 29 participants (14 with Anorexia Nervosa [AN] and 15 with Bulimia Nervosa [BN]) reported an history of childhood maltreatment, while 19 (11 with AN and 8 with BN) did not. Cortisol levels, anxiety and hunger perceptions have been assessed in all participants throughout the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) as well as body dissatisfaction after stress exposure.

Results

Subjects with childhood trauma showed higher emotional reactivity and body dissatisfaction and lower hunger throughout the TSST than those without childhood trauma. Higher cortisol levels were observed in patients with AN, regardless of the presence of childhood trauma, and in those with BN and history of emotional trauma. Emotional trauma was the childhood trauma explaining most of the observed differences.

Conclusions

Childhood trauma, especially emotional one, can lead to vulnerability to interpersonal stress in individuals with ED. The present study is the first that supports the “maltreated ecophenotype” hypothesis in subjects with ED through an experimental task and the evaluation of multiple levels of response. These data may provide new prospectives on the pathogenetic mechanisms of ED and novel therapeutic implications.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

How can resilience moderate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health?

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic represents a new form of trauma, which is impacting on the mental health of the general population. However, the effects of this new trauma are variable, being mediated by individual factors such as the levels of resilience and the coping strategies.

Objectives

The aims of the present study are: 1) describe the levels of resilience and the type of coping strategies adopted by the Italian general adult population during the first wave of the pandemic; 2) evaluate the protective role of coping strategies and resilience on the levels of depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms.

Methods

An online survey has been developed, which includes several validated self-reported questionnaires for the evaluation of participants’ mental health condition, coping strategies and levels of resilience. The main outcome measure is the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21).

Results

The finale sample consists of 20,720 participants, more than half reported low levels of resilience, which were not associated with age or gender. The levels of resilience did not differ among the general population, patients with pre-existing mental disorders and those infected by COVID-19. People with low levels of resilience rarely used adaptive coping strategies. The levels of resilience did not have any influence on stress, depressive or anxiety symptoms.

Conclusions

The presence of low levels of resilience in the general population may be the missing link between the pandemic and increasing concerns on mental health problems. This could be important for the development of ad-hoc supportive and preventive psychosocial interventions.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Growing Opportunities for Equitable, Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Food Systems Education: A Review of Food Systems Education at Land-Grant Institutions and Development of Open-Access Materials

Post-secondary coursework related to agriculture and the food supply has been at the core of the United States' land-grant system for more than 150 years. However, as the complexity of food systems has grown, so too have critiques that the education provided in these programs is too narrow to adequately prepare graduates to address pressing food systems issues. In response, some higher education institutions have developed degrees in food systems. To support development of this burgeoning field, we created, tested, and refined four evidence-informed, interdisciplinary, equity-oriented, open-access teaching modules. These modules are based on our experience conducting a multi-site, multi-year transdisciplinary investigation of subsidized, or “cost-offset”, community supported agriculture and a survey asking instructors at land-grant institutions (n = 66) about topic offerings and current unmet needs for instructional materials. Our collaboration illuminated the potential and challenges of food systems research; underscored the value of transdisciplinary research teams; and identified several equity-oriented topics related to the design, implementation, and evaluation of local food initiatives suitable for advancing sustainable foods systems education. Instructors reported that the most helpful teaching aids would be case studies, lesson plans with active learning components, and reference lists with relevant peer-reviewed publications. The final modules seek to shed light on the complexity of food systems projects and build knowledge, vocabularies, and skills across disciplines engaged with food systems. Per instructor-defined needs, each module features a case study, active-learning activities, and references. We anticipate that the adaptable modules will be suitable for a wide range of students and courses.

Identification of risk-factors for the development of depressive symptoms in perinatal period: A longitudinal study

Introduction

Perinatal depression is a severe and disabling condition, which affects negatively both mothers’ and children’s mental health and well-being. About 12.8% of pregnant women report depressive symptoms in the perinatal period.

Objectives

The aims of the present study are to: 1) identify factors (socio-demographic and clinical) associated with an increased risk of developing PD; 2) promote a screening program on PD.

Methods

All pregnant women were assessed at each trimester of pregnancy, three days after the childbirth and after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, with the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS). Women scoring ≥10 on the EPDS were invited to receive a full psychiatric evaluation to confirm the diagnosis.

Results

420 women were recruited. 52.9%, 27.6% and 31.6% of participants presented an EPDS≥ 10 score at The I, II and III trimester of pregnancy, respectively. The percentage of patients with and EPS score ≥19 is 16.6%, 6.8%, 6.8%, 11.3% and 7.8% in 3 days following the childbirth and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, respectively. Higher EPDS scores are predicted by the presence of anxiety symptoms before pregnancy and of depressive and anxiety symptoms in previous pregnancies (p<0.05). Women with family conflicts and with anxiety symptoms in the partner are more likely to report higher EPDS scores (p<0.001).

Conclusions

Our results confirm that perinatal depression is a highly prevalent condition. An early identification of depressive symptoms during this period is crucial in order to reduce the long-term negative impact on the mothers, the newborn and other family members.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Low doses of controlled-release paroxetine in the treatment of late-life depression: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of low daily doses of controlled-release (CR) paroxetine in patients with late-life depression.

METHOD

This was a 10-week, multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind, fixed-dose trial randomly assigning patients >or= 60 years old to daily doses of paroxetine CR 12.5 mg (N = 168), paroxetine CR 25 mg (N = 177), or placebo (N = 180). Patients had major depressive disorder (DSM-IV criteria) and 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) total scores of >or= 18. The primary efficacy variable was the change from baseline to study endpoint in total HAM-D scores. The study was conducted from June 2003 to October 2004.

RESULTS

The drug/placebo difference in HAM-D change from baseline at study endpoint was -1.8 (95% CI = -3.41 to -0.19, p = .029) for paroxetine CR 12.5 mg, and -3.3 (95% CI = -4.84 to -1.68, p < .001) for paroxetine CR 25 mg. A significantly larger percentage of patients achieved remission (HAM-D total score <or= 7 at endpoint) with paroxetine CR 25 mg (41%), but not with 12.5 mg (31%), as compared with placebo (28%) (p = .008). Both doses of paroxetine CR also achieved statistical significance compared to placebo for the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness scale (p < .01) and the patient-rated measures of depression severity (p < .05) and quality of life (p <or= .001). Both active treatments were generally well tolerated, with adverse event withdrawal rates of 6%, 8%, and 7% for paroxetine CR 12.5 mg, paroxetine CR 25 mg, and placebo, respectively.

CONCLUSION

These data demonstrate that paroxetine CR 12.5 mg and 25 mg daily are efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment of major depressive disorder in patients >or= 60 years of age, although effect sizes are relatively smaller with the 12.5 mg/day dose.