1
|
Tsai YC, Hleihil M, Otomo K, Abegg A, Cavaccini A, Panzanelli P, Cramer T, Ferrari KD, Barrett MJP, Bosshard G, Karayannis T, Weber B, Tyagarajan SK, Stobart JL. The gephyrin scaffold modulates cortical layer 2/3 pyramidal neuron responsiveness to single whisker stimulation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4169. [PMID: 38379020 PMCID: PMC10879104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Gephyrin is the main scaffolding protein at inhibitory postsynaptic sites, and its clusters are the signaling hubs where several molecular pathways converge. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of gephyrin alter GABAA receptor clustering at the synapse, but it is unclear how this affects neuronal activity at the circuit level. We assessed the contribution of gephyrin PTMs to microcircuit activity in the mouse barrel cortex by slice electrophysiology and in vivo two-photon calcium imaging of layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal cells during single-whisker stimulation. Our results suggest that, depending on the type of gephyrin PTM, the neuronal activities of L2/3 pyramidal neurons can be differentially modulated, leading to changes in the size of the neuronal population responding to the single-whisker stimulation. Furthermore, we show that gephyrin PTMs have their preference for selecting synaptic GABAA receptor subunits. Our results identify an important role of gephyrin and GABAergic postsynaptic sites for cortical microcircuit function during sensory stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chen Tsai
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroscience Zurich (ZNZ), Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Hleihil
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroscience Zurich (ZNZ), Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kanako Otomo
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrin Abegg
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Cavaccini
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Panzanelli
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Teresa Cramer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroscience Zurich (ZNZ), Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kim David Ferrari
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroscience Zurich (ZNZ), Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew J P Barrett
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroscience Zurich (ZNZ), Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Bosshard
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theofanis Karayannis
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Weber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroscience Zurich (ZNZ), Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shiva K Tyagarajan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroscience Zurich (ZNZ), Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jillian L Stobart
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hleihil M, Benke D. Restoring GABA B receptor expression in the ventral tegmental area of methamphetamine addicted mice inhibits locomotor sensitization and drug seeking behavior. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1347228. [PMID: 38384279 PMCID: PMC10879384 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1347228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Repeated exposure to psychostimulants such as methamphetamine (METH) induces neuronal adaptations in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA). These changes lead to persistently enhanced neuronal activity causing increased dopamine release and addictive phenotypes. A factor contributing to increased dopaminergic activity in this system appears to be reduced GABAB receptor-mediated neuronal inhibition in the VTA. Dephosphorylation of serine 783 (Ser783) of the GABAB2 subunit by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) appears to trigger the downregulation GABAB receptors in psychostimulant-addicted rodents. Therefore, preventing the interaction of GABAB receptors with PP2A using an interfering peptide is a promising strategy to restore GABAB receptor-mediated neuronal inhibition. We have previously developed an interfering peptide (PP2A-Pep) that inhibits the GABAB receptors/PP2A interaction and thereby restores receptor expression under pathological conditions. Here, we tested the hypothesis that restoration of GABAB receptor expression in the VTA of METH addicted mice reduce addictive phenotypes. We found that the expression of GABAB receptors was significantly reduced in the VTA and nucleus accumbens but not in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex of METH-addicted mice. Infusion of PP2A-Pep into the VTA of METH-addicted mice restored GABAB receptor expression in the VTA and inhibited METH-induced locomotor sensitization as assessed in the open field test. Moreover, administration of PP2A-Pep into the VTA also reduced drug seeking behavior in the conditioned place preference test. These observations underscore the importance of VTA GABAB receptors in controlling addictive phenotypes. Furthermore, this study illustrates the value of interfering peptides targeting diseases-related protein-protein interactions as an alternative approach for a potential development of selective therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hleihil
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Benke
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bhat MA, Hleihil M, Benke D. Restoration of GABA B receptor expression in cerebral ischemia: a promising novel neuroprotective strategy. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2659-2660. [PMID: 37449610 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.373704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Musadiq A Bhat
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Hleihil
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Benke
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hleihil M, Balakrishnan K, Benke D. Protein phosphatase 2A regulation of GABAB receptors normalizes ischemia-induced aberrant receptor trafficking and provides neuroprotection. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1015906. [PMID: 36311027 PMCID: PMC9607930 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1015906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One major factor regulating the strength of GABAB receptor signaling and thereby neuronal excitability is the dynamic control of their cell surface expression. GABAB receptors are constitutively internalized and recycled back to the plasma membrane to maintain a stable number of receptors at cell surface for appropriate signaling. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) dependent dephosphorylation of serine 783 (S783) in the GABAB2 subunit is a key event for downregulating GABAB receptor cell surface expression particularly under conditions associated with excitotoxicity. Here, we investigated the role of PP2A in regulating GABAB receptor cell surface expression under physiological and excitotoxic conditions. For this purpose, we developed an interfering peptide (PP2A-Pep) that inhibits the interaction of GABAB receptors with PP2A. Using cultured cortical neurons, we found that PP2A downregulates GABAB receptor cell surface expression by inhibiting recycling of the receptors and thereby promoting degradation of the receptors. Inhibition of the GABAB receptor/PP2A interaction by PP2A-Pep in cultured cortical neurons restored GABAB receptor cell surface expression after excitotoxic stress and inhibited progressing neuronal death even when added 48 h after the insult. To explore the therapeutic potential of PP2A-Pep, we further analyzed effect of PP2A-Pep in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model of cerebral ischemia. Incubation of brain slices prepared from MCAO-treated mice with PP2A-Pep restored normal GABAB receptor expression and GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition, reduced ischemic-induced overexcitability of neurons, and prevented neuronal death in the ischemic penumbra. This data illustrates the crucial role of regulating GABAB receptor phosphorylation by PP2A for controlling neuronal inhibition and excitability. The results further suggest that interfering with the GABAB receptor/PP2A interaction is a promising strategy for the development of specific therapeutic interventions to treat neurological diseases associated with a disturbed excitation/inhibition balance and downregulation of GABAB receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hleihil
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karthik Balakrishnan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Benke
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Drug Discovery Network Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Dietmar Benke,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Balakrishnan K, Hleihil M, Bhat MA, Ganley RP, Vaas M, Klohs J, Zeilhofer HU, Benke D. Targeting the interaction of GABA B receptors with CaMKII with an interfering peptide restores receptor expression after cerebral ischemia and inhibits progressive neuronal death in mouse brain cells and slices. Brain Pathol 2022; 33:e13099. [PMID: 35698024 PMCID: PMC9836377 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is the leading cause for long-term disability and mortality in adults due to massive neuronal death. Currently, there is no pharmacological treatment available to limit progressive neuronal death after stroke. A major mechanism causing ischemia-induced neuronal death is the excessive release of glutamate and the associated overexcitation of neurons (excitotoxicity). Normally, GABAB receptors control neuronal excitability in the brain via prolonged inhibition. However, excitotoxic conditions rapidly downregulate GABAB receptors via a CaMKII-mediated mechanism and thereby diminish adequate inhibition that could counteract neuronal overexcitation and neuronal death. To prevent the deleterious downregulation of GABAB receptors, we developed a cell-penetrating synthetic peptide (R1-Pep) that inhibits the interaction of GABAB receptors with CaMKII. Administration of this peptide to cultured cortical neurons exposed to excitotoxic conditions restored cell surface expression and function of GABAB receptors. R1-Pep did not affect CaMKII expression or activity but prevented its T286 autophosphorylation that renders it autonomously and persistently active. Moreover, R1-Pep counteracted the aberrant downregulation of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K+ channels and the upregulation of N-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, the main effectors of GABAB receptors. The restoration of GABAB receptors activated the Akt survival pathway and inhibited excitotoxic neuronal death with a wide time window in cultured neurons. Restoration of GABAB receptors and neuroprotective activity of R1-Pep was verified by using brain slices prepared from mice after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Treatment with R1-Pep restored normal GABAB receptor expression and GABA receptor-mediated K+ channel currents. This reduced MCAO-induced neuronal excitability and inhibited neuronal death. These results support the hypothesis that restoration of GABAB receptor expression under excitatory conditions provides neuroprotection and might be the basis for the development of a selective intervention to inhibit progressive neuronal death after ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Balakrishnan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Present address:
Dewpoint Therapeutics GMBHDresdenGermany
| | - Mohammad Hleihil
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Musadiq A. Bhat
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Robert P. Ganley
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Markus Vaas
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Present address:
Clinical Trial Center ZurichUniversity Hospital of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jan Klohs
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Drug Discovery Network ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Dietmar Benke
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Drug Discovery Network ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thirouin ZS, Figueiredo M, Hleihil M, Gill R, Bosshard G, McKinney RA, Tyagarajan SK. Trophic factor BDNF inhibits GABAergic signaling by facilitating dendritic enrichment of SUMO E3 ligase PIAS3 and altering gephyrin scaffold. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101840. [PMID: 35307349 PMCID: PMC9019257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational addition of a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) moiety (SUMOylation) has been implicated in pathologies such as brain ischemia, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and neurodegeneration. However, nuclear enrichment of SUMO pathway proteins has made it difficult to ascertain how ion channels, proteins that are typically localized to and function at the plasma membrane, and mitochondria are SUMOylated. Here, we report that the trophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates SUMO proteins both spatially and temporally in neurons. We show that BDNF signaling via the receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B facilitates nuclear exodus of SUMO proteins and subsequent enrichment within dendrites. Of the various SUMO E3 ligases, we found that PIAS-3 dendrite enrichment in response to BDNF signaling specifically modulates subsequent ERK1/2 kinase pathway signaling. In addition, we found the PIAS-3 RING and Ser/Thr domains, albeit in opposing manners, functionally inhibit GABA-mediated inhibition. Finally, using oxygen–glucose deprivation as an in vitro model for ischemia, we show that BDNF–tropomyosin-related kinase B signaling negatively impairs clustering of the main scaffolding protein at GABAergic postsynapse, gephyrin, whereby reducing GABAergic neurotransmission postischemia. SUMOylation-defective gephyrin K148R/K724R mutant transgene expression reversed these ischemia-induced changes in gephyrin cluster density. Taken together, these data suggest that BDNF signaling facilitates the temporal relocation of nuclear-enriched SUMO proteins to dendrites to influence postsynaptic protein SUMOylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra S Thirouin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Figueiredo
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Hleihil
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Raminder Gill
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Giovanna Bosshard
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R Anne McKinney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shiva K Tyagarajan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hleihil M, Vaas M, Bhat MA, Balakrishnan K, Benke D. Sustained Baclofen-Induced Activation of GABA B Receptors After Cerebral Ischemia Restores Receptor Expression and Function and Limits Progressing Loss of Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:726133. [PMID: 34539344 PMCID: PMC8440977 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.726133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One important function of GABAB receptors is the control of neuronal activity to prevent overexcitation and thereby excitotoxic death, which is a hallmark of cerebral ischemia. Consequently, sustained activation of GABAB receptors with the selective agonist baclofen provides neuroprotection in in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia. However, excitotoxic conditions severely downregulate the receptors, which would compromise the neuroprotective effectiveness of baclofen. On the other hand, recent work suggests that sustained activation of GABAB receptors stabilizes receptor expression. Therefore, we addressed the question whether sustained activation of GABAB receptors reduces downregulation of the receptor under excitotoxic conditions and thereby preserves GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition. In cultured neurons subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), to mimic cerebral ischemia, GABAB receptors were severely downregulated. Treatment of the cultures with baclofen after OGD restored GABAB receptor expression and reduced loss of neurons. Restoration of GABAB receptors was due to enhanced fast recycling of the receptors, which reduced OGD-induced sorting of the receptors to lysosomal degradation. Utilizing the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model of cerebral ischemia, we verified the severe downregulation of GABAB receptors in the affected cortex and a partial restoration of the receptors after systemic injection of baclofen. Restored receptor expression recovered GABAB receptor-mediated currents, normalized the enhanced neuronal excitability observed after MCAO and limited progressive loss of neurons. These results suggest that baclofen-induced restoration of GABAB receptors provides the basis for the neuroprotective activity of baclofen after an ischemic insult. Since GABAB receptors regulate multiple beneficial pathways, they are promising targets for a neuroprotective strategy in acute cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hleihil
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Vaas
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Musadiq A Bhat
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karthik Balakrishnan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Benke
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Koltun B, Ironi S, Gershoni-Emek N, Barrera I, Hleihil M, Nanguneri S, Sasmal R, Agasti SS, Nair D, Rosenblum K. Measuring mRNA translation in neuronal processes and somata by tRNA-FRET. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e32. [PMID: 31974573 PMCID: PMC7102941 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In neurons, the specific spatial and temporal localization of protein synthesis is of great importance for function and survival. Here, we visualized tRNA and protein synthesis events in fixed and live mouse primary cortical culture using fluorescently-labeled tRNAs. We were able to characterize the distribution and transport of tRNAs in different neuronal sub-compartments and to study their association with the ribosome. We found that tRNA mobility in neural processes is lower than in somata and corresponds to patterns of slow transport mechanisms, and that larger tRNA puncta co-localize with translational machinery components and are likely the functional fraction. Furthermore, chemical induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in culture revealed up-regulation of mRNA translation with a similar effect in dendrites and somata, which appeared to be GluR-dependent 6 h post-activation. Importantly, measurement of protein synthesis in neurons with high resolutions offers new insights into neuronal function in health and disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bella Koltun
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sivan Ironi
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Iliana Barrera
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mohammad Hleihil
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Ranjan Sasmal
- New Chemistry Unit and Chemistry & Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sarit S Agasti
- New Chemistry Unit and Chemistry & Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepak Nair
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Kobi Rosenblum
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Center for Gene Manipulation in the Brain, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|