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Gomathi M, Dhivya V, Padmavathi V, Pradeepkumar M, Robert Wilson S, Kumar NS, Balachandar V. Genetic Instability and Disease Progression of Indian Rett Syndrome Patients. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03882-y. [PMID: 38147229 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is the rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene with a prevalence of 1:10,000 worldwide. The hallmark clinical features of RTT are developmental delay, microcephaly, repetitive behaviours, gait abnormalities, respiratory abnormalities and seizures. Still, the understanding on the diagnosis of RTT among clinicians are less. The aim of our work was to study various clinical manifestations and a spectrum of MECP2 genetic heterogeneity in RTT patients from South Indian population. We screened 208 autistic patients and diagnosed 20 RTT patients, who were further divided into classical RTT (group I; N = 11) and variant RTT (group II; N = 9). The clinical severity of RTT was measured using RSSS, RSBQ, SSI, SSS and RTT gross motor scale. The biochemical analysis showed that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), plasma dopamine and cholesterol levels were higher in group I when compared to group II, whereas the level of blood pressure, calcium, ferritin and high-density lipoprotein levels were significantly decreased in both RTT groups, when compared to the control group. The genetic mutational spectrum of MECP2 mutations were found in 12/20 of RTT patients, which revealed the occurrence of 60% pathogenic mutation and 20% unknown mutation and it was correlated with the clinical finding of respiratory dysfunction, scoliosis and sleeping problems. The significant results of this study provided clinical and genetic aspects of RTT diagnosis and proposed the clinicians to screen abnormal cholesterol, calcium and TSH levels tailed with MECP2 gene mutations for early prognosis of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Gomathi
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India.
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India.
| | - Venkatesan Dhivya
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India
| | - Vijayakumar Padmavathi
- Department of Microbiology, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur, Tamil Nadu, 635601, India
| | - Murugasamy Pradeepkumar
- Department of Medical Genetics, KMCH Institute of Health Sciences and Research, Civil Aerodrome Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641014, India
| | - S Robert Wilson
- SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kancheepuram District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University (A Central University), Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | - Vellingiri Balachandar
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
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Gomathi M, Sankar A, Kannan S, Shkir M, Reddy VRM. Tin selenide/carbon black nanocomposite-based high efficiency counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Drug studies on Rett syndrome (RTT) have drastically increased over the past few decades. This review aims to provide master data on bench-to-bedside drug studies involving RTT. A comprehensive literature review was performed by searching in PUBMED, MEDLINE and Google Scholar, international, national and regional clinical trial registries and pharmaceutical companies using the keywords "Rett syndrome treatment and/or drug or compound or molecule". Seventy drugs were investigated in non-clinical (N = 65 animal/cell line-based studies; N = 5 iPSC-based study) and clinical trials (N = 34) for ameliorating the symptoms of RTT. Though there is good progress in both clinical and non-clinical studies, none of these drugs entered phase III/IV for being launched as a therapeutic agent for RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Gomathi
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | | | - Vellingiri Balachandar
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India.
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Gomathi M, Prakasam A, Rajkumar P, Rajeshkumar S, Chandrasekaran R, Anbarasan P. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract and evaluation of its antibacterial activity. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Gomathi M, Prakasam A, Rajkumar PV. Green Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Using Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Leaf Extract. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Balachandar V, Ramkumar S, Maheswari U, Gomathi M, Laleethambika N, Srija B, Suguna T, Geetha B, Sasikala K. Mutational Analysis in Dystrophin Gene with Dystrophinopathy: A Novel Familial Case Report in Tamil Nadu. INT J HUM GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09723757.2016.11886289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Balachandar
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Ramkumar
- Department of Medicine, Karpagam Faculty of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore 641 032, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uma Maheswari
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Gomathi
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N. Laleethambika
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B. Srija
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T. Suguna
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B. Geetha
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Sasikala
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
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Gomathi M, Rajkumar P, Prakasam A, Ravichandran K. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Datura stramonium leaf extract and assessment of their antibacterial activity. Resource-Efficient Technologies 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reffit.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gomathi M, Balachandar V. Novel therapeutic approaches: Rett syndrome and human induced pluripotent stem cell technology. Stem Cell Investig 2017; 4:20. [PMID: 28447035 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2017.02.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology target screening and discovering of therapeutic agents for the possible cure of human diseases. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) are the right kind of platform for testing potency of specific active compounds. Ayurveda, the Indian traditional system of medicine developed between 2,500 and 500 BC, is a science involving the intelligent formulations of herbs and minerals. It can serve as a "goldmine" for novel neuroprotective agents used for centuries to treat neurological disorders. This review discusses limitations in screening drugs for neurological disorders and the advantages offered by hiPSC integrated with Indian traditional system of medicine. We begin by describing the current state of hiPSC technology in research on Rett syndrome (RTT) followed by the current controversies in RTT research combined with the emergence of patient-specific hiPSC that indicate an urgent need for researchers to understand the etiology and drug mechanism. We conclude by offering recommendations to reinforce the screening of active compounds present in the ayurvedic medicines using the human induced pluripotent neural model system for research involving drug discovery for RTT. This integrative approach will fill the current knowledge gap in the traditional medicines and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Gomathi
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vellingiri Balachandar
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
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Balachandar V, Dhivya V, Gomathi M, Mohanadevi S, Venkatesh B, Geetha B. A review of Rett syndrome (RTT) with induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:52. [PMID: 27777941 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2016.09.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are pluripotent stem cells generated from somatic cells by the introduction of a combination of pluripotency-associated genes such as OCT4, SOX2, along with either KLF4 and c-MYC or NANOG and LIN28 via retroviral or lentiviral vectors. Most importantly, hiPSCs are similar to human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) functionally as they are pluripotent and can potentially differentiate into any desired cell type when provided with the appropriate cues, but do not have the ethical issues surrounding hESCs. For these reasons, hiPSCs have huge potential in translational medicine such as disease modeling, drug screening, and cellular therapy. Indeed, patient-specific hiPSCs have been generated for a multitude of diseases, including many with a neurological basis, in which disease phenotypes have been recapitulated in vitro and proof-of-principle drug screening has been performed. As the techniques for generating hiPSCs are refined and these cells become a more widely used tool for understanding brain development, the insights they produce must be understood in the context of the greater complexity of the human genome and the human brain. Disease models using iPS from Rett syndrome (RTT) patient's fibroblasts have opened up a new avenue of drug discovery for therapeutic treatment of RTT. The analysis of X chromosome inactivation (XCI) upon differentiation of RTT-hiPSCs into neurons will be critical to conclusively demonstrate the isolation of pre-XCI RTT-hiPSCs in comparison to post-XCI RTT-hiPSCs. The current review projects on iPSC studies in RTT as well as XCI in hiPSC were it suggests for screening new potential therapeutic targets for RTT in future for the benefit of RTT patients. In conclusion, patient-specific drug screening might be feasible and would be particularly helpful in disorders where patients frequently have to try multiple drugs before finding a regimen that works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vellingiri Balachandar
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatesan Dhivya
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohan Gomathi
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramaniam Mohanadevi
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramanian Venkatesh
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bharathi Geetha
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
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Iyer M, Gomathi M, Shanawaz D, Vellingiri B, Keshavarao S. Evaluation of clinical phenotypes associated with cytogenetic effects and Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphisms in Parkinson disease in Coimbatore region, South India. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.10.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Subash A, Gomathi M, Kanagavalli M, Sindhiya D. Recycling of lime sludge emanating from tannery industry through vermicomposting using Eisenia foetida. J Environ Sci Eng 2012; 54:432-435. [PMID: 24749206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The research was focused on the control of pollution, which is caused due to tannery waste disposal, through the process of vermicomposting. Earthworms have increasingly been used for waste management. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to recycle the lime sludge emanating from a selected tannery industry through vermicomposting. Tannery solid waste was allowed to compost for 60 days, and then the composts were harvested and analyzed for selected physio-chemical and biochemical parameters. A flowering plant namely Tagets erecta Linn was grown in soil mixed with the vermicomposts obtained, and was studied for its growth attributes and compared with the control plant growth on soil alone. The attributes studied were biometric parameters, like root length, shoot length, plant height, plant weight, number of leaves, flowers and buds. The alkaline nature of the lime sludge was reduced to neutral range on vermicomposting. The electrical conductivity of the lime sludge was also reduced on vermicomposting which might be due to the transformation of complex organic compounds into simpler forms. The biochemical parameters, such as nitrogen and carbon were also reduced on vermicomposting.
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Jose VJ, Gomathi M. Declining prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in rural schoolchildren in India: 2001-2002. Indian Heart J 2003; 55:158-60. [PMID: 12921331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatic heart disease is still a major health problem in developing countries such as India and, for the health planners to allocate funds, the actual prevalence of the disease should be known. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in rural school children in India. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 229,829 children between 6 and 18 years of age were screened as part of a school health program. All children with a valvar heart disease detected by the screening doctor were referred to a tertiary care center for evaluation by a cardiologist. The presence of cardiac lesions was confirmed by color Doppler examination. All children with known congenital heart disease were excluded from this study. A total of 374 children were found to have heart disease. Of these, 157 children were found to have rheumatic heart disease, confirmed by echocardiogram. Thus, the current prevalence of rheumatic heart disease is 0.68 per 1000 children. CONCLUSIONS In the largest school survey conducted to date in India, we report the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease to be 0.68 per 1000 children. Our study suggests that there may have been a dramatic decline in the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jacob Jose
- Department of Cardiology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore
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Selvakumar N, Gomathi M, Rehman F, Narayanan PR. Evaluation of a two-reagent cold staining method for detection of acid-fast bacilli. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002; 6:728-31. [PMID: 12150486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Tuberculosis Research Centre, Chennai, India. OBJECTIVE To evaluate a two-reagent cold staining method for detection of acid-fast bacilli in sputum smears. SPUTUM SAMPLES: Two hundred and forty-four samples from pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending Tuberculosis Research Centre were used. METHODS AND DESIGN Two smears were prepared from each of the samples, of which one was allotted to the two-reagent cold staining method and the other to the Ziehl-Neelsen (Z-N) method. The smears were read blind by a single technician. To ensure correct grading, a senior technician checked all positives and 20% of the negative smears. All the samples were processed by modified Petroff's method for culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RESULTS The concordance (smear grade one above and one below) between the methods was 90% (kappa value, 0.7). The performance of the cold method and the Z-N method was similar when their smear results were compared with culture results (cold method vs. culture, kappa = 0.61; ZN method vs. culture, kappa = 0.67) CONCLUSION The two-reagent cold staining method was found to be as sensitive and specific as the Z-N method. However, large-scale multicentric studies in different climatic conditions need to be conducted to assess its efficacy in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Selvakumar
- Tuberculosis Research Centre (ICMR), Chetput, Chennai, India.
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