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Elsharkawy MM, Khedr AA, Mehiar F, El-Kady EM, Alwutayd KM, Behiry SI. Rhizobacterial Colonization and Management of Bacterial Speck Pathogen in Tomato by Pseudomonas spp. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1103. [PMID: 37317077 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants and soil microorganisms interact at every stage of growth. Pseudomonas spp. are highly regarded for their ability to increase crop production and protection from diseases. The aim of this study is to understand the mechanisms of the rhizobacterial colonization of tomato roots via chemotaxis assay and the activation of tomato resistance against the pathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst). The capillary assay was used to evaluate the chemotaxis response of PGPRs (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria). The activities of defense enzymes and the expressions of PR (pathogenesis-related) genes were measured using real-time qPCR. Chemotactic responses to malic and citric acids (the most important root exudates found in different plant species) at low concentrations varied substantially among the rhizobacterial isolates (63 species). Beneficial isolates including Pseudomonas resinovorans A5, P. vranovensis A30, P. resinovorans A28, P. umsongensis O26, P. stutzeri N42, and P. putida T15 reacted well to different concentrations of root exudates. P. putida T15 demonstrated the most potent anti-Pst activity. At three and six days after inoculation, the greatest levels of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity were reported in the A5 and T15 groups. In tomato, transcript levels of four PR (pathogenesis-related) genes were elevated by rhizobacterial treatments. PGPR isolates alone or in combination with BABA (β-amino butyric acid) up-regulated the transcriptions of PR1, PR2, LOX, and PAL genes. Treatments with N42 and T15 resulted in the greatest improvements in tomato growth and yield traits. In conclusion, the results explain the mechanisms of rhizobacterial colonization for the improved management of Pst. Rhizobacterial isolates play a role in tomato's resistance to Pst via salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen M Elsharkawy
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Amr A Khedr
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Farid Mehiar
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Elsayed M El-Kady
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Khairiah Mubarak Alwutayd
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Said I Behiry
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
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Abdelkhalek A, El-Gendi H, Al-Askar AA, Maresca V, Moawad H, Elsharkawy MM, Younes HA, Behiry SI. Enhancing systemic resistance in faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) to Bean yellow mosaic virus via soil application and foliar spray of nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 33504-Alex1. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:933498. [PMID: 35982695 PMCID: PMC9378966 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.933498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobium spp. manifests strong nitrogen fixation ability in legumes. However, their significance as biocontrol agents and antivirals has rarely been investigated. Under greenhouse conditions, the molecularly identified nitrogen-fixing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 33504-Alex1, isolated from the root nodules of faba bean plants, was tested as a soil inoculum or a foliar application to trigger faba bean plants' resistance against Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) infection. Compared to the non-treated faba bean plants, the applications of 33504-Alex1 in either soil or foliar application significantly promoted growth and improved total chlorophyll content, resulting in a considerable reduction in disease incidence and severity and the inhibition index of BYMV in the treated faba bean plants. Furthermore, the protective activities of 33504-Alex1 were associated with significant reductions in non-enzymatic oxidative stress markers [hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA)] and remarkably increased DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content compared to the BYMV treatment at 20 days post-inoculation. Additionally, an increase in reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)] and induced transcriptional levels of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins (PR-1, PR-3, and PR-5) were observed. Of the 19 polyphenolic compounds detected in faba bean leaves by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, gallic and vanillic acids were completely shut down in BYMV treatment. Interestingly, the 33504-Alex1 treatments were associated with the induction and accumulation of the most detected polyphenolic compounds. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed hexadecanoic acid 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, tetraneurin-A-Diol, oleic acid, and isochiapin B are the major compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of 33504-Alex1 culture filtrate (CF), suggesting it acts as an elicitor for the induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in faba bean plants. Consequently, the capacity of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 33504-Alex1 to enhance plant growth and induce systemic resistance to BYMV infection will support the incorporation of 33504-Alex1 as a fertilizer and biocontrol agent and offer a new strategy for crop protection, sustainability, and environmental safety in agriculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelkhalek
- Department of Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hamada El-Gendi
- Department of Bioprocess Development, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Viviana Maresca
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Hassan Moawad
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohsen M. Elsharkawy
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Hosny A. Younes
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Said I. Behiry
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Mosa WFA, Mackled MI, Abdelsalam NR, Behiry SI, Al-Askar AA, Basile A, Abdelkhalek A, Elsharkawy MM, Salem MZM. Impact of Silver Nanoparticles on Lemon Growth Performance: Insecticidal and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils From Peels and Leaves. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:898846. [PMID: 35677237 PMCID: PMC9168914 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.898846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ten-year-old lemon (Citrus limon L. cv. Eureka) was used during the 2019 and 2020 seasons to investigate the effect of AgNPs at control, 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/L as a foliar application on vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality. The selected trees were subjected to agricultural practices applied in the field during the study. The results indicated that the foliar application of AgNPs positively improved the shoot length, total chlorophyll, flower, and fruit set percentage, fruit yield, physical and chemical characteristics of fruits, and leaf mineral composition from macro and micronutrients compared to control in both seasons. The foliar application of AgNPs at 10 mg/L showed the highest mean values followed by 7.5 and 5 mg/L, respectively, for the previous characteristics. The treated leaves and fruit peels were hydrodistillated to extract the essential oils (EOs), and GC-MS analysis of leaf EOs. The analysis of leaves EOs showed the presence of neral, geranial, neryl acetate, and limonene as the main abundant bioactive compounds. While in peel the main compounds were neral, geranial, neryl acetate, D-limonene, geraniol acetate, linalool, and citronellal. Toxin effect of both EOs from leaves and peels were evaluated on the rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae) and the results indicated a higher effect of lemon peel EOs than leaves based on mortality percentage and the values of LC50 and LC95 mg/L. Melia azedarach wood samples loaded with the produced lemon EOs were evaluated for their antifungal activity against the molecularly identified fungus, Fusarium solani (acc # OL410542). The reduction in mycelial growth was increased gradually with the applied treatments. The most potent activity was found in lemon leaf EOs, while peel EOs showed the lowest reduction values. The mycelial growth reduction percentages reached 72.96 and 52.59%, by 0.1% leaf and peel EOs, respectively, compared with control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid F. A. Mosa
- Department of Plant Production (Horticulture-Pomology), Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa I. Mackled
- Department of Stored Product Pests, Plant Protection Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nader R. Abdelsalam
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Said I. Behiry
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adriana Basile
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ahmed Abdelkhalek
- Department of Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab City, Egypt
| | - Mohsen M. Elsharkawy
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z. M. Salem
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Elsharkawy MM, Elsawy MM, Ismail IA. Mechanism of resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus elicited by inoculation with Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis. Pest Manag Sci 2022; 78:86-94. [PMID: 34437749 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic resistance stimulated by rhizosphere bacteria is an important strategy for the management of plant viruses. The efficacy of Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis was assessed for protection of cucumber and Arabidopsis against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Moreover, transcriptomic analysis was carried out for A. thaliana colonized with B. subtilis subsp. subtilis and infected with CMV. RESULTS Treatment with a cell suspension of Bacillus revealed a significant reduction of CMV severity in comparison to their control. All Arabidopsis mutants treated with B. subtilis showed a clear reduction in CMV accumulation. Disease severity data and virus concentration titer measurements correlated with gene up-regulation in microarray and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) experiments. Bacillus treatment increased Arabidopsis growth characteristics (fresh and dry weights and number of leaflets) under pot conditions. The molecular mechanisms by which Bacillus activated resistance to CMV were investigated. Using the microarray hybridization technique, we were able to determine the mechanism of resistance elicited by B. subtilis against CMV. The transcriptomic analysis confirmed the up-regulation of more than 250 defense-related genes in Arabidopsis expressing induced systemic resistance (ISR). RT-qPCR results validated the overexpression of defense genes (YLS9 and PR1 in Arabidopsis and PR1 and LOX in cucumber), implying their important roles in the stimulated defense response. CONCLUSION Through the study of microarray and RT-qPCR analyses, it can be concluded that the overexpression of pathogenesis-related genes was necessary to stimulate CMV defense in cucumber and Arabidopsis by B. subtilis subsp. subtilis. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen M Elsharkawy
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Elsawy
- Plant Virology and Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ismail A Ismail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Elsharkawy MM, Khedr AA, Mehiar F, El-Kady EM, Baazeem A, Shimizu M. Suppression of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infection by rhizosphere fungi. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:4350-4356. [PMID: 33955671 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induced resistance against several plant pathogens was reported using different beneficial plant growth-promoting microorganisms. The potential of five fungal isolates, Trichoderma harzianum GT 3-2, Fusarium equiseti GF 18-3, F. equiseti GF 19-1, Phoma sp. GS 10-1 and Phoma sp. GS 14-1, to stimulate tomato growth and resistance against bacterial speck disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pathovar (pv.) tomato DC3000 was evaluated. RESULTS Based on the results of disease severity and growth promotion experiments, GF 18-3 exhibited the best results among all fungal isolates. Treatment with barley grain inocula (BGI) and culture filtrate (CF) of the isolates promoted tomato growth and suppressed the pathogen in pot trials. Furthermore, expressions of the pathogenesis-related genes (PR-1, β-1,3-glucanase A, β-1,3-glucanase B and LOX) were relatively higher than the control in the leaves of tomato plants treated with both BGI and CF. The transcription levels remained consistently higher than the control plants for 6 days post-inoculation with pathogen. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results indicate that the tested fungal isolates have the potential to promote tomato growth and induce systemic resistance against the bacterial speck disease. Analysis of certain PR gene expression revealed significant activation in both BGI and CF treatments, leading to stimulated resistance against the pathogen. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen M Elsharkawy
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | - Amr A Khedr
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | - Farid Mehiar
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | - Elsayed M El-Kady
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | - Alaa Baazeem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masafumi Shimizu
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu-shi, Japan
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Elsharkawy MM, Derbalah A. Antiviral activity of titanium dioxide nanostructures as a control strategy for broad bean strain virus in faba bean. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:828-834. [PMID: 30141238 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study fabricated titanium dioxide nanostructures (TDNS) to control broad bean stain virus (BBSV) in faba bean plants. Protection of faba bean against BBSV was evaluated biologically with respect to virus severity, reduction in BBSV accumulation and expression of a pathogenesis-related gene. RESULTS The results indicate that faba bean plants treated with TDNS show a significant reduction in disease severity relative to untreated plants. The regulatory and defense gene involved in the salicylic acid signaling pathway was highly expressed in faba bean plants treated with TDNS compared with untreated plants. The structural features of TDNS, such as the small particle size and suitable shape, contributed to its high efficacy against BBSV. Growth of faba bean plants treated with TDNS was significantly enhanced relative to untreated plants. CONCULSION TDNS is an important, eco-friendly and safe strategy for controlling BBSV in faba bean and this study is the first report of this control strategy. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen M Elsharkawy
- Agricultural Botany Department, Kafr-El-Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Aly Derbalah
- Pesticides Chemistry and Toxicology Department, Kafr-El-Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
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Hanbal SE, Takashima K, Miyashita S, Ando S, Ito K, Elsharkawy MM, Kaneko T, Takahashi H. Atmospheric-pressure plasma irradiation can disrupt tobacco mosaic virus particles and RNAs to inactivate their infectivity. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2835-2840. [PMID: 29948382 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Low-temperature atmospheric-pressure air plasma is a source of charged and neutral gas species. In this study, N-carrying tobacco plants were inoculated with plasma irradiated and non-irradiated tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) solution, resulting in necrotic local lesions on non-irradiated, but not on irradiated, TMV-inoculated leaves. Virus particles were disrupted by plasma irradiation in an exposure-dependent manner, but the viral coat protein subunit was not. TMV RNA was also fragmented in a time-dependent manner. These results indicate that plasma irradiation of TMV can collapse viral particles to the subunit level, degrading TMV RNA and thereby leading to a loss of infectivity.
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Grants
- 16H06429 Scientific Research on Innovative Areas from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, Sports and Technology (MEXT), Japan
- 16K21723 Scientific Research on Innovative Areas from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, Sports and Technology (MEXT), Japan
- 16H06435 Scientific Research on Innovative Areas from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, Sports and Technology (MEXT), Japan
- Establishment of international agricultural immunology research-core for a quantum improvement in food safety The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) through the JSPS Core-to-Core Program (Advanced Research Networks)
- Channel System Program Egyptian Government
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Hanbal
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aramaki-Aza- Aoba, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
- Department of Virus and Phytoplasma, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Keisuke Takashima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-05 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shuhei Miyashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aramaki-Aza- Aoba, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Sugihiro Ando
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aramaki-Aza- Aoba, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ito
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aramaki-Aza- Aoba, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Mohsen M Elsharkawy
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Toshiro Kaneko
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-05 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aramaki-Aza- Aoba, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan.
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