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Mohammed AH, Aljarallah AS, Huq M, Mackawy AMH, Alharbi BF, Almutairi KS, Alruwetei AM, Almatroudi AAA, Alharbi HO, Aljohery SAMA, Wasti AZ. Evaluation of the immune system status and hematological dyscrasias, among amphetamine and cannabis abusers at Eradah Hospital in Qassim, Saudi Arabia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10600. [PMID: 38719969 PMCID: PMC11079053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the immune system status and hematological disturbances among individuals who abuse amphetamines and cannabis. Substance abuse, particularly of amphetamines and cannabis, has been associated with various adverse effects on the body, including potential impacts on the immune system and hematological parameters. However, limited research has been conducted to comprehensively assess these effects in a cross-sectional design. Additionally, fungal infections are on the rise internationally, and immune-compromised people are particularly susceptible. The study will recruit a sample of amphetamine and cannabis abusers (n = 50) at the Eradah Hospital in the Qassim Region of Buraydah and assess their sociodemographic and biochemical variables, including blood indices and differential WBC indices, liver, and kidney profiles. Additionally, 50 sputum samples in total were cultured for testing for fungus infections. To obtain the descriptive statistics, the data was imported into Microsoft Excel and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 22.0. Amphetamine and cannabis abuser's sociodemographic variables analysis observed that the majority (52%) were aged 18-30, with 56% in secondary school. Unemployment was a significant issue, and most had no other health issues. The majority (50%) had 5-10 years of abuse, while 32% had less than 5 years, and only 18% had been drug abusers for more than 10 years. There were significant changes (p < 0.001) in all different leukocyte blood cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Furthermore, a microscopic examination of blood films from individuals who misuse the combination of the medications "amphetamine and cannabis" reveals hazardous alterations in Neutrophils. Out of 50, 35 sputum samples showed positive growth on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) with chloramphenicol antibiotic, indicating a unicellular fungal growth. The present study explores the immune system and hematological disturbances linked to amphetamine and cannabis abuse, providing insights into health risks and targeted interventions. The findings complement previous research on drug users' hematological abnormalities, particularly in white blood cells. Routine hematological tests help identify alterations in homeostatic conditions, improving patient knowledge and preventing major issues. Further research is needed on multi-drug abuse prevention, early detection, and intervention. The cross-sectional design allows for a snapshot of the immune system and hematological status among abusers, laying the groundwork for future longitudinal studies. Key Words: Drug Effect, Immunity, Epidemiology, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Hussain Mohammed
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atheer Saleh Aljarallah
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsina Huq
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal M H Mackawy
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Basmah F Alharbi
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khulud Salem Almutairi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen M Alruwetei
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Abdulaziz A Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hajed Obaid Alharbi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Said Abdel Mohsen A Aljohery
- Director Laboratory Department, MOH-KSA, Erada Mental Health Hospital, Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Afshan Zeeshan Wasti
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, 74600, Pakistan.
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Huq M, Wahid SUH, Istivan T. Biofilm Formation in Campylobacter concisus: The Role of the luxS Gene. Microorganisms 2023; 12:46. [PMID: 38257873 PMCID: PMC10820981 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter concisus is a bacterium that inhabits human oral cavities and is an emerging intestinal tract pathogen known to be a biofilm producer and one of the bacterial species found in dental plaque. In this study, biofilms of oral and intestinal C. concisus isolates were phenotypically characterized. The role of the luxS gene, which is linked to the regulation of biofilm formation in other pathogens, was assessed in relation to the pathogenic potential of this bacterium. Biofilm formation capacity was assessed using phenotypic assays. Oral strains were shown to be the highest producers. A luxS mutant was created by inserting a kanamycin cassette within the luxS gene of the highest biofilm-forming isolate. The loss of the polar flagellum was observed with scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Furthermore, the luxS mutant exhibited a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in biofilm formation, motility, and its expression of flaB, in addition to the capability to invade intestinal epithelial cells, compared to the parental strain. The study concluded that C. concisus oral isolates are significantly higher biofilm producers than the intestinal isolates and that LuxS plays a role in biofilm formation, invasion, and motility in this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsina Huq
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Taghrid Istivan
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
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Skakic I, Francis JE, Dekiwadia C, Aibinu I, Huq M, Taki AC, Walduck A, Smooker PM. An Evaluation of Urease A Subunit Nanocapsules as a Vaccine in a Mouse Model of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1652. [PMID: 38005984 PMCID: PMC10674275 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Using removable silica templates, protein nanocapsules comprising the A subunit of Helicobacter pylori urease (UreA) were synthesised. The templates were of two sizes, with solid core mesoporous shell (SC/MS) silica templates giving rise to nanocapsules of average diameter 510 nm and mesoporous (MS) silica templates giving rise to nanocapsules of average diameter 47 nm. Both were shown to be highly monodispersed and relatively homogenous in structure. Various combinations of the nanocapsules in formulation were assessed as vaccines in a mouse model of H. pylori infection. Immune responses were evaluated and protective efficacy assessed. It was demonstrated that vaccination of mice with the larger nanocapsules combined with an adjuvant was able to significantly reduce colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Skakic
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (I.S.); (J.E.F.); (I.A.); (M.H.); (A.W.)
| | - Jasmine E. Francis
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (I.S.); (J.E.F.); (I.A.); (M.H.); (A.W.)
| | - Chaitali Dekiwadia
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia;
| | - Ibukun Aibinu
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (I.S.); (J.E.F.); (I.A.); (M.H.); (A.W.)
- Department of Health, Science and Community, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Mohsina Huq
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (I.S.); (J.E.F.); (I.A.); (M.H.); (A.W.)
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aya C. Taki
- Faculty of Science, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Anna Walduck
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (I.S.); (J.E.F.); (I.A.); (M.H.); (A.W.)
- Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Peter M. Smooker
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (I.S.); (J.E.F.); (I.A.); (M.H.); (A.W.)
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Wasti AZ, Mackawy AM, Hussain A, Huq M, Ahmed H, Memon AG. Fibromyalgia interventions, obstacles and prospects: narrative review. Acta Myol 2023; 42:71-81. [PMID: 38090547 PMCID: PMC10712657 DOI: 10.36185/2532-1900-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to increase awareness and improve understanding, diagnosis, and management of fibromyalgia - a complex, distressing health challenge that significantly impacts people's lives due to its variable nature and lack of clear diagnostic markers. Healthcare professionals must assist those with this condition and improve their general quality of life. Further, they can do a lot to improve the lives of people with Fibromyalgia by resolving diagnostic hurdles, promoting collaboration, supporting patient advocacy, advancing medical technology, and adopting novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshan Zeeshan Wasti
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amal M.H. Mackawy
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine Zagazig University Egypt
| | - Amal Hussain
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsina Huq
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanane Ahmed
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anjuman Gul Memon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Cornelius AJ, Huq M, On SLW, French NP, Vandenberg O, Miller WG, Lastovica AJ, Istivan T, Biggs PJ. Genetic characterisation of Campylobacter concisus: Strategies for improved genomospecies discrimination. Syst Appl Microbiol 2021; 44:126187. [PMID: 33677170 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2021.126187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although at least two genetically distinct groups, or genomospecies, have been well documented for Campylobacter concisus, no phenotype has yet been identified for their differentiation and thus formal description as separate species. C. concisus has been isolated from a variety of sites in the human body, including saliva and stool samples from both healthy and diarrhoeic individuals. We evaluated the ability of a range of whole genome-based tools to distinguish between the two C. concisus genomospecies (GS) using a collection of 190 C. concisus genomes. Nine genomes from related Campylobacter species were included in some analyses to provide context. Analyses incorporating sequence analysis of multiple ribosomal genes generated similar levels of C. concisus GS discrimination as genome-wide comparisons. The C. concisus genomes formed two groups; GS1 represented by ATCC 33237T and GS2 by CCUG 19995. The two C. concisus GS were separated from the nine genomes of related species. GS1 and GS2 also differed in G+C content with medians of 37.56% and 39.51%, respectively. The groups are consistent with previously established GS and are supported by DNA reassociation results. Average Nucleotide Identity using MUMmer (ANIm) and Genome BLAST Distance Phylogeny generated in silico DNA-DNA hybridisation (isDDH) (against ATCC 33237T and CCUG 19995), plus G+C content provides cluster-independent GS discrimination suitable for routine use. Pan-genomic analysis identified genes specific to GS1 and GS2. WGS data and genomic species identification methods support the existence of two GS within C. concisus. These data provide genome-level metrics for strain identification to genomospecies level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Cornelius
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand.
| | - Mohsina Huq
- School of Science, RMIT University, G.P.O. Box 2476, Bundoora, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Stephen L W On
- Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P French
- Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Vandenberg
- National Reference Centre for Campylobacter, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles, 322 rue Haute, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; School of Public Health, Campus Erasme - Bâtiment A, Route de Lennik 808 - CP591, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - William G Miller
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Albert J Lastovica
- University of Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Taghrid Istivan
- School of Science, RMIT University, G.P.O. Box 2476, Bundoora, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Islam MA, Parveen S, Rahman M, Huq M, Nabi A, Khan ZUM, Ahmed N, Wagenaar JA. Occurrence and Characterization of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Processed Raw Foods and Ready-to-Eat Foods in an Urban Setting of a Developing Country. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:503. [PMID: 30923520 PMCID: PMC6426745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are gradually increasing in the community. In this study, we investigated a total of 162 food samples including 112 ready-to-eat (RTE) foods and 40 processed raw meat and fish samples collected from retail vendors in Dhaka, Bangladesh and determined the occurrence of toxigenic S. aureus and MRSA. Around 22% of samples were positive for S. aureus, RTE foods being more positive (23%) than the processed raw meat/fish samples (18%). Among 35 S. aureus isolates, 74% were resistant to erythromycin, 49% to ciprofloxacin and around 30% to oxacillin and cefoxitin. Around 37% of isolates were resistant to ≥3 classes of antibiotics and 26% of isolates (n = 9) were identified as MRSA. Majority of the isolates were positive for enterotoxin genes (74%), followed by pvl gene (71%), toxic shock syndrome toxin (tsst) gene (17%) and exfoliative toxin genes (11%). Multi locus sequence typing (MLST) of 9 MRSA isolates identified four different types such as ST80 (n = 3), ST6 (n = 2), ST239 (n = 2) and ST361 (n = 2). spa typing of MRSA isolates revealed seven different types including t1198 (n = 2), t315 (n = 2), t037 (n = 1), t275 (n = 1), t304 (n = 1), t8731 (n = 1) and t10546 (n = 1). To our knowledge, this is the first report entailing baseline data on the occurrence of MRSA in RTE foods in Dhaka highlighting a potential public health risk to street food consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sahana Parveen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahdia Rahman
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohsina Huq
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashikun Nabi
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
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Litton E, Bass F, Delaney A, Hillis G, Marasco S, McGuinness S, Myles PS, Reid CM, Smith JA, Bagshaw SM, Keri-Anne Cowdrey HB, Frengley R, Ferrier J, Gilder E, Henderson S, Larobina M, Merthens J, Morgan M, Navarra L, Rudas M, Turner L, Reid K, Wise M, Young N, Young P, McGiffin D, Duncan J, Kaczmarek M, Seevanayagam S, Shaw M, Shardey G, Skillington P, Chorley T, Baker L, Zhang B, Bright C, Baker R, Canning N, Gilfillan, Kruger R, Fayers T, Kyte M, Doran C, Smith J, Baxter H, Seah P, Scaybrook S, James A, Goodwin K, Dignan R, Hewitt N, Gerrard K, Curtis L, Smith J, Baxter H, Tiruvoipati R, Broukal N, Wolfenden H, Muir, Worthington M, Wong C, Tatoulis J, Wynne R, Marshman D, Sze D, Wilson M, Turner L, Passage J, Kolybaba M, Fermanis G, Newbon P, Passage J, Kolybaba M, Newcomb A, Mack J, Duve K, Jansz P, Hunter T, Bissaker P, Dennis N, Burke N, Yadav S, Cooper K, Chard R, Halaka M, Tran L, Huq M, Billah B, Reid CM. Six-Month Outcomes After High-Risk Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery and Preoperative Intra-aortic Balloon Counterpulsation Use: An Inception Cohort Study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2018; 32:2067-2073. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Islam MA, Roy S, Nabi A, Solaiman S, Rahman M, Huq M, Siddiquee NA, Ahmed N. Microbiological quality assessment of milk at different stages of the dairy value chain in a developing country setting. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 278:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Huq M. WE-DE-BRC-01: TG-100 Overview. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4957823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Golder V, Kandane-Rathnayake R, Hoi A, Louthrenoo W, An Y, Li Z, Luo S, Sockalingam S, Lau C, Lee A, Mok M, Lateef A, Franklyn K, Navarra S, Zamora L, Wu YJ, Hamijoyo L, Chan M, O'Neill S, Goldblatt F, Huq M, Nikpour M, Morand E. SAT0282 Frequency and Predictors of Attainment of The Lupus Low Disease Activity State (LLDAS) in A Cross Sectional Study of Sle Patients in The Asia Pacific. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-eular.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Jang S, Hwang M, Michalski D, Lalonde R, Huq M. SU-F-T-652: Verification of Inter-Fractional Tumor Motion Using Daily Fiducial Length Measurement for Pancreatic SBRT. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4956837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Jang S, McCaw T, Huq M. SU-F-J-25: Position Monitoring for Intracranial SRS Using BrainLAB ExacTrac Snap Verification. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4955933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Huq M. TH-EF-BRC-02: FMEA. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4958224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Fu W, Huq M. SU-F-T-01: Optimization of the Accelerated Partial Breast Brachytherapy Fractionation with Consideration of Physical Doses to Tumor and Organ at Risk. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4956136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Morrisroe K, Huq M, Stevens W, Rabusa C, Proudman S, Nikpour M. FRI0249 Risk Factors for Development of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Australian Scleroderma Patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-eular.5005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Lalonde R, Huq M, Heron D. SU-D-BRB-07: Use of Knowledge-Based Planning to Evaluate the Need for Motion Management in Lung SBRT. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4955633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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McCaw T, Jang S, Huq M. SU-F-T-309: Radiochromic Film Calibration Rescaling for Patient-Specific CyberKnife MLC QA. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4956494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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McCaw T, Hwang M, Jang S, Huq M. SU-F-T-488: Comparison of the TG-51 and TG-51 Addendum Calibration Protocols. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4956673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Morrisroe K, Huq M, Stevens W, Rabusa C, Proudman S, Nikpour M. SAT0235 Survival in Systemic Sclerosis Related Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in The Modern Treatment Era: Results from A Multicentre Australian Cohort Study: Table 1. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-eular.5368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Morrisroe K, Huq M, Stevens W, Rabusa C, Proudman S, Nikpour M. AB0607 Determinants of Unemployment amongst Australian Systemic Sclerosis Patients: Table 1. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-eular.5354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hwang M, Jang S, Ozhasoglu C, Lalonde R, Heron D, Huq M. SU-E-T-604: Penumbra Characteristics of a New InCiseâ„¢ Multileaf Collimator of CyberKnife M6â„¢ System. Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4924967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Huq M. TU-AB-BRD-02: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis. Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4925501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Zhang Y, Li T, Heron D, Huq M. SU-E-T-225: Correction Matrix for PinPoint Ionization Chamber for Dosimetric Measurements in the Newly Released Incise™ Multileaf Collimator Shaped Small Field for CyberKnife M6™ Machine. Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4924586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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24
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Teixeira F, de Almeida C, Huq M. SU-E-T-128: Applying Failure Modes and Effects Analysis to a Risk-Based Quality Management for Stereotactic Radiosurgery in Brazil. Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4924489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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25
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Lalonde R, Heron D, Readshaw A, Huq M. SU-E-T-129: Are Knowledge-Based Planning Dose Estimates Valid for Distensible Organs? Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4924490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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26
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Huq M, Currie S, Coats P. HYPOXIA MEDIATED SIGNALLING IN VEIN GRAFT REMODELLING AND FAILURE. Heart 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306916.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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27
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Rwigema J, Nguyen D, Heron D, Chen A, Lee P, Vargo J, Low D, Huq M, Steinberg M, Kupelian P, Sheng K. 4π Non-Coplanar Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for Head and Neck Cancer: Potential to Improve Local Control and Late Toxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.05.1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Michalski D, Huq M, Bednarz G, Lalonde R, Yang Y, Heron D. Dynamic System Theory for Lung Cancer Patient Breathing. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.05.2556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhang Y, Li X, Li T, Ozhasoglu C, Burton S, Flickinger J, clump D, heron D, Huq M. SU-E-T-420: Impact of Different Prescription Isodose Lines On Plan Quality for Brain Metastases Using Multiplan System. Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4888753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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30
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Jang S, Huq M. SU-E-T-450: Dosimetric Impact of Rotational Error On Multiple-Target Intensity-Modulated Radiosurgery (IMRS) with Single-Isocenter. Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4888783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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31
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Yan C, Combine T, Dickens K, Wynn R, Pavord D, Huq M. SU-E-T-67: Clinical Implementation and Evaluation of the Acuros Dose Calculation Algorithm. Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4888397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Li X, Li T, Zhang Y, Burton S, Karlovits B, Clump D, Heron D, Huq M. SU-E-J-185: Gated CBCT Imaging for Positioning Moving Lung Tumor in Lung SBRT Treatment. Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4888238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Huq M, Palta J, Dunscombe P, Thomadsen B. MO-E-9A-01: Risk Based Quality Management: TG100 In Action. Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4889170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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34
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Michalski D, Huq M, Bednarz G, Lalonde R, Yang Y, Heron D. SU-E-J-261: Statistical Analysis and Chaotic Dynamics of Respiratory Signal of Patients in BodyFix. Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4888315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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35
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Spirydovich S, Huq M. MO-G-BRE-05: Clinical Process Improvement and Billing in Radiation Oncology: A Case Study of Applying FMEA for CPT Code 77336 (continuing Medical Physics Consultation). Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4889188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Epperly M, Kalash R, Berhane H, Yang Y, Dixon T, Heron D, Greenberger J, Huq M. Gene Transcript Responses in 10MV Photon at 2400 MU/min Total Body Irradiated C57BL/6NTac Mice Correlate With Increased Survival Compared to the Same TBI Dose Using 6MV Photons or Lower Dose Rates. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.06.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Hu B, Huq M. SU-E-T-197: Is the COMPASS 3D Dosimetry System An Accurate and Safe Quality Assurance Tool for Verifying Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Dose Delivery for Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma? Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4814632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Li X, Li T, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Heron D, Huq M. SU-E-J-124: Prediction of the Characteristics of Moving Lung Tumor in CBCT Imaging Using Virtual CBCT Image Simulated From 4-D CT Dataset. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4814336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Michalski D, Huq M, Bednarz G, Lalonde R, Yang Y, Heron D. SU-E-T-231: Breathing Pattern of Patients with and Without SBRT Immobilization Device. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4814666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Izadbakhsh M, Le A, Brandner E, Heron D, Huq M. SU-E-T-249: Information Systems Infrastructure and Architecture for a Large Integrated and Centralized Oncology System. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4814684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Li T, Li X, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Heron D, Huq M. WE-G-141-08: Simultaneous Reduction of Radiation Dose and Scatters for CBCT by Using Collimators. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4815659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, Li T, Li X, Heron D, Huq M. SU-E-T-407: Dosimetric Influence of Setup Errors On RapidArc-Based SRS for Simultaneous Irradiation of Multiple Intracranial Targets. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4814841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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43
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Li X, Li T, Heron D, Huq M. SU-E-T-409: A Probability Density Function Based Dose Calculation for Gated Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy in Lung Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4814843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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44
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Le A, Huq M, Jang S. SU-E-T-676: Impact of Carbon Fiber Couchtop On TrueBeam Flattening-Filter-Free (FFF) SRS/SBRT Radiation Therapy. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4815103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Brandner E, Specht R, Bahri S, Poltinnikov I, Huq M. SU-E-T-397: A Review of Rapid Arc Standard Deviations. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4814831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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46
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Huq M, Billah B, Reid C. Long Term Mortality Risk Prediction Following Isolated Aortic Valve Replacement Surgery for the Australian Population. Heart Lung Circ 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2013.05.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Haseen F, Chawdhury FAH, Hossain ME, Huq M, Bhuiyan MU, Imam H, Rahman DMM, Gazi R, Khan SI, Kelly R, Ahmed J, Rahman M. Sexually transmitted infections and sexual behaviour among youth clients of hotel-based female sex workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Int J STD AIDS 2012; 23:553-9. [PMID: 22930291 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2012.011373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted among youth clients of hotel-based female sex workers (YCHBFSWs) in nine randomly selected hotels in Bangladesh to examine sexual-risk behaviour, condom use and determinants of condom use in last sex, knowledge of HIV, sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevalence and STI care-seeking behaviour. A prestructured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, behavioural, clinical information; urine specimens (before sex) and blood were collected for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, syphilis and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) infection. One thousand and thirteen participants were enroled in the study. Approximately half of them reported visiting female sex workers (FSWs) at least once a month and 25% visited FSWs at least once a week. Only 12% of participants reported regular condom use. The prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis, syphilis and HSV2 was 2.2%, 3.9%, 7.2%, 2.6% and 12.9%, respectively. Only 15.3% of the YCHBFSW sought STI care in the past year. Negotiation of condom use with FSWs was the main determinant (odds ratio = 17.95) for condom use at last sex. Male clients of FSWs, including YCHBFSW, are an important bridge population for HIV transmission in Bangladesh and HIV interventions should be designed and implemented for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Haseen
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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Islam MA, Huq M, Nabi A, Talukdar PK, Ahmed D, Talukder KA, Cravioto A, Endtz HP. Occurrence and characterization of multidrug-resistant New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1-producing bacteria isolated between 2003 and 2010 in Bangladesh. J Med Microbiol 2012; 62:62-68. [PMID: 23019191 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.048066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to screen for reduced susceptibility against imipenem and the presence of the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) gene in a collection of Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Shigella spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae) from different surveillance studies between 2003 and 2010 at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. None of the E. coli (n = 1789) and Shigella spp. (n = 90) isolated between 2009 and 2010 from stool samples was resistant or had intermediate susceptibility to imipenem. Among 127 extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing strains isolated during 2003-2009, three Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates (2.4 %) were resistant to imipenem and were positive for bla(NDM-1). All these NDM-1-producing strains were isolated in 2008 and were resistant to all antibiotics tested except for tigecycline and colistin. All three isolates were positive for bla(OXA-1) group, bla(CTX-M-1) group (bla(CTX-M-15)) and bla(SHV) genes, whilst two isolates were positive for 16S rRNA methylase (armA) and qnr (qnrB) genes. One isolate was positive for the bla(CMY) gene and one for the rmtB gene. The bla(NDM-1) gene was located on a conjugative plasmid of ~23-24 MDa. The PFGE patterns of the isolates were different from each other. This study highlights the occurrence of NDM-1-producing organisms in Bangladesh in 2008. The clonal diversity of the isolates and the transferability of bla(NDM-1) plasmids suggest a wider distribution of NDM-1-producing bacteria in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Center for Food and Waterborne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohsina Huq
- Center for Food and Waterborne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashikun Nabi
- Center for Food and Waterborne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Prabhat Kumar Talukdar
- Center for Food and Waterborne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dilruba Ahmed
- Center for Food and Waterborne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kaisar Ali Talukder
- Center for Food and Waterborne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Alejandro Cravioto
- Center for Food and Waterborne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hubert P Endtz
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Food and Waterborne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Huq M, Nahar S, Alam A, Imam H, Rahman M. The prevalence of selected high-risk human papillomavirus infections among female sex workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Int J STD AIDS 2012; 23:151-2. [PMID: 22422697 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2011.011240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
AgNOR staining has been in past years, the subject of numerous publications, which have failed to reach agreement regarding its usefulness as a proliferation marker. This silver staining method does not react with NORs (actual chromosome regions containing rRNA (ribosomal RNA) genes), but with proteins associated with them, whose quantity increases in parallel with ribosome biogenesis. The transcription factor UBF (upstream binding factor) is associated with NORs and has an important regulatory role in rRNA synthesis as cofactor of RNA polymerase I. Recent research has revealed an additional cytoarchitectural function of UBF in decondensing r-chromatin (ribosomal-chromatin). Immune detection of UBF expression and AgNOR counts are closely correlated as both techniques identify substrates in or closely adjacent to NORs. However, contrary to AgNOR dots, the UBF signal disappears in cells which undergo apoptosis or terminal differentiation. These features imply that UBF evaluation would reflect tumour cell proliferation (growth fraction) more accurately than AgNOR counts. Here we also show that immunohistochemical staining of UBF may reveal distinct active NORs with open, decondensed chromatin and we hypothesize that the large stretches of decondensed r-chromatin revealed by UBF staining may correspond to clusters seen after silver staining and, conversely, shorter areas of decondensed r-chromatin should match the small AgNOR grains typically found in some tumour types. The length of decondensed r-chromatin may be a reflection of the ratio of active to silent r-RNA genes.
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