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Harapan H, Setiawan AM, Yufika A, Anwar S, Wahyuni S, Asrizal FW, Sufri MR, Putra RP, Wijayanti NP, Salwiyadi S, Maulana R, Khusna A, Nusrina I, Shidiq M, Fitriani D, Muharrir M, Husna CA, Yusri F, Maulana R, Itoh N, Andalas M, Wagner AL, Mudatsir M. Physicians’ willingness to be vaccinated with a smallpox vaccine to prevent monkeypox viral infection: A cross-sectional study in Indonesia. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health 2020; 8:1259-1263. [PMID: 36245638 PMCID: PMC9533989 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although there is no licensed vaccine for monkeypox, smallpox vaccine has been shown to be 85% effective in preventing the monkeypox. This study was conducted to assess the willingness of frontline healthcare providers to be vaccinated with smallpox vaccine to prevent monkeypox. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Indonesia. The willingness was assessed under two scenarios: fully subsidized and non-subsidized vaccine. Explanatory variables such as sociodemographic profile, workplace and professional characteristics, and knowledge of monkeypox were collected. A logistic regression assessed the influence of these explanatory variables on participants’ willingness. Results Out of 510 received participants’ responses, 407 (79.8%) were analyzed. With a fully subsidized vaccine scenario, 381 (93.6%) of the participants were willing to be vaccinated and in an unadjusted analysis, gender, education, monthly income, and type of workplace were associated with willingness. With a non-subsidized vaccine (i.e. the vaccine price was US$ 17.9), the proportion who were willing to be vaccinated decreased to 71.9%. In adjusted analyses for both scenarios, gender was the only independent predictor for willingness; men were less willing to be vaccinated than women, adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.37; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.16, 0.87 and aOR: 0.42; 95%CI: 0.27, 0.67, respectively for subsidized and non-subsidized scenario. Conclusion Vaccine price and gender are important factors for physicians' willingness to be vaccinated for smallpox vaccine prevent monkeypox in Indonesia. These findings indicate that achieving high vaccine converge may require partially or fully subsidized vaccines, along with a clear guideline and recommendation from authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Abdul M Setiawan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang, Malang, East Java, 65144, Indonesia
| | - Amanda Yufika
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Samsul Anwar
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Sri Wahyuni
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Malikussaleh, Lhokseumawe, Aceh, 24531, Indonesia
| | | | - Muhammad R Sufri
- Banda Aceh Port Health Office, Ministry of Health, Aceh Besar, Aceh, 23352, Indonesia
| | - Reza P Putra
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | | | - Salwiyadi Salwiyadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Razi Maulana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 24415, Indonesia
| | | | - Ina Nusrina
- Department of Health Service, District Health Office, Aceh Besar, Aceh, 23912, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Shidiq
- Nusa Jaya Public Health Center, Halmahera Timur, North Maluku, 97863, Indonesia
| | - Devi Fitriani
- Teunom Public Health Center, Aceh Jaya, Aceh, 23653, Indonesia
| | - Muharrir Muharrir
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Cut A Husna
- Department of Microbiology, Universitas Malikussaleh, Lhokseumawe, Aceh, 24531, Indonesia
| | - Fitria Yusri
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Malikussaleh, Lhokseumawe, Aceh, 24531, Indonesia
| | - Reza Maulana
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Naoya Itoh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku Nagoya, 464-868, Japan
| | - Mohd Andalas
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 24415, Indonesia
| | - Abram L Wagner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mudatsir Mudatsir
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
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Harapan H, Wagner AL, Yufika A, Setiawan AM, Anwar S, Wahyuni S, Asrizal FW, Sufri MR, Putra RP, Wijayanti NP, Salwiyadi S, Maulana R, Khusna A, Nusrina I, Shidiq M, Fitriani D, Muharrir M, Husna CA, Yusri F, Maulana R, Rajamoorthy Y, Groneberg DA, Müller R, Mudatsir M. Acceptance and willingness to pay for a hypothetical vaccine against monkeypox viral infection among frontline physicians: A cross-sectional study in Indonesia. Vaccine 2020; 38:6800-6806. [PMID: 32861468 PMCID: PMC9628749 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A clinical trial is ongoing to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a monkeypox vaccine among healthcare workers (HCWs). The critical question that needs to be addressed is whether HCWs are willing to accept and purchase this vaccine. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acceptance and willingness to pay (WTP) for the vaccine among HCWs. METHODS From May to July 2019, a cross-sectional study was conducted among registered general practitioners (GPs) in Indonesia. A contingent valuation method was employed to evaluate the WTP. Besides acceptance and WTP, various explanatory variables were also collected and assessed. A logistic regression and a multivariable linear regression were used to explore the explanatory variables influencing acceptance and WTP, respectively. RESULTS Among 407 respondents, 391 (96.0%) expressed acceptance of a free vaccination. The mean and median WTP was US$ 37.0(95%CI:US$ 32.76-US$ 41.23) and US$ 17.90(95%CI:US$ 17.90-US$ 17.90), respectively. In an unadjusted analysis, those 30 years old or younger had 2.94 times greater odds of vaccine acceptance compared to those who were older (95%CI: 1.07-8.08). Location of alma mater, type of workplace, length of individual medical experience, and monthly income of GPs were all significantly associated with WTP. CONCLUSION Although the vast majority of GPs would accept a freely provided vaccine, they were also somewhat price sensitive. This finding indicates that partial subsidy maybe required to achieve high vaccine coverage, particularly among GPs at community health centres or those with a shorter duration of medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia; Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia.
| | - Abram L Wagner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Amanda Yufika
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Abdul M Setiawan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang, Malang, East Java 65144, Indonesia
| | - Samsul Anwar
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Sri Wahyuni
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Malikussaleh, Lhokseumawe, Aceh 24531, Indonesia
| | | | - Muhammad R Sufri
- Banda Aceh Port Health Office, Ministry of Health, Aceh Besar, Aceh 23352, Indonesia
| | - Reza P Putra
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | | | - Salwiyadi Salwiyadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Razi Maulana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | | | - Ina Nusrina
- Department of Health Service, District Health Office, Aceh Besar, Aceh 23912, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Shidiq
- Nusa Jaya Community Health Center, Halmahera Timur, North Maluku 97863, Indonesia
| | - Devi Fitriani
- Teunom Community Health Center, Aceh Jaya, Aceh 23653, Indonesia
| | - Muharrir Muharrir
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Cut A Husna
- Department of Microbiology, Universitas Malikussaleh, Lhokseumawe, Aceh 24531, Indonesia
| | - Fitria Yusri
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Malikussaleh, Lhokseumawe, Aceh 24531, Indonesia
| | - Reza Maulana
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Yogambigai Rajamoorthy
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Accountancy and Management, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Selangor 43200, Malaysia
| | - David Alexander Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ruth Müller
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Unit of Medical Entomology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mudatsir Mudatsir
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia; Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
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Harapan H, Setiawan AM, Yufika A, Anwar S, Wahyuni S, Asrizal FW, Sufri MR, Putra RP, Wijayanti NP, Salwiyadi S, Maulana R, Khusna A, Nusrina I, Shidiq M, Fitriani D, Muharrir M, Husna CA, Yusri F, Maulana R, Utomo PS, Andalas M, Wagner AL, Mudatsir M. Confidence in managing human monkeypox cases in Asia: A cross-sectional survey among general practitioners in Indonesia. Acta Trop 2020; 206:105450. [PMID: 32194068 PMCID: PMC7111046 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The current re-emergence of human monkeypox (HMPX) is a global concern for endemic and non-endemic countries, but healthcare workers in some regions, like Asia, have less experience with identifying and treating HMPX cases. This study aimed to assess the confidence and its predictors in HMPX case management among general practitioners (GPs), the frontline doctors in Indonesia, and to explore their perspectives on HMPX. Between May and July 2019, GPs in Indonesia completed an online-based survey. The questionnaire collected information on GPs' confidence, perspective, sociodemographic, workplace and professional characteristics, exposure to HMPX information and knowledge on HMPX. A logistic regression analysis was employed to explore the explanatory variables influencing the confidence and the perspective. We included 395 GPs in our analysis (77.4% out of 510 responses received) of which 10.1% and 34.9% were classified having good confidence using an 80% and 70% cut-off for confidence score, respectively. In the adjusted analysis, receiving information about HMPX during medical training was the only variable significantly associated with good confidence (adjusted odds ratio 2.74, 95% confidence interval 1.57 to 4.78 and p < 0.001). Approximately 73.6% and 77.9% of GPs agreed that HMPX is an important infectious disease and it has potential to detrimentally impact the Indonesian economy, respectively. In addition, 88.8% of GPs suggested that the disease should be incorporated into the National Medical Curriculum of Indonesia. In conclusion, in case of HMPX outbreak, majority of the GPs in Indonesia seem to be less confident in diagnosing and treating cases, using their current knowledge, skills and their workplace facilities. Therefore, a systematic strategy to improve their confidence in managing HMPX is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia; Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia.
| | - Abdul M Setiawan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang, Malang, East Java 65144, Indonesia
| | - Amanda Yufika
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Samsul Anwar
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Sri Wahyuni
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Malikussaleh, Lhokseumawe, Aceh 24531, Indonesia
| | | | - Muhammad R Sufri
- Banda Aceh Port Health Office, Ministry of Health, Aceh Besar, Aceh 23352, Indonesia
| | - Reza P Putra
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | | | - Salwiyadi Salwiyadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Razi Maulana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh 24415, Indonesia
| | | | - Ina Nusrina
- Department of Health Service, District Health Office, Aceh Besar, Aceh 23912, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Shidiq
- Nusa Jaya Public Health Center, Halmahera Timur, North Maluku 97863, Indonesia
| | - Devi Fitriani
- Teunom Public Health Center, Aceh Jaya, Aceh 23653, Indonesia
| | - Muharrir Muharrir
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Cut A Husna
- Department of Microbiology, Universitas Malikussaleh, Lhokseumawe, Aceh 24531, Indonesia
| | - Fitria Yusri
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Malikussaleh, Lhokseumawe, Aceh 24531, Indonesia
| | - Reza Maulana
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Prattama S Utomo
- Department of Medical Education and Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogjakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Mohd Andalas
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh 24415, Indonesia
| | - Abram L Wagner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mudatsir Mudatsir
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia; Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
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Harapan H, Setiawan AM, Yufika A, Anwar S, Wahyuni S, Asrizal FW, Sufri MR, Putra RP, Wijayanti NP, Salwiyadi S, Maulana R, Khusna A, Nusrina I, Shidiq M, Fitriani D, Muharrir M, Husna CA, Yusri F, Maulana R, Andalas M, Wagner AL, Mudatsir M. Knowledge of human monkeypox viral infection among general practitioners: a cross-sectional study in Indonesia. Pathog Glob Health 2020; 114:68-75. [PMID: 32202967 PMCID: PMC7170312 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1743037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After the first, imported, laboratory-confirmed case of monkeypox in human was reported in Singapore on May 2019, countries in Asia started to strengthen disease surveillance systems. One challenge in preventing monkeypox is a lack of knowledge, particularly among healthcare workers. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of monkeypox among general practitioners (GPs) in Indonesia. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted. The survey collected participants' knowledge on a 21-item scale and explanatory variables. A two-step logistic regression analysis was employed to assess the predictors of knowledge of monkeypox. A total of 432 GPs were included; 10.0% and 36.5% of them had a good knowledge using an 80% and 70% cutoff point for knowledge domain, respectively. No explanatory variables were associated with knowledge when using 80% cutoff point. Using the lower cutoff, there was lower knowledge among GPs who graduated from universities located in Sumatra or other islands versus Java (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.53; 95%CI: 0.28-0.97, p = 0.041) and among those were older than 30 years compared to younger GPs (aOR: 0.61; 95%CI: 0.39-0.96, p = 0.033). GPs working in private clinics had less knowledge compared to GPs in community health centers (aOR: 0.55; 95%CI: 0.31-0.99, p = 0.047). In conclusion, knowledge of monkeypox among GPs in Indonesia is relatively low in all groups. Increasing knowledge of monkeypox will be key to improving the capacity of GPs to respond to human monkeypox cases and to report into a disease surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
- Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Abdul M. Setiawan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Amanda Yufika
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Samsul Anwar
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Sri Wahyuni
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Malikussaleh, Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
| | | | - Muhammad R. Sufri
- Banda Aceh Port Health Office, Ministry of Health, Aceh Besar, Indonesia
| | - Reza P. Putra
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | | | - Salwiyadi Salwiyadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Razi Maulana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | | | - Ina Nusrina
- Department of Health Service, District Health Office, Aceh Besar, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Shidiq
- Nusa Jaya Community Health Center, Halmahera Timur, Indonesia
| | - Devi Fitriani
- Teunom Community Health Center, Aceh Jaya, Indonesia
| | - Muharrir Muharrir
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Cut A. Husna
- Department of Microbiology, Universitas Malikussaleh, Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
| | - Fitria Yusri
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Malikussaleh, Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
| | - Reza Maulana
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Mohd Andalas
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Abram L. Wagner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mudatsir Mudatsir
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
- Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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