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Niggl E, Bouman A, Briere LC, Hoogenboezem RM, Wallaard I, Park J, Admard J, Wilke M, Harris-Mostert EDRO, Elgersma M, Bain J, Balasubramanian M, Banka S, Benke PJ, Bertrand M, Blesson AE, Clayton-Smith J, Ellingford JM, Gillentine MA, Goodloe DH, Haack TB, Jain M, Krantz I, Luu SM, McPheron M, Muss CL, Raible SE, Robin NH, Spiller M, Starling S, Sweetser DA, Thiffault I, Vetrini F, Witt D, Woods E, Zhou D, Elgersma Y, van Esbroeck ACM. HNRNPC haploinsufficiency affects alternative splicing of intellectual disability-associated genes and causes a neurodevelopmental disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:1414-1435. [PMID: 37541189 PMCID: PMC10432175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (HNRNPC) is an essential, ubiquitously abundant protein involved in mRNA processing. Genetic variants in other members of the HNRNP family have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we describe 13 individuals with global developmental delay, intellectual disability, behavioral abnormalities, and subtle facial dysmorphology with heterozygous HNRNPC germline variants. Five of them bear an identical in-frame deletion of nine amino acids in the extreme C terminus. To study the effect of this recurrent variant as well as HNRNPC haploinsufficiency, we used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and fibroblasts obtained from affected individuals. While protein localization and oligomerization were unaffected by the recurrent C-terminal deletion variant, total HNRNPC levels were decreased. Previously, reduced HNRNPC levels have been associated with changes in alternative splicing. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis on published RNA-seq datasets of three different cell lines to identify a ubiquitous HNRNPC-dependent signature of alternative spliced exons. The identified signature was not only confirmed in fibroblasts obtained from an affected individual but also showed a significant enrichment for genes associated with intellectual disability. Hence, we assessed the effect of decreased and increased levels of HNRNPC on neuronal arborization and neuronal migration and found that either condition affects neuronal function. Taken together, our data indicate that HNRNPC haploinsufficiency affects alternative splicing of multiple intellectual disability-associated genes and that the developing brain is sensitive to aberrant levels of HNRNPC. Hence, our data strongly support the inclusion of HNRNPC to the family of HNRNP-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Niggl
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands; ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Bouman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Lauren C Briere
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Ilse Wallaard
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands; ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joohyun Park
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Admard
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martina Wilke
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emilio D R O Harris-Mostert
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands; ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Minetta Elgersma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands; ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Bain
- Department of Neurology Division of Child Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Meena Balasubramanian
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, S5 7AU Sheffield, UK; Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, S5 7AU Sheffield, UK
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK
| | - Paul J Benke
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, FL 33021, USA
| | - Miriam Bertrand
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alyssa E Blesson
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK
| | - Jamie M Ellingford
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK
| | | | - Dana H Goodloe
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mahim Jain
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ian Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sharon M Luu
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, WI 53704, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Molly McPheron
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Candace L Muss
- Nemours / AI DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Sarah E Raible
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathaniel H Robin
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Michael Spiller
- Sheffield Diagnostic Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Susan Starling
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri- Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - David A Sweetser
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Isabelle Thiffault
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Francesco Vetrini
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Undiagnosed Rare Disease Clinic (URDC), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Dennis Witt
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Emily Woods
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, S5 7AU Sheffield, UK
| | - Dihong Zhou
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; School of Medicine, University of Missouri- Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Ype Elgersma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands; ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Annelot C M van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands; ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Rigter PMF, Wallaard I, Aghadavoud Jolfaei M, Kingma J, Post L, Elgersma M, Elgersma Y, van Woerden GM. Adult Camk2a gene reinstatement restores the learning and plasticity deficits of Camk2a knockout mice. iScience 2022; 25:105303. [PMID: 36304100 PMCID: PMC9593899 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the recent findings that mutations in the gene encoding the α-subunit of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMK2A) causes a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD), it is of great therapeutic relevance to know if there exists a critical developmental time window in which CAMK2A needs to be expressed for normal brain development, or whether expression of the protein at later stages is still beneficial to restore normal functioning. To answer this question, we generated an inducible Camk2a mouse model, which allows us to express CAMK2A at any desired time. Here, we show that adult expression of CAMK2A rescues the behavioral and electrophysiological phenotypes seen in the Camk2a knock-out mice, including spatial and conditional learning and synaptic plasticity. These results suggest that CAMK2A does not play a critical irreversible role in neurodevelopment, which is of importance for future therapies to treat CAMK2A-dependent disorders. Generation of an novel mouse model to induce CAMK2A expression in adult mice Adult CAMK2A expression restores all behavior deficits seen in CAMK2A knockout mice Adult CAMK2A expression normalizes hippocampal synaptic plasticity Camk2a is the first NDD-associated gene to show full rescue upon adult reinstatement
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Affiliation(s)
- Pomme M F Rigter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,ENCORE Expertise Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse Wallaard
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,ENCORE Expertise Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mehrnoush Aghadavoud Jolfaei
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,ENCORE Expertise Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jenina Kingma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Post
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Minetta Elgersma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,ENCORE Expertise Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ype Elgersma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,ENCORE Expertise Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geeske M van Woerden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,ENCORE Expertise Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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