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Al-Eryani SM, Irish SR, Carter TE, Lenhart A, Aljasari A, Montoya LF, Awash AA, Mohammed E, Ali S, Esmail MA, Hussain A, Amran JG, Kayad S, Nouredayem M, Adam MA, Azkoul L, Assada M, Baheshm YA, Eltahir W, Hutin YJ. Public health impact of the spread of Anopheles stephensi in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region countries in Horn of Africa and Yemen: need for integrated vector surveillance and control. Malar J 2023; 22:187. [PMID: 37337209 PMCID: PMC10278259 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles stephensi is an efficient vector of both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in South Asia and the Middle East. The spread of An. stephensi to countries within the Horn of Africa threatens progress in malaria control in this region as well as the rest of sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS The available malaria data and the timeline for the detection of An. stephensi was reviewed to analyse the role of An. stephensi in malaria transmission in Horn of Africa of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) in Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen. RESULTS Malaria incidence in Horn of Africa of EMR and Yemen, increased from 41.6 in 2015 to 61.5 cases per 1000 in 2020. The four countries from this region, Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen had reported the detection of An. stephensi as of 2021. In Djibouti City, following its detection in 2012, the estimated incidence increased from 2.5 cases per 1000 in 2013 to 97.6 cases per 1000 in 2020. However, its contribution to malaria transmission in other major cities and in other countries, is unclear because of other factors, quality of the urban malaria data, human mobility, uncertainty about the actual arrival time of An. stephensi and poor entomological surveillance. CONCLUSIONS While An. stephensi may explain a resurgence of malaria in Djibouti, further investigations are needed to understand its interpretation trends in urban malaria across the greater region. More investment for multisectoral approach and integrated surveillance and control should target all vectors particularly malaria and dengue vectors to guide interventions in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira M Al-Eryani
- Department of Universal Health Coverage/Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Seth R Irish
- World Health Organization, Headquarters, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adel Aljasari
- World Health Organization, Country Office, Sana'a, Yemen
| | | | - Abdullah A Awash
- World Health Organization, Country Office, Sub-Office, Aden, Yemen
| | | | - Said Ali
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health Development, Hargeisa, Somaliland
| | - Mohammed A Esmail
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health & Population, Sana'a, Yemen
| | | | - Jamal G Amran
- World Health Organization, Country Office, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Samatar Kayad
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Djibouti, Djibouti
| | | | - Mariam A Adam
- World Health Organization, Country Office, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Lina Azkoul
- Department of Universal Health Coverage/Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Methaq Assada
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health & Population, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Yasser A Baheshm
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health & Population, Aden, Yemen
| | - Walid Eltahir
- Directorate of the Integrated Vector Management (IVM), Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Yvan J Hutin
- Department of Universal Health Coverage/Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
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