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Xiu F, Flores Anato JL, Cox J, Grace D, Hart TA, Skakoon-Sparling S, Dvorakova M, Knight J, Wang L, Gatalo O, Campbell E, Zhang T, Sbihi H, Irvine MA, Mishra S, Maheu-Giroux M. Characteristics of the Sexual Networks of Men Who Have Sex With Men in Montréal, Toronto, and Vancouver: Insights from Canada's 2022 Mpox Outbreak. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:S293-S304. [PMID: 38323703 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2022-2023 global mpox outbreak disproportionately affected gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM). We investigated differences in GBM's sexual partner distributions across Canada's 3 largest cities and over time, and how they shaped transmission. METHODS The Engage Cohort Study (2017-2023) recruited GBM via respondent-driven sampling in Montréal, Toronto, and Vancouver (n = 2449). We compared reported sexual partner distributions across cities and periods: before COVID-19 (2017-2019), pandemic (2020-2021), and after lifting of restrictions (2021-2023). We used Bayesian regression and poststratification to model partner distributions. We estimated mpox's basic reproduction number (R0) using a risk-stratified compartmental model. RESULTS Pre-COVID-19 pandemic distributions were comparable: fitted average partners (past 6 months) were 10.4 (95% credible interval: 9.4-11.5) in Montréal, 13.1 (11.3-15.1) in Toronto, and 10.7 (9.5-12.1) in Vancouver. Sexual activity decreased during the pandemic and increased after lifting of restrictions, but remained below prepandemic levels. Based on reported cases, we estimated R0 of 2.4 to 2.7 and similar cumulative incidences (0.7%-0.9%) across cities. CONCLUSIONS Similar sexual partner distributions may explain comparable R0 and cumulative incidence across cities. With potential for further recovery in sexual activity, mpox vaccination and surveillance strategies should be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyu Xiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Joseph Cox
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Direction régionale de santé publique, CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Grace
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor A Hart
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shayna Skakoon-Sparling
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milada Dvorakova
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jesse Knight
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linwei Wang
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Canada
| | - Oliver Gatalo
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Canada
| | - Evan Campbell
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terri Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hind Sbihi
- Data and Analytic Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael A Irvine
- Data and Analytic Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sharmistha Mishra
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathieu Maheu-Giroux
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Marbaniang I, Moodie EEM, Latimer E, Skakoon-Sparling S, Hart TA, Grace D, Moore DM, Lachowsky NJ, Jollimore J, Lambert G, Zhang T, Dvorakova M, Cox J. Using an intersectionality-based approach to evaluate mental health services use among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2024; 33:e10. [PMID: 38438301 PMCID: PMC10940056 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796024000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS To cope with homonegativity-generated stress, gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBM) use more mental health services (MHS) compared with heterosexual men. Most previous research on MHS among GBM uses data from largely white HIV-negative samples. Using an intersectionality-based approach, we evaluated the concomitant impact of racialization and HIV stigma on MHS use among GBM, through the mediating role of perceived discrimination (PD). METHODS We used baseline data from 2371 GBM enrolled in the Engage cohort study, collected between 2017 and 2019, in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver, using respondent-driven sampling. The exposure was GBM groups: Group 1 (n = 1376): white HIV-negative; Group 2 (n = 327): white living with HIV; Group 3 (n = 577): racialized as non-white HIV-negative; Group 4 (n = 91): racialized as non-white living with HIV. The mediator was interpersonal PD scores measured using the Everyday Discrimination Scale (5-item version). The outcome was MHS use (yes/no) in the prior 6 months. We fit a three-way decomposition of causal mediation effects utilizing the imputation method for natural effect models. We obtained odds ratios (ORs) for pure direct effect (PDE, unmediated effect), pure indirect effect (PIE, mediated effect), mediated interaction effect (MIE, effect due to interaction between the exposure and mediator) and total effect (TE, overall effect). Analyses controlled for age, chronic mental health condition, Canadian citizenship, being cisgender and city of enrolment. RESULTS Mean PD scores were highest for racialized HIV-negative GBM (10.3, SD: 5.0) and lowest for white HIV-negative GBM (8.4, SD: 3.9). MHS use was highest in white GBM living with HIV (GBMHIV) (40.4%) and lowest in racialized HIV-negative GBM (26.9%). Compared with white HIV-negative GBM, white GBMHIV had higher TE (OR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.27, 2.29) and PDE (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.27, 2.24), and racialized HIV-negative GBM had higher PIE (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.17). Effects for racialized GBMHIV did not significantly differ from those of white HIV-negative GBM. MIEs across all groups were comparable. CONCLUSIONS Higher MHS use was observed among white GBMHIV compared with white HIV-negative GBM. PD positively mediated MHS use only among racialized HIV-negative GBM. MHS may need to take into account the intersecting impact of homonegativity, racism and HIV stigma on the mental health of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Marbaniang
- Department of Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erica E. M. Moodie
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Latimer
- Mental Health and Society Division, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shayna Skakoon-Sparling
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Trevor A. Hart
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Grace
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David M. Moore
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nathan J. Lachowsky
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Gilles Lambert
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Terri Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Milada Dvorakova
- Clinical Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute–McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joseph Cox
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Clinical Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute–McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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3
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Hart TA, Noor SW, Tavangar F, Zahran A, Skakoon-Sparling S, Tan DHS, Lambert G, Grace D, Lachowsky N, Sang JM, Palma PA, Zhang T, Dvorakova M, Cox J, Moore DM. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Treatment Attitudes and Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Gay and Bisexual Men. Sex Transm Dis 2024; 51:178-185. [PMID: 38412464 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Positive attitudes toward human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment, such as reduced concern about HIV transmissibility, are associated with sexual behaviors that may increase the risk of bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM). We examined associations between HIV treatment attitudes and bacterial STI diagnoses among GBM in Canada's three largest cities. METHODS We fit a structural equation model between HIV treatment attitudes and bacterial STI diagnoses via sexual behaviors in the Engage study's baseline data. We estimated direct and indirect paths between scores on HIV treatment attitudes and STIs via number of male anal sex partners, condomless anal sex, and oral sex. We conducted sub-analyses with participants stratified by HIV serostatus. RESULTS Among 2449 GBM recruited in 2017 to 2019, there was a direct association between HIV treatment attitudes and current STI diagnoses (β = 0.13; 95% CI, 0.07-0.19; P < 0.001). The mediated model revealed a positive total indirect effect through 2 pathways: (1) engaging in condomless anal sex and (2) number of male anal sex partners and condomless anal sex. These 2 indirect pathways remained in the stratified mediation models for both HIV negative GBM and for GBM living with HIV. CONCLUSIONS The association between HIV treatment attitudes and diagnosed STIs is mediated through a higher number of male anal sex partners and condomless anal sex. The results highlight the importance of providers educating patients when providing effective STI counseling, testing, and prevention for GBM about how accurate HIV treatment attitudes may inadvertently be associated with the bacterial STI epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adhm Zahran
- From the Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Grace
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jordan M Sang
- Community-Based Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paolo A Palma
- From the Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terri Zhang
- From the Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milada Dvorakova
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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4
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Zahran A, Dermody SS, Berlin GW, Palma PA, Skakoon-Sparling S, Noor SW, Lachowsky NJ, Grace D, Cox J, Moore DM, Lambert G, Zhang TH, Dvorakova M, Jollimore J, Lal A, Hart TA. Problematic alcohol use among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Canada: the role of proximal stressors and anxiety. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2024; 19:16. [PMID: 38414042 PMCID: PMC10900570 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-024-00597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) report high rates of problematic alcohol use, anxiety, and depression. This may, in part, be due to stressors related to their sexual identity (i.e., minority stressors). However, few studies have examined both distal and proximal stressors, as well as the specific psychological mechanisms by which these stressors may be related to alcohol use outcomes, in a representative sample of GBM. We explored the relationship between distal and proximal stressors and alcohol use outcomes, as well as the role of anxiety and depression as potential mediators of these relationships. METHODS We analyzed the baseline data of 2,449 GBM from Engage, a cohort study of sexually active GBM recruited using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver from February 2017 to August 2019. Using structural equation modeling, we examined the associations between distal minority stressors (i.e., experiences of heterosexist harassment, rejection, and discrimination), proximal minority stressors (i.e., internalized homonegativity, concerns about acceptance, concealment, and lack of affirmation), anxiety and depression, and alcohol consumption and alcohol use problems. RDS-adjusted analyses controlled for age, income, sexual orientation, ethnicity, recruitment city, and HIV serostatus. RESULTS There were positive direct associations between distal stress and proximal stress, anxiety, and depression, but not alcohol use outcomes. Proximal stress had a positive direct association with anxiety, depression, and alcohol use problems, but not alcohol consumption. Anxiety was positively associated with alcohol consumption and alcohol use problems. Depression was negatively associated with alcohol consumption but not alcohol use problems. Regarding indirect effects, distal stress was associated with alcohol use outcomes via proximal stress and anxiety, but not via depression. CONCLUSIONS We found support for a minority stress model as it relates to alcohol use outcomes among GBM. Findings suggest that proximal minority stress and anxiety differentially impact the problematic alcohol use among GBM who experience heterosexist discrimination. Clinical providers should consider incorporating the treatment of proximal minority stressors and anxiety into existing alcohol interventions for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhm Zahran
- Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | - Syed W Noor
- Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Nathan J Lachowsky
- University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Community-Based Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Joseph Cox
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Direction Régionale de Santé Publique - Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David M Moore
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gilles Lambert
- Direction Régionale de Santé Publique - Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Milada Dvorakova
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jody Jollimore
- Canadian AIDS Treatment Information Exchange (CATIE), Toronto, Canada
| | - Allan Lal
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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5
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Milwid RM, Li M, Fazil A, Maheu-Giroux M, Doyle CM, Xia Y, Cox J, Grace D, Dvorakova M, Walker SC, Mishra S, Ogden NH. Exploring the dynamics of the 2022 mpox outbreak in Canada. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29256. [PMID: 38054533 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The 2022 mpox outbreak predominantly impacted gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM). Two models were developed to support situational awareness and management decisions in Canada. A compartmental model characterized epidemic drivers at national/provincial levels, while an agent-based model (ABM) assessed municipal-level impacts of vaccination. The models were parameterized and calibrated using empirical case and vaccination data between 2022 and 2023. The compartmental model explored: (1) the epidemic trajectory through community transmission, (2) the potential for transmission among non-gbMSM, and (3) impacts of vaccination and the proportion of gbMSM contributing to disease transmission. The ABM incorporated sexual-contact data and modeled: (1) effects of vaccine uptake on disease dynamics, and (2) impacts of case importation on outbreak resurgence. The calibrated, compartmental model followed the trajectory of the epidemic, which peaked in July 2022, and died out in December 2022. Most cases occurred among gbMSM, and epidemic trajectories were not consistent with sustained transmission among non-gbMSM. The ABM suggested that unprioritized vaccination strategies could increase the outbreak size by 47%, and that consistent importation (≥5 cases per 10 000) is necessary for outbreak resurgence. These models can inform time-sensitive situational awareness and policy decisions for similar future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Milwid
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Michael Li
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Canada
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Aamir Fazil
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Canada
| | - Mathieu Maheu-Giroux
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Carla M Doyle
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Yiqing Xia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Joseph Cox
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- STBBI Surveillance Division, Infectious Diseases and Vaccination Programs Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Daniel Grace
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Milada Dvorakova
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Steven C Walker
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Sharmistha Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Ki Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, and Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicholas H Ogden
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
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6
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Lê AS, Labbé AC, Fourmigue A, Dvorakova M, Cox J, Fortin C, Martin I, Grace D, Hart T, Moore D, Lambert G. Mycoplasma genitalium infection among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in Montréal, Canada. Can Commun Dis Rep 2023; 49:477-486. [PMID: 38504874 PMCID: PMC10946590 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v49i1112a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Background The bacteria Mycoplasma genitalium has been identified as a causative agent of urethritis in men, especially in gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM). Canadian clinic-based data have identified a high prevalence of M. genitalium and resistance to antibiotic treatments. This article estimates the prevalence of M. genitalium infections among Montréal gbMSM, explores correlates for M. genitalium infection and estimates the prevalence of mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Methods Engage Cohort Study is a multi-site longitudinal study on sexually active gbMSM, aged 16 years and older, recruited via respondent-driven sampling in Montréal, Toronto and Vancouver. Participants completed a questionnaire on behaviour and were tested for sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections at each visit. For this sub-study, Montréal participants with a follow-up visit that occurred between November 2018 and November 2019 were included. Results A total of 2,064 samples were provided by 716 participants. Prevalence of M. genitalium infection was 5.7% at rectal and/or urethral sites, 4.0% at rectal site and 2.2% at urethral site. Correlates for M. genitalium infection were younger age and reporting six or more sexual partners in the past six months. Prevalence of macrolide resistance associated mutations (MRAM), quinolone resistance associated mutations (QRAM) and either MRAM or QRAM, was 82%, 29% and 85%, respectively. Conclusion This first population-based study among gbMSM in Canada documents a high prevalence of urethral and rectal M. genitalium infection and high levels of AMR. Our results highlight the importance of access to testing and AMR detection when indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Lê
- Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC
| | - Annie-Claude Labbé
- Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC
| | - Alain Fourmigue
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC
| | - Milada Dvorakova
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC
| | - Joseph Cox
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC
- Direction régionale de santé publique de Montréal, Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC
| | - Claude Fortin
- Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | - Daniel Grace
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Trevor Hart
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON
| | - David Moore
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Gilles Lambert
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montréal, QC
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Lambert G, Cox J, Fourmigue A, Dvorakova M, Apelian H, Moodie EEM, Grace D, Skakoon-Sparling S, Moore DM, Lachowsky N, Jollimore J, Lal A, Parlette A, Hart TA. HIV incidence and related risks among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver: Informing blood donor selection criteria in Canada. Transfusion 2022; 62:2555-2567. [PMID: 36197064 PMCID: PMC10092181 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An individualized behavior-based selection approach has potential to allow for a more equitable blood donor eligibility process. We collected biological and behavioral data from urban gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) to inform the use of this approach in Canada. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Engage is a closed prospective cohort of sexually active GBM, aged 16+ years, recruited via respondent-driven-sampling (RDS) in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver, Canada. Participants completed a questionnaire on behaviors (past 6 months) and tested for HIV and sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections at each visit. Rate ratios for HIV infection and predictive values for blood donation eligibility criteria were estimated by RDS-adjusted Poisson regression. RESULTS Data on 2008 (study visits 2017-02 to 2021-08) HIV-negative participants were used. The HIV incidence rate for the three cities was 0.4|100 person-years [95%CI:0.3, 0.6]. HIV seroconversion was associated with age <30 years: adjusted rate ratio (aRR) 9.1 [95%CI:3.2, 26.2], 6-10 and >10 anal sex partners versus 1-6 aRR: 5.3 [2.1,13.5] and 8.4 [3.4, 20.9], and use of crystal methamphetamine during sex: 4.2 [1.5, 11.6]. Applying the combined selection criteria: drug injection, ≥2 anal sex partners, and a new anal sex partner, detected all participants who seroconverted (100% sensitivity, 100% negative predictive value), and would defer 63% of study participants from donating. CONCLUSION Using three screening questions regarding drug injection and sexual behaviors in the past 6 months would correctly identify potential GBM donors at high risk of having recently contracted HIV. Doing so would reduce the proportion of deferred sexually active GBM by one-third.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Lambert
- Direction Régionale de Santé Publique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Joseph Cox
- Direction Régionale de Santé Publique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alain Fourmigue
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Milada Dvorakova
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Herak Apelian
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Erica E M Moodie
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Grace
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - David M Moore
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nathan Lachowsky
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Community-Based Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jody Jollimore
- Community-Based Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Allan Lal
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Abbie Parlette
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor A Hart
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Svobodova L, Kejlova K, Rucki M, Chrz J, Kubincova P, Dvorakova M, Kolarova H, Jirova D. Health safety of parabens evaluated by selected in vitro methods. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 137:105307. [PMID: 36455707 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Seven selected parabens (4 allowed, 3 banned in cosmetics) were tested in order to confirm and expand historical data on their toxicological properties and safety. The aim was to apply novel in vitro methods, which have been sufficiently technically and scientifically validated for the purposes of toxicological testing of chemicals. The study included several toxicological endpoints such as skin/eye irritation, skin sensitization, endocrine disruption and genotoxicity. The battery of selected methods comprised regulatory accepted EpiDerm™ skin model (OECD TG 439); EpiOcular™ corneal model (OECD TG 492) and scientifically valid test method HET-CAM (DB-ALM Protocol No. 47); in chemico test DPRA (OECD TG 442C); in vitro test LuSens (OECD TG 442D) and in vitro test h-CLAT (OECD TG 442E); Ames MPF™ (Xenometrix) and XenoScreen YES/YAS (Xenometrix). Overall, none of the 4 allowed parabens exhibited skin/eye irritation or genotoxicity. However, all allowed parabens in cosmetics were predicted as samples with potentially sensitizing properties in the LuSens and h-CLAT test methods, but not confirmed by DPRA. Endocrine disruption was recorded only at high concentrations, whereas methyl paraben and ethyl paraben exhibited the lowest activity. This study confirmed the safety of use of the allowed parabens in the highest recommended concentrations in cosmetics or pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Svobodova
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48/49, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic; Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - K Kejlova
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48/49, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - M Rucki
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48/49, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - J Chrz
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48/49, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic; Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - P Kubincova
- Research Institute for Organic Syntheses Inc., GLP Test Facility - Centre of Ecology, Toxicology and Analytics (CETA), No. 296, 533 54, Rybitví, Czech Republic.
| | - M Dvorakova
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48/49, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - H Kolarova
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - D Jirova
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48/49, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
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9
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Visser M, Dvorakova M, van Aar F, Heijne JCM. Increased risk of subsequent chlamydia infection among women not tested at the anorectal anatomical location. Sex Transm Infect 2021; 98:317-322. [PMID: 34272331 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2021-054991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universal anorectal testing for Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia) among women is not recommended in many countries, while anorectal chlamydia infections are common. Missed anorectal infections might cause sequelae at the genital site if autoinoculation from the anorectum is possible, but evidence is limited. This study investigates the association between potentially missed anorectal infections and subsequent genital chlamydia infections in women, using not being tested at the anorectal site as a proxy for having a potentially missed anorectal infection. METHODS We included all women with a repeat chlamydia test within 1 year (with at least a genital test) from the Dutch sexual health centre surveillance between 2014 and 2019. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were used to identify determinants of genital chlamydia infection at the repeat test, with anorectal testing at the previous chlamydia test as the main determinant. RESULTS A total of 40 217 women were included in the analyses, of whom 15.4% tested chlamydia-positive genitally at their second test. Not being tested anorectally at the first test was an independent risk factor for genital chlamydia infection at the repeat test (adjusted OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.33). This association was in the same range as most other significant risk factors in the model: low education level, no condom use, STI symptoms and previous STI diagnosis. Young age (<20 years) (2.67, 2.39-2.98) and those who received partner notification (3.11, 2.91-3.31) showed stronger associations. The findings were robust; correcting for interactions and a sensitivity analysis stratifying by chlamydia infection at first visit did not show significant differences in the adjusted OR of not being tested anorectally at first test. CONCLUSION The results are suggestive of an autoinoculation process from the anorectal to the genital anatomical site in women. To enhance chlamydia control, future studies on the role of extragenital testing and autoinoculation in chlamydia transmission are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje Visser
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Milada Dvorakova
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur van Aar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke C M Heijne
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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10
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Rucki M, Kejlova K, Vlkova A, Jirova D, Dvorakova M, Svobodova L, Kandarova H, Letasiova S, Kolarova H, Mannerstrom M, Heinonen T. Evaluation of toxicity profiles of rare earth elements salts (lanthanides). J RARE EARTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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11
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Svobodova L, Dvorakova M, Rucki M, Kejlova K, Kandarova H, Kolarova H, Mannerstrom M, Heinonen T. Safety testing of adult novelties using in vitro methods. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104780. [PMID: 32898621 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite widespread and prolonged use of adult novelties, their health safety is not regularly tested or legally regulated. In the EU, adult novelties are subjected to the General Product Safety Directive, placing the burden of proof regarding safe products onto the manufacturers. The aim of our pilot study was to expand knowledge on potential application of in vitro methods for hazard prediction of extracts from final products. We subjected extracts of 20 adult novelties, purchased on the Czech market to toxicological tests including NRU cytotoxicity assay, sensitization tests DPRA and LuSens and the YES/YAS endocrine assay. Four samples produced cytotoxicity. Sensitization potential was recorded by DPRA (three samples) while the LuSens reported ten samples. Regarding endocrine disruption, three samples produced antiestrogen and antiandrogen effects. Six samples exhibited androgenic potential and one sample showed estrogenic potential. Positive results with possible health effects were recorded repeatedly for samples made of ABS, PVC and latex. The study has confirmed promising usefulness of our test methods combination with regard to safety testing of this type of consumer products. The results should be evaluated with care, however, the data bring added-value to the limited knowledge of mixture toxicology and are indicative for further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Svobodova
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48/49, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic; Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - M Dvorakova
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48/49, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic; Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - M Rucki
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48/49, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - K Kejlova
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48/49, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - H Kandarova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - H Kolarova
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - M Mannerstrom
- FICAM, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014 Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - T Heinonen
- FICAM, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014 Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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12
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Kolacek M, Paduchova Z, Dvorakova M, Zitnanova I, Cierna I, Durackova Z, Muchova J. Effect of natural polyphenols on thromboxane levels in children with Crohn's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 120:924-928. [PMID: 31855052 DOI: 10.4149/bll_2019_155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between thromboxane levels and oxidative stress in children with Crohn´s disease (CD), and examine the effect of natural polyphenolic compounds on thromboxane levels. METHODS This study involved 14 children suffering from CD and 15 healthy controls. Patients were receiving the polyphenolic extract Pycnogenol for 10 weeks. Plasma levels of the static and dynamic forms of thromboxane B2 as well as their metabolite 11-dehydro thromboxane B2 in urine were determined. RESULTS In comparison to controls, CD patients had significantly higher levels of the static and dynamic forms of thromboxane B2. Pycnogenol decreased the level of the dynamic form of thromboxane B2 after 10 weeks of administration. CONCLUSIONS Paediatric Crohn's disease is associated with higher thromboxane levels. Our results indicate that Pycnogenol administration reduces thromboxane levels, which may positively influence some clinical symptoms of CD such as thromboembolic episodes (Tab. 3, Ref. 49).
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13
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Abstract
HDAC inhibitors are a promising group of epigenetic drugs that show the ability to induce apoptosis in cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Dvorakova
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies
- Institute of Experimental Botany
- Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - T. Vanek
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies
- Institute of Experimental Botany
- Prague 6
- Czech Republic
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14
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Rehak Z, Fojtik Z, Obrovska M, Kren L, Dvorakova M, Stanicek J. SAT0184 Pet/Ct Hybrid Imaging is Useful for Identification of Patients with Large Vessel Vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-eular.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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15
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Tesarova L, Koutna I, Dvorakova M, Klabusay M. Relative expression of γδ T-cell receptor gene families detected by RT-PCR and capillary electrophoresis. Int J Immunogenet 2012; 39:381-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2012.01114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Faktor J, Dvorakova M, Maryas J, Struharova I, Bouchal P. Identification and characterisation of pro-metastatic targets, pathways and molecular complexes using a toolbox of proteomic technologies. Klin Onkol 2012; 25 Suppl 2:2S70-2S77. [PMID: 23581020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer metastasis involves changes in signalling pathways, cell adhesion, migration and invasiveness. Modern proteomic, mass spectrometry based techniques enable discovery of new pro-metastatic proteins and their functional partners. Also, they might be involved in their functional characterisation and validation towards development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. AIM The aim of this communication is to describe current possibilities for proteomic techniques in the discovery and characterization of pro-metastatic targets. The NF-kappaB pathway is one of the players responsible for a number of pro-metastatic processes. The related proteins can be discovered using untargeted proteomic approaches by comparing proteomes with different metastatic potential. Stable isotope labelling based methods enable a parallel analysis of more tumour samples. The identified pro-metastatic proteins can be characterised in relationship to cell migration, invasiveness and proliferation and in terms of their involvement in molecular complexes via protein-protein interactions. Advantages of the metabolic labelling based methods can be taken in these studies, the same applies for characterisation of related surface proteins involved in cell adhesion, invasiveness and cell-to-cell communication. For clinical validation of pro-metastatic proteins in large sample cohorts, approaches of targeted proteomics based on selected reaction monitoring are becoming methods of choice. CONCLUSION Current proteomics methods play an important role in the identification of novel pro-metastatic proteins, pathways and molecular complexes, in their functional characterisation and validation towards diagnostic and therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Faktor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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17
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Dvorakova M, Valterova I, Vanek T. Biocatalytic conversion of turpentine – a wood processing waste – into oxygenated monoterpenes. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2011.609590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Amigues EJ, Armstrong E, Dvorakova M, Migaud ME, Huang M. beta-1,2,3-Triazolyl-nucleosides as nicotinamide riboside mimics. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2009; 28:238-59. [PMID: 19333861 DOI: 10.1080/15257770902865415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of pyridine- and piperidine-substituted 1,2,3-triazolides linked to a riboside moiety is described. The presence of a triazolide substituent on the pyridine moiety permitted the facile reduction of the latter under mild hydrogenation conditions. These analogues were modelled as to define their similarity to nicotinamide riboside and quantify their ability to bind NAD-dependent protein deacetylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Amigues
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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19
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Karafiat V, Dvorakova M, Pajer P, Cermak V, Dvorak M. Melanocyte fate in neural crest is triggered by Myb proteins through activation of c-kit. Cell Mol Life Sci 2008; 64:2975-84. [PMID: 17952366 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-007-7330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The c-myb proto-oncogene and its oncogenic derivative v-mybAMV encode transcriptional regulators engaged in the commitment of hematopoietic cells. While the c-Myb protein is important for the formation and differentiation of various progenitors, the v-MybAMV oncoprotein induces in chicks a progression and transformation of the single (monoblastic) cell lineage. Here we present the first evidence of cell fate-directing abilities of c-Myb and v-MybAMV proteins in avian neural crest (NC), where both proteins determine melanocytogenesis. The increased concentration of c-Myb induces progression into dendritic melanocytes and differentiation. The v-myb oncogene converts essentially all NC cells into melanocytes and causes their transformation. Both Myb proteins activate in NC cells expression of the c-kit gene and stem cell factor c-Kit signaling--one of the essential pathways in melanocyte development. These observations suggest that the c-myb-c-kit pathway represents a common regulatory scheme for both hematopoietic and neural progenitors and establishes a novel experimental model for studies of melanocytogenesis and melanocyte transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Karafiat
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, AS CR v.v.i., Vídenská 1083, Prague 4, 14220, Czech Republic
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20
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Slavikova J, Dvorakova M, Reischig J, Palkovits M, Ondrias K, Tarabova B, Lacinova L, Kvetnansky R, Marks A, Krizanova O. IP3 type 1 receptors in the heart: Their predominance in atrial walls with ganglion cells. Life Sci 2006; 78:1598-602. [PMID: 16223514 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have shown that inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors (IP3Rs) are abundantly expressed in the atria of rat hearts. Since arrangement of atria is very heterogeneous, in this work we focused on the precise localization of IP3 receptors in the left atrium, where the gene expression of the type 1 IP3R was the highest. The mRNA levels of the IP3 type 1 receptors in the left atrium, left ventricle and myocytes were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Taqman probe. For precise localization, immunohistochemistry with the antibody against type 1 IP3Rs was performed. The mRNA of type 1 IP3 receptor was more than three times higher in the left atrium than in the left ventricle, as determined by real-time PCR. Expression of the type 1 IP3 receptor mRNA was higher in the atria, especially in parts containing cardiac ganglion cells. The atrial auricles, which are particularly free of ganglion cells, and the ventricles (wall of the right and left ventricle and ventricular septum) contained four to five times less IP3 receptors than atrial samples with ganglia. IP3R type 1 immunoreactivity detected by a confocal microscope attributed the most condensed signal on ganglionic cells, although light immunoreactivity was also seen in cardiomyocytes. These results show that type 1IP3 receptors predominate in intrinsic neuronal ganglia of cardiac atria.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium Channels/analysis
- Calcium Channels/genetics
- Ganglia, Parasympathetic/chemistry
- Ganglia, Parasympathetic/cytology
- Ganglia, Parasympathetic/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Heart/innervation
- Heart Atria/innervation
- Immunohistochemistry
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors
- Male
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/analysis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- J Slavikova
- Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Plzen, Czech Republic
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21
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Karafiat V, Dvorakova M, Krejci E, Kralova J, Pajer P, Snajdr P, Mandikova S, Bartunek P, Grim M, Dvorak M. Transcription factor c-Myb is involved in the regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the avian neural crest. Cell Mol Life Sci 2006; 62:2516-25. [PMID: 16231084 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-005-5297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Multipotential neural crest cells (NCCs) originate by an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during vertebrate embryogenesis. We show for the first time that the key hematopoietic factor c-Myb is synthesized in early chick embryos including the neural tissue and participates in the regulation of the trunk NCCs. A reduction of endogenous c-Myb protein both in tissue explants in vitro and in embryos in ovo, prevented the formation of migratory NCCs. A moderate over-expression of c-myb in naive intermediate neural plates triggered the EMT and NCC migration probably through cooperation with BMP4 signaling because (i) BMP4 activated c-myb expression, (ii) elevated c-Myb caused accumulation of transcripts of the BMP4 target genes msx1 and slug, and (iii) the reduction of c-Myb prevented the BMP4-induced formation of NCCs. The data show that in chicken embryos, the c-myb gene is expressed prior to the onset of hematopoiesis and participates in the formation and migration of the trunk neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Karafiat
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 166 37 Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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Dvorakova M, Kummer W. Transient expression of vanilloid receptor subtype 1 in rat cardiomyocytes during development. Histochem Cell Biol 2001; 116:223-5. [PMID: 11685550 DOI: 10.1007/s004180100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2001] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1) is a non-selective cation channel detected on sensory neurons that is sensitive to capsaicin, the main pungent ingredient of hot chili pepper. Capsaicin application to neonatal animals causes cardiorespiratory distress, and this susceptibility to capsaicin changes during early postnatal life. This prompted us to hypothesise that in addition to its known neuronal localisation, VR1 is also expressed by non-neuronal cells of the heart during development. This issue was addressed in the rat heart during pre- and postnatal development by means of RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. VR1-mRNA was transiently expressed from E14 to P30 but absent from adult hearts. Translation into protein was verified by western blotting. Immunohistochemistry proved that VR1 protein was localised in cardiomyocytes during those developmental stages at which mRNA was detected. In conclusion, VR1 is not neuron-specific but is transiently expressed on cardiomyocytes during ontogeny thereby pointing to a developmental role of this cation channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dvorakova
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Aulweg 123, 35385 Giessen, Germany.
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23
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Abstract
The v-myb(AMV) oncogene transforms myelomonocytic cells in vitro and induces acute monoblastic leukemia in chickens. We analyzed the activity of the evolutionarily conserved PEST-like domain (P1 domain) for biochemical and biological activities of v-Myb in ex vivo cultures and in vivo. Deletion of the P1 domain did not affect v-Myb transcriptional activity, intracellular stability, or subcellular localization. However, it resulted in subtle yet important changes in biological activities. Although the mutant DeltaP1 v-Myb protein blocked the terminal differentiation of the monocyte/macrophage lineage as efficiently as the wild type (wt) in ex vivo cultures, it failed to induce the acute phase of monoblastic leukemia, with its fatal consequences, in vivo. Interestingly, in DeltaP1 v-myb-infected animals large numbers of monoblasts, comparable to those induced by wt v-myb, were present in the bone marrow but very few were found in the peripheral blood. The comparison of ex vivo wt- and DeltaP v-Myb bone marrow cells revealed several important features of v-Myb transformation: (i) the proliferation of transformed monoblasts is not an apparent consequence of the differentiation block with these processes being at least in part independent; (ii) the P1 domain is required for proliferation of v-Myb-mediated transformed monoblasts; (iii) the mechanism which renders transformed cells growth factor independent does not involve activation of an autocrine growth factor loop; and (iv) deletion of the P1 domain affects self-adhesion properties of v-myb-transformed monoblasts as well as their interaction with bone marrow stromal cells. These data indicate that the DeltaP1 v-myb mutant and ex vivo bone marrow cell cultures represent a valuable tool for studies on the mechanisms of leukemia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dvorakova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovon. 2, Prague 6, 166 37, Czech Republic
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24
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Hampl R, Snajderova M, Lebl J, Lisa L, Dvorakova M, Hill M, Sulcova J, Starka L. Sex hormone-binding globulin as a marker of the effect of hormonal treatment in Turner's syndrome. Endocr Regul 2001; 35:17-24. [PMID: 11308992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In girls with Turner's syndrome a positive effect of growth hormone (GH) therapy on statutal growth has been well documented, in spite of the fact that the levels of GH and IGF-I in these patients are usually within the normal range. It is known that plasma levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) are negatively associated with growth hormone (GH) and with [GF-I. Limited data on SHBG levels in these patients and only scarce reports on other than gonadal steroids in these patients are available so far. The major aim of this study was to find out whether SHBG does respond to GH treatment. METHODS Plasma levels of SHBG, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone and the adrenal steroids and their precursors, namely cortisol, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate were determined in 65 patients aged 2-23 years with Turner's syndrome. The patients were divided into 4 groups according to their actual treatment (untreated, sex steroids only, GH only, GH and sex steroids) and the differences between the groups were evaluated. With respect to dependence of SHBG and of steroids studied on age (with exception of cortisol), their values were expressed as per cents of medians of the physiological values. RESULTS As expected, low levels of sex steroids were found. As to the adrenal steroids, in general, their average levels were lower than in healthy subjects but still within the physiological limits. With one exception (androstenedione), no significant differences were found between the groups. The levels of cortisol were undistinguishable from healthy subjects. Absolute as well as relative SHBG levels in untreated group and in the group treated with estrogens were normal or even lower than those reported for normal subjects of the same chronological age. Significantly reduced absolute as well as relative SHBG levels in comparison to all other groups were found in GH treated children. CONCLUSION The results indicate that SHBG may serve as a sensitive biochemical marker of the response to the GH administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hampl
- Institute of Endocrinology, 119 94 Praha, Czech Republic.
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25
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Abstract
The carotid body monitors arterial oxygen tension. Spectrophotometric recording of the intact organ has revealed a cytochrome aa3 and a cytochrome b558 as potential oxygen sensor candidates. The latter is known as part of the NADPH oxidase system generating superoxide anions in the "respiratory burst" defense mechanism, and glomus cells have been found to exhibit immunoreactivity against this phagocyte cytochrome b558. Using a monoclonal antibody against the large cytochrome b558 subunit, gp91phox, and other antibodies serving as neural (PGP 9.5) and monocyte/macrophage markers (ED1, ED2), we here demonstrate at light and electron microscopical level that monocytes/macrophages are abundantly present in the rat carotid body and represent the major source of cytochrome b558 in this organ. Their presence has profound implications on the interpretation of spectrophotometric recordings aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of oxygen sensing since their high cytochrome b558 content will obscure possible contributions of cell types involved in the oxygen sensor process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dvorakova
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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26
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Huvar I, Dvorakova M, Podalova S, Huvarova. The quality of life changes after burch colposuspension. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(00)82094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Cytochrome b558 is part of the NADPH oxidase complex of phagocytes, but it has also been proposed to function as a cellular oxygen sensor, e.g. in the carotid body. Thus, we investigated whether cytochrome b558 is present in rat primary afferent neurons. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting using the monoclonal antibody 54.1 directed towards the large subunit of cytochrome b558, gp91phox, revealed a ubiquituous occurrence of cytochrome b558-immunoreactivity in neurons of the petrosal ganglion that innervates the carotid body, and also in dorsal root ganglia. This ubiquituous occurrence in sensory neurons of various locations and functional modalities points to a general role of cytochrome b558 in primary afferent neurons rather than involvement in a specialized function such as arterial chemoreception.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dvorakova
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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28
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Abstract
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) are both encoded by the cholinergic gene locus from which, in the rat, five different species of ChAT mRNA and three different species of VAChT mRNA are produced. So far, discrimination between mRNA subtypes has been possible only in CNS homogenates or in cell cultures. In this study, cardiac neurons were microdissected from frozen sections of rat heart using a u.v. laser and harvested using a micromanipulator. RT-PCR demonstrated the expression of the non-coding R-exon and splicing to R1-type mRNA in the majority of cardiac neurons. The technique presented here is the first to allow subtype analysis of cholinergic locus mRNA species in neurons in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kummer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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29
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Abstract
We have studied the gender and family history differences with regard to age of onset of schizophrenia. These differences have often been viewed as an important clue to the aetiology of the illness. Patients from three centres in Europe and Canada were included in the study. A sample of 1089 subjects was categorized according to the subject's sex, family history of schizophrenia, and the centre. The principal statistical method was analysis of variance. Patients with no family history of schizophrenia had a consistently higher average age of onset. This effect was seen in both male and female subjects across all three groups. These results support the relationship between familial risk and early onset, but no interaction of gender and family history was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Royal Ottawa Hospital, Canada
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30
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Abstract
We found no differences in clinical symptoms among chronic schizophrenics with a family history of psychosis (n = 18) and without any affected relatives (n = 22). The lifetime morbidity risks of psychosis in the former group were 0.59 +/- 0.13 for children and 0.33 +/- 0.07 for siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alda
- Psychiatric Department, Charles University School of Medicine, Prague, Czechoslovakia
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31
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Zvolsky P, Dvorakova M, Grof P. Genealogic study of patients with admission diagnosis of functional psychosis. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr (1970) 1982; 232:157-66. [PMID: 7159203 DOI: 10.1007/bf00343696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The results are reported of a genealogic study of 313 patients (171 males and 142 females) consecutively admitted to the psychiatric department of the Medical School of Charles University in Prague, Czechoslovakia. Patients suffering from psychosis were selected and divided into five groups: "schizophrenia", "bipolar psychosis", "unipolar depressive psychosis", "schizoaffective psychosis" and "unspecified disorder" (the diagnosis of psychosis suspected but not yet certain at the time of investigation). A total of 1086 first degree relatives (parents and siblings) were ascertained and one or more first degree relatives of each proband were interviewed. The total morbidity risk of psychiatric disorder for parents and siblings was 12.6% for schizophrenic probands, 17.8% for bipolar probands, 10.7% for unipolar probands, 12.0% for schizoaffective probands and 12.6% for probands with unspecified psychosis. A striking increase of the frequency of affective disorders was found among secondary cases of schizoaffective probands. Heterogeneity between schizophrenia and primary affective disorders was tested and demonstrated. The pros and cons of the study design was discussed.
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