Techno-economic and environmental analyses of the pyrolysis of food waste to produce bio-products

Food waste has become a source of concern as it is generated abundantly worldwide and needs to be valorised into new products. In this study, cucumber, tomato, and carrot wastes were investigated as pyrolysis feedstocks as a single component (cucumber), a binary component mixture (cucumber and tomato), and a ternary component blend (cucumber, tomato, and carrot). Fourteen scenarios were simulated and evaluated based on varying the feedstock blend (single, binary, and tertiary), temperature (300 and 500 °C), and feedstock moisture content (5, 20, and 40%). Using an established empirical model, the effect of these parameters on product yields, techno-economic implications, energy requirements, and life cycle analysis (LCA) outcomes were investigated. The best performers of each scenario were determined, and their strengths and weaknesses were identified and compared with other scenarios. In terms of product yields, all three systems (single, binary, and tertiary) followed a similar pattern: bio-oil yields increased as temperature and feedstock moisture content increased, while biochar yields decreased as temperature and feedstock moisture content increased. The production of syngas, on the other hand, was only observed at elevated temperatures. The total energy requirement exhibited an increase with increasing temperature and feedstock moisture content. The economic evaluation revealed that the return on investment (ROI) value for the single component at 5% moisture content at 300 °C is 29%, with a payback period (PB) of only 3.4 years, which is potentially very appealing. The water footprint increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature but decreased with increasing moisture content in all scenarios. The land footprint is observed to remain constant despite changes in process conditions. The study's findings contribute to the pyrolysis process's scalability, technological advancement, and commercialisation.

A novel approach on the delineation of a multipurpose energy-greenbelt to produce biofuel and combat desertification in arid regions

Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) is one of the most prominent energy crops due to its superior agronomical traits, where it can grow in non-arable lands and harsh climates with minimal water requirements. A significant number of studies were published on the utilisation of JCL for biofuel production, whereas there are no studies on its use in greenbelt (GB) or windbreak technologies reported thus far. Meanwhile, a few approaches on the delineation of greenbelts to fight desertification in the arid regions exist in literature. This study presents a novel approach to delineate a multipurpose energy-greenbelt using JCL crop for biofuel production, as well as to preserve the soil and enhance air quality, thereby helping to combat desertification and sand-dust storms (SDS). The methodology is demonstrated using a case study in the state of Qatar for the diversification of its renewable energy resources. Moreover, Qatar is also suffering from land degradation due to erosion factors and desert creep. A multi-dimensional approach is proposed for this purpose using satellite and meteorological data to initially select the optimal plantation sites that potentially contribute to the highest possible biofuel yield. The spatial analysis was carried out using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique for multi-criteria decision making in the geographic information system (ArcGIS). In addition, the Landsat and MODIS satellite imagery were utilised in combination with historical records from the weather stations to evaluate the patterns of SDS, land degradation and urban expansion, to best define optimal GB pathway. COMSOL Multiphysics software was subsequently employed to evaluate the performance of Jatropha-GB and determine its optimal density. The different solutions for GB delineation spans 166.6-227.8 km length and (6 × 6 m) of field density. It is expected that the economic and environmental benefits from the derived GB configuration include: (a) protection of up to 87% of Qatar farms against further deterioration; (b) yield of up to 36 M gallon of green liquid fuels; (c) capture of 0.33 M tonnes of CO₂ per 1 km GB-depth annually; and (d) provide a better air quality for around 95% of the Qatar population.