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Soruri M, Razavi SM, Forouzanfar M, Colantonio P. Design and fabrication of a GaN HEMT power amplifier based on hidden Markov model for wireless applications. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285186. [PMID: 37146032 PMCID: PMC10162524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Improvement of power amplifier's performance is the desired topic in communication systems. There are many efforts are made to provide good input and output matching, high efficiency, sufficient power gain and appropriate output power. This paper presents a power amplifier with optimized input and output matching networks. In the proposed approach, a new structure of the Hidden Markov Model with 20 hidden states is used for modeling the power amplifier. The widths and lengths of the microstrip lines in the input and output matching networks are defined as the parameters that the Hidden Markov Model should optimize. For validating our algorithm, a power amplifier has been realized based on a 10W GaN HEMT with part number CG2H40010F from the Cree corporation. Measurement results have shown a PAE higher than 50%, a Gain of about 14 dB, and input and output return losses lower than -10 dB over the frequency range of 1.8-2.5 GHz. The proposed PA can be used in wireless applications such as radar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Soruri
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - S Mohammad Razavi
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mehdi Forouzanfar
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Paolo Colantonio
- Electronic Engineering Department, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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Alibakhshikenari M, Virdee BS, Benetatos H, Ali EM, Soruri M, Dalarsson M, Naser-Moghadasi M, See CH, Pietrenko-Dabrowska A, Koziel S, Szczepanski S, Limiti E. An innovative antenna array with high inter element isolation for sub-6 GHz 5G MIMO communication systems. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7907. [PMID: 35550585 PMCID: PMC9098627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel technique is shown to improve the isolation between radiators in antenna arrays. The proposed technique suppresses the surface-wave propagation and reduces substrate loss thereby enhancing the overall performance of the array. This is achieved without affecting the antenna’s footprint. The proposed approach is demonstrated on a four-element array for 5G MIMO applications. Each radiating element in the array is constituted from a 3 × 3 matrix of interconnected resonant elements. The technique involves (1) incorporating matching stubs within the resonant elements, (2) framing each of the four-radiating elements inside a dot-wall, and (3) defecting the ground plane with dielectric slots that are aligned under the dot-walls. Results show that with the proposed approach the impedance bandwidth of the array is increased by 58.82% and the improvement in the average isolation between antennas #1&2, #1&3, #1&4 are 8 dB, 14 dB, 16 dB, and 13 dB, respectively. Moreover, improvement in the antenna gain is 4.2% and the total radiation efficiency is 23.53%. These results confirm the efficacy of the technique. The agreement between the simulated and measured results is excellent. Furthermore, the manufacture of the antenna array using the proposed approach is relatively straightforward and cost effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alibakhshikenari
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911, Leganés, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bal S Virdee
- School of Computing and Digital Media, Center for Communications Technology, London Metropolitan University, London, N7 8DB, UK
| | - Harry Benetatos
- School of Computing and Digital Media, Center for Communications Technology, London Metropolitan University, London, N7 8DB, UK
| | - Esraa Mousa Ali
- Faculty of Aviation Sciences, Amman Arab University, Amman, 11953, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Soruri
- Technical Faculty of Ferdows, University of Birjand, Birjand, 9717434765, Iran
| | - Mariana Dalarsson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100-44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Naser-Moghadasi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 14778-93855, Iran
| | - Chan Hwang See
- School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, 10 Colinton Rd., Edinburgh, EH10 5DT, UK
| | - Anna Pietrenko-Dabrowska
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Slawomir Koziel
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.,Engineering Optimization and Modeling Center, Reykjavik University, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Stanislaw Szczepanski
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ernesto Limiti
- Electronic Engineering Department, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
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Elkorany AS, Mousa AN, Ahmad S, Saleeb DA, Ghaffar A, Soruri M, Dalarsson M, Alibakhshikenari M, Limiti E. Implementation of a Miniaturized Planar Tri-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Sensors in Mobile Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22020667. [PMID: 35062628 PMCID: PMC8777920 DOI: 10.3390/s22020667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Antennas in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are characterized by the enhanced capacity of the network, longer range of transmission, better spatial reuse, and lower interference. In this paper, we propose a planar patch antenna for mobile communication applications operating at 1.8, 3.5, and 5.4 GHz. A planar microstrip patch antenna (MPA) consists of two F-shaped resonators that enable operations at 1.8 and 3.5 GHz while operation at 5.4 GHz is achieved when the patch is truncated from the middle. The proposed planar patch is printed on a low-cost FR-4 substrate that is 1.6 mm in thickness. The equivalent circuit model is also designed to validate the reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna with the S11 obtained from the circuit model. It contains three RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuits for generating three frequency bands for the proposed antenna. Thereby, we obtained a good agreement between simulation and measurement results. The proposed antenna has an elliptically shaped radiation pattern at 1.8 and 3.5 GHz, while the broadside directional pattern is obtained at the 5.4 GHz frequency band. At 1.8, 3.5, and 5.4 GHz, the simulated peak realized gains of 2.34, 5.2, and 1.42 dB are obtained and compared to the experimental peak realized gains of 2.22, 5.18, and 1.38 dB at same frequencies. The results indicate that the proposed planar patch antenna can be utilized for mobile applications such as digital communication systems (DCS), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and wireless local area networks (WLAN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Saad Elkorany
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32952, Egypt; (A.S.E.); (A.N.M.)
| | - Alyaa Nehru Mousa
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32952, Egypt; (A.S.E.); (A.N.M.)
| | - Sarosh Ahmad
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Technology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (M.D.); (M.A.)
| | | | - Adnan Ghaffar
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Mohammad Soruri
- Technical Faculty of Ferdows, University of Birjand, Birjand 9717434765, Iran;
| | - Mariana Dalarsson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE 100-44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (M.D.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohammad Alibakhshikenari
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, 28911 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (M.D.); (M.A.)
| | - Ernesto Limiti
- Electronic Engineering Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Vial Del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
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