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Kryston A, Woods CG, Manga M. Social barriers to safe sanitation access among housed populations in the United States: A systematic review. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 257:114326. [PMID: 38295493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nearly six million people residing in the United States do not have access to safely managed sanitation. Housed populations may lack access to centralized wastewater treatment systems or functioning onsite wastewater treatment systems, which subsequently places them at higher risk for adverse health outcomes associated with unsafe sanitation. OBJECTIVES We sought to understand the various social barriers that impact access to safe sanitation in the United States. METHODS We included peer-reviewed studies published between January 2000 and March 2023. The publication search was conducted using Scopus, ProQuest Social Science Database, and HeinOnline. We extracted data on social barriers and physical factors associated with access to sanitation. RESULTS Twenty publications met the inclusion criteria, and data relating to 11 social barriers and two physical factors were extracted. The social barriers to safe sanitation access mentioned most frequently were found to be socioeconomic status and race-based discrimination. Studies discussed sanitation in communities in five states. DISCUSSION Barriers pertained to lack of access to centralized wastewater treatment system, inadequate repair or replacement of septic systems, and lack of safely managed onsite sanitation systems. We discuss the intersectionality of the barriers, the underlying policy and history that leads to them, and make recommendations to address inequitable access to safe sanitation. Legislation and policy must be critically reviewed at national, state, and local levels to limit or eliminate ability for utilities to be extended on the basis of a community's income and property values or racial makeup. Policy recommendations also include additional community engagement, onsite sanitation system monitoring, and knowledge dissemination and education of septic system users. More geographically diverse research and research on sanitation in specific communities such as those of migrant farmworkers, undocumented persons, and tenants are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Kryston
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB #7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7400, USA.
| | - Courtney G Woods
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB #7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7400, USA.
| | - Musa Manga
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB #7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7400, USA.
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Manga M, Muoghalu CC. Greenhouse gas emissions from on-site sanitation systems: A systematic review and meta-analysis of emission rates, formation pathways and influencing factors. J Environ Manage 2024; 357:120736. [PMID: 38574706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Onsite sanitation systems (OSS) are significant sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). While a handful of studies have been conducted on GHG emissions from OSS, systematic evaluation of literature on this subject is limited. Our systematic review and meta-analysis provides state-of-the- art information on GHG emissions from OSS and identifies novel areas for investigation. The paper analyzes GHG emission rates from different OSS, the influence of various design, operational, and environmental factors on emission rates and proffers mitigation measures. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we identified 16 articles which quantified GHG emissions from OSS. Septic tanks emit substantial amounts of CO2 and CH4 ranging from 1.74 to 398.30 g CO2/cap/day and 0.06-110.13 g CH4/cap/day, respectively, but have low N2O emissions (0.01-0.06 g N₂O/cap/day). CH4 emissions from pit latrines range from 0.77 to 20.30 g CH4/cap/day N2O emissions range from 0.76 to 1.20 gN2O/cap/day. We observed statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05) between temperature, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, storage period, and GHG emissions from OSS. However, no significant correlation (p > 0.05) was observed between soil volumetric water content and CO2 emissions. CH4 emissions (expressed as CO2 equivalents) from OSS estimated following Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines were found to be seven times lower (90.99 g CO2e/cap/day) than in-situ field emission measurements (704.7 g CO2e/cap/day), implying that relying solely on IPCC guidelines may lead to underestimation of GHG emission from OSS. Our findings underscore the importance of considering local contexts and environmental factors when estimating GHG emissions from OSS. Plausible mitigation measures for GHG emissions from OSS include converting waste to biogas in anaerobic systems (e.g. biogas), applying biochar, and implementing mitigation policies that equally address inequalities in sanitation service access. Future research on GHG from OSS should focus on in-situ measurements of GHGs from pit latrines and other common OSS in developing countries, understanding the fate and transport of dissolved organics like CH4 in OSS effluents and impacts of microbial communities in OSS on GHG emissions. Addressing these gaps will enable more holistic and effective management of GHG emissions from OSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Manga
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 0030 Michael Hooker Research Center, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box # 7431, NC 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Construction Economics and Management, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Chimdi C Muoghalu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 0030 Michael Hooker Research Center, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box # 7431, NC 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Lebu S, Gyimah R, Nandoya E, Brown J, Salzberg A, Manga M. Assessment of sanitation infrastructure resilience to extreme rainfall and flooding: Evidence from an informal settlement in Kenya. J Environ Manage 2024; 354:120264. [PMID: 38354609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Sanitation infrastructure can fail during heavy rainfall and flooding, allowing the release of fecal waste - and the pathogens it carries - into spaces where people live, work, and play. However, there is a scarcity of reliable frameworks that can effectively assess the resilience of such infrastructure to extreme rainfall and flooding events. The purpose of this study was to develop and apply a novel framework for assessing and ranking the resilience of sanitation infrastructure in informal settlements. A framework for assessing sanitation infrastructure resilience was developed consisting of 19 indicators that were categorized into three domains: physical infrastructure design (8 indicators), operations and management (5 indicators), and environmental factors (6 indicators). The framework was applied to data from 200 shared sanitation facilities in Kibera, Kenya, collected through transect walks, field observations, surveys, and sanitary risk inspections. Results indicate that sanitation infrastructure type impacts resilience. Toilet facilities connected to a piped sewer (r = 1.345, 95% CI: 1.19-1.50) and toilets connected to a septic system (r = 1.014, 95% CI: 0.78-1.25) demonstrated higher levels of resilience compared to latrines (r = 0.663, 95% CI: 0.36-0.97) and hanging toilets (r = 0.014, 95% CI: 0.30-0.33) on a scale ranging from 0 to 4. The key determinants of sanitation infrastructure resilience were physical design, functionality, operational and maintenance routines, and environmental factors. This evidence provides valuable insights for developing standards and guidelines for the design and safe siting of new sanitation infrastructure and encourages investment in sewer and septic systems as superior options for resilient sanitation infrastructure. Additionally, our findings underscore the importance for implementers and communities to prioritize repairing damaged infrastructure, sealing potential discharge points into open drains, and emptying filled containment systems before the onset of the rainy season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lebu
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box # 7431, NC 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rita Gyimah
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box # 7431, NC 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Erick Nandoya
- CFK Africa, P.O. Box 10763, Nairobi Postal Code: 00100 - GPO, Kenya
| | - Joe Brown
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box # 7431, NC 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Aaron Salzberg
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box # 7431, NC 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Musa Manga
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box # 7431, NC 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Lebu S, Kibone W, Muoghalu CC, Ochaya S, Salzberg A, Bongomin F, Manga M. Soil-transmitted helminths: A critical review of the impact of co-infections and implications for control and elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011496. [PMID: 37561673 PMCID: PMC10414660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers have raised the possibility that soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections might modify the host's immune response against other systemic infections. STH infections can alter the immune response towards type 2 immunity that could then affect the likelihood and severity of other illnesses. However, the importance of co-infections is not completely understood, and the impact and direction of their effects vary considerably by infection. This review synthesizes evidence regarding the relevance of STH co-infections, the potential mechanisms that explain their effects, and how they might affect control and elimination efforts. According to the literature reviewed, there are both positive and negative effects associated with STH infections on other diseases such as malaria, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis, gestational anemia, pediatric anemia, neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) like lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, and trachoma, as well as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and human papillomavirus (HPV). Studies typically describe how STHs can affect the immune system and promote increased susceptibility, survival, and persistence of the infection in the host by causing a TH2-dominated immune response. The co-infection of STH with other diseases has important implications for the development of treatment and control strategies. Eliminating parasites from a human host can be more challenging because the TH2-dominated immune response induced by STH infection can suppress the TH1 immune response required to control other infections, resulting in an increased pathogen load and more severe disease. Preventive chemotherapy and treatment are currently the most common approaches used for the control of STH infections, but these approaches alone may not be adequate to achieve elimination goals. Based on the conclusions drawn from this review, integrated approaches that combine drug administration with water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions, hygiene education, community engagement, and vaccines are most likely to succeed in interrupting the transmission of STH co-infections. Gaining a better understanding of the behavior and relevance of STH co-infections in the context of elimination efforts is an important intermediate step toward reducing the associated burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lebu
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Winnie Kibone
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Chimdi C. Muoghalu
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen Ochaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Uppsala Academic Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aaron Salzberg
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Felix Bongomin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Musa Manga
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Manga M, Muoghalu C, Camargo-Valero MA, Evans BE. Effect of Turning Frequency on the Survival of Fecal Indicator Microorganisms during Aerobic Composting of Fecal Sludge with Sawdust. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:2668. [PMID: 36768034 PMCID: PMC9915456 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the effect of turning frequency on survival of fecal indicator pathogens (E. coli, Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and helminth eggs) during fecal sludge (FS) co-composting with sawdust. Dewatered FS was mixed with sawdust and composted on a pilot scale using different turning frequencies-i.e., 3 days (3TF), 7 days (7TF), and 14 days (14TF). Composting piles were monitored weekly for survival of fecal indicator microorganisms and evolution of selected physical and chemical characteristics for 14 weeks. Our results show that turning frequency has a statistically significant (p < 0.05) effect on pathogen inactivation in FS compost. The 3TF piles exhibited shorter pathogen inactivation periods (8 weeks) than 7TF and 14TF piles (10 weeks). Temperature-time was found to be the major factor responsible for the survival of pathogens in FS composting piles, followed by indigenous microbial activities and toxic by-products (monitored as NH4+-N). Our study findings suggest that even at low composting temperatures, the high turning frequency can enhance pathogen inactivation. This is a significant finding for composting activities in some rural areas where suitable organic solid waste for co-composting with FS to attain the recommended high thermophilic conditions could be greatly lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Manga
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 166 Rosenau Hall, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA
- BioResource Systems Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Construction Economics and Management, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT), Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Chimdi Muoghalu
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 166 Rosenau Hall, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA
| | - Miller A. Camargo-Valero
- BioResource Systems Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Campus La Nubia, Manizales 170003, Colombia
| | - Barbara E. Evans
- BioResource Systems Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Bongomin F, Ekeng BE, Kibone W, Nsenga L, Olum R, Itam-Eyo A, Kuate MPN, Pebolo FP, Davies AA, Manga M, Ocansey B, Kwizera R, Baluku JB. Invasive Fungal Diseases in Africa: A Critical Literature Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121236. [PMID: 36547569 PMCID: PMC9853333 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) are of huge concern in resource-limited settings, particularly in Africa, due to the unavailability of diagnostic armamentarium for IFDs, thus making definitive diagnosis challenging. IFDs have non-specific systemic manifestations overlapping with more frequent illnesses, such as tuberculosis, HIV, and HIV-related opportunistic infections and malignancies. Consequently, IFDs are often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. We critically reviewed the available literature on IFDs in Africa to provide a better understanding of their epidemiology, disease burden to guide future research and interventions. Cryptococcosis is the most encountered IFD in Africa, accounting for most of the HIV-related deaths in sub-Saharan Africa. Invasive aspergillosis, though somewhat underdiagnosed and/or misdiagnosed as tuberculosis, is increasingly being reported with a similar predilection towards people living with HIV. More cases of histoplasmosis are also being reported with recent epidemiological studies, particularly from Western Africa, showing high prevalence rates amongst presumptive tuberculosis patients and patients living with HIV. The burden of pneumocystis pneumonia has reduced significantly probably due to increased uptake of anti-retroviral therapy among people living with HIV both in Africa, and globally. Mucormycosis, talaromycosis, emergomycosis, blastomycosis, and coccidiomycosis have also been reported but with very few studies from the literature. The emergence of resistance to most of the available antifungal drugs in Africa is yet of huge concern as reported in other regions. IFDs in Africa is much more common than it appears and contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality. Huge investment is needed to drive awareness and fungi related research especially in diagnostics and antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bongomin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu P.O. Box 166, Uganda
- Correspondence:
| | - Bassey E. Ekeng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar P.O. Box 540281, Nigeria
| | - Winnie Kibone
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda
| | - Lauryn Nsenga
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kabale University, Kabale P.O. Box 317, Uganda
| | - Ronald Olum
- Department of Medicine, St. Francis’s Hospital Nsambya, Kampala P.O. Box 7176, Uganda
| | - Asa Itam-Eyo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar P.O. Box 540281, Nigeria
| | | | - Francis Pebalo Pebolo
- Department of Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu P.O. Box 166, Uganda
| | - Adeyinka A. Davies
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu P.O. Box 121102, Nigeria
| | - Musa Manga
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran-Greenberg, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bright Ocansey
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Richard Kwizera
- Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Research, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 22418, Uganda
| | - Joseph Baruch Baluku
- Division of Pulmonology, Kiruddu National Referral Hospital, Kampala P.O. Box 7178, Uganda
- Makerere Lung Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 22418, Uganda
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Capone D, Barker T, Cumming O, Flemister A, Geason R, Kim E, Knee J, Linden Y, Manga M, Meldrum M, Nala R, Smith S, Brown J. Persistent Ascaris Transmission Is Possible in Urban Areas Even Where Sanitation Coverage Is High. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:15969-15980. [PMID: 36288473 PMCID: PMC9671051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In low-income, urban, informal communities lacking sewerage and solid waste services, onsite sanitation (sludges, aqueous effluent) and child feces are potential sources of human fecal contamination in living environments. Working in informal communities of urban Maputo, Mozambique, we developed a quantitative, stochastic, mass-balance approach to evaluate plausible scenarios of localized contamination that could explain why the soil-transmitted helminth Ascaris remains endemic despite nearly universal coverage of latrines that sequester most fecal wastes. We used microscopy to enumerate presumptively viable Ascaris ova in feces, fecal sludges, and soils from compounds (i.e., household clusters) and then constructed a steady-state mass-balance model to evaluate possible contamination scenarios capable of explaining observed ova counts in soils. Observed Ascaris counts (mean = -0.01 log10 ova per wet gram of soil, sd = 0.71 log10) could be explained by deposits of 1.9 grams per day (10th percentile 0.04 grams, 90th percentile 84 grams) of child feces on average, rare fecal sludge contamination events that transport 17 kg every three years (10th percentile 1.0 kg, 90th percentile 260 kg), or a daily discharge of 2.7 kg aqueous effluent from an onsite system (10th percentile 0.09 kg, 90th percentile 82 kg). Results suggest that even limited intermittent flows of fecal wastes in this setting can result in a steady-state density of Ascaris ova in soils capable of sustaining transmission, given the high prevalence of Ascaris shedding by children (prevalence = 25%; mean = 3.7 log10 per wet gram, sd = 1.1 log10), the high Ascaris ova counts in fecal sludges (prevalence = 88%; mean = 1.8 log10 per wet gram, sd = 0.95 log10), and the extended persistence and viability of Ascaris ova in soils. Even near-universal coverage of onsite sanitation may allow for sustained transmission of Ascaris under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Capone
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47401, United States
| | - Troy Barker
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public
Health, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department
of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, U.K.
| | - Abeoseh Flemister
- Department
of Biology, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
| | - Riley Geason
- Department
of Biology, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
| | - Elizabeth Kim
- Department
of Biology, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
| | - Jackie Knee
- Department
of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, U.K.
| | - Yarrow Linden
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public
Health, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
| | - Musa Manga
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public
Health, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
| | - Mackenzie Meldrum
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Rassul Nala
- Ministério
da Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Saúde
Maputo, Maputo1102, Mozambique
| | - Simrill Smith
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Joe Brown
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public
Health, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
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Manga M, Evans BE, Ngasala TM, Camargo-Valero MA. Recycling of Faecal Sludge: Nitrogen, Carbon and Organic Matter Transformation during Co-Composting of Faecal Sludge with Different Bulking Agents. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:10592. [PMID: 36078309 PMCID: PMC9518209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of locally available bulking agents on the faecal sludge (FS) composting process and quality of the final FS compost. Dewatered FS was mixed with sawdust, coffee husk and brewery waste, and composted on a pilot scale. The evolution of physical and chemical characteristics of the composting materials was monitored weekly. Results indicate that bulking agents have a statistically significant effect (p < 0.0001) on the evolution of composting temperatures, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen forms, organic matter mineralisation, total organic carbon, maturity indices, quality of the final compost and composting periods during FS composting. Our results suggest reliable maturity indices for mature and stable FS compost. From the resource recovery perspective, this study suggests sawdust as a suitable bulking agent for co-composting with FS-as it significantly reduced the organic matter losses and nitrogen losses (to 2.2%), and improved the plant growth index, thus improving the agronomic values of the final compost as a soil conditioner. FS co-composting can be considered a sustainable and decentralised treatment option for FS and other organic wastes in the rural and peri-urban communities, especially, where there is a strong practice of reusing organic waste in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Manga
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 357 Rosenau Hall, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- BioResource Systems Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Construction Economics and Management, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT), Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Barbara E. Evans
- BioResource Systems Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Tula M. Ngasala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Miller A. Camargo-Valero
- BioResource Systems Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Campus La Nubia, Manizales 170003, Colombia
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Manga M, Kolsky P, Rosenboom JW, Ramalingam S, Sriramajayam L, Bartram J, Stewart J. Public health performance of sanitation technologies in Tamil Nadu, India: Initial perspectives based on E. coli release. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 243:113987. [PMID: 35623255 PMCID: PMC9227721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sanitation is intended to reduce the spread and burden of diseases transmitted from excreta. Pathogen reduction from excreta before sludge or effluent discharge to the environment would seem a logical and useful performance indicator for sanitation systems. However, the relative magnitudes of pathogen release from common sanitation technologies are not well understood. We, therefore, investigated the feasibility of performance measurement of different sanitation technologies in Tamil Nadu, India in reducing the release of the pathogen indicator Escherichia coli (E. coli). After conducting users’ surveys and technical assessments of the locally prevalent sanitation systems, we classified them into 7 distinct categories (based on both observed physical characteristic and usage) within a widely-accepted physical typology. Faecal sludge and wastewater samples were collected and analysed for E. coli and total solids from 136 household systems, 24 community systems, and 23 sanitary sewer oveflows. We estimated the average volumetric release rates of wastewater and faecal sludge from the different sanitation technologies. Average daily per capita E. coli release was computed, and used as one indicator of the public health performance of technologies. We found that on-site installations described by owners as “septic systems” included diverse forms of tanks and pits of uncertain performance. We observed a statistically significant difference in the average daily per capita E. coli release from different sanitation technologies (p = 0.00001). Pathogen release from the studied on-site sanitation technologies varied by as much as 5 orders of magnitude from “lined pits” (5.4 Log10 E. coli per person per day) to “overflowing sanitary sewers” and “direct discharge pipes” (10.3–10.5 Log10 E. coli per person per day). Other technologies lay between these extremes, and their performances in E. coli removal also varied significantly, in both statistical and practical terms. Our results suggest that although faecal sludge management along the sanitation service chain is important, sanitation planners of the observed systems (and probably elsewhere) should direct higher priority to proper management of the liquid effluents from these systems to minimize public health hazards. We conclude that (i) the work demonstrates a new and promising approach for estimating the public health performance of differing sanitation technologies, (ii) if E.coli is accepted as an indicator of the public health hazard of releases from sanitation systems, our results strongly suggest that safe containment of excreta for an extended period substantially reduces pathogen numbers and the risk of pathogen release into the environment; and (iii) there are some simple but little-used technical improvements to design and construction of on-site sanitation systems which could significantly reduce the release of pathogens to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Manga
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, NC, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Construction Economics and Management, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Pete Kolsky
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, NC, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Sudha Ramalingam
- PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Off, Avinashi Rd, Masakalipalayam, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641004, India
| | - Lavanya Sriramajayam
- PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Off, Avinashi Rd, Masakalipalayam, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641004, India
| | - Jamie Bartram
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, NC, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jill Stewart
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4114 McGavran Hall, Campus Box # 7431, NC, 27599, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Acheng PO, Kibwami N, Mukasa TJ, Odongkara BB, Birungi R, Semanda J, Manga M. Building information modelling adoption in Uganda’s construction industry. International Journal of Construction Management 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15623599.2022.2047278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela O. Acheng
- Department of Construction Economics and Management, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nathan Kibwami
- Department of Construction Economics and Management, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Brian B. Odongkara
- Department of Construction Economics and Management, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rachel Birungi
- Department of Construction Economics and Management, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julius Semanda
- Department of Construction Economics and Management, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Musa Manga
- Department of Construction Economics and Management, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Beardsley R, Cronk R, Tracy W, Fleming L, Ng'ambi M, Tidwell JB, Manga M. Factors associated with safe child feces disposal in Ethiopia, India, and Zambia. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 237:113832. [PMID: 34454254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Safe child feces disposal (CFD) is defined as a child or caregiver placing or rinsing child feces into an improved sanitation facility. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), 48% of households with children under five report that child feces were safely disposed. Despite its widespread prevalence and harmful health effects, little is known about the determinants of safe CFD. We analyzed determinants of CFD across three countries that differently address safe CFD in their policies. We used data from a cross-sectional survey of 3737 households in rural areas of Ethiopia, India, and Zambia. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with safe child feces disposal (CFD) in these countries. Safe CFD was positively associated with whether a female head of household attended primary school in Zambia and India, whether someone spoke to households about cleanliness in Ethiopia, and whether a community had a WaSH committee that met in the past year in Ethiopia. In all three countries, households with a member who practiced open defecation were significantly less likely to practice safe CFD. Increasing the education level of female head of households, reducing open defecation, speaking to a household, and having an active WaSH committee are important programmatic considerations for actors who seek to address CFD in low resource settings. Unsafe CFD is a substantial challenge to transformative WaSH, and more studies should be conducted to evaluate the causes, determinants, and behaviors of CFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Beardsley
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB#7431, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States.
| | - Ryan Cronk
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB#7431, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States; ICF, 2635 Meridian Parkway Suite 200, Durham, NC, 27713, United States
| | - Wren Tracy
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB#7431, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States; ICF, 2635 Meridian Parkway Suite 200, Durham, NC, 27713, United States
| | - Lisa Fleming
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB#7431, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | | | | | - Musa Manga
- The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB#7431, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States; Department of Construction Economics and Management, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Anthonj C, Setty KE, Ezbakhe F, Manga M, Hoeser C. A systematic review of water, sanitation and hygiene among Roma communities in Europe: Situation analysis, cultural context, and obstacles to improvement. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 226:113506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Manga M, Bartram J, Evans BE. Economic cost analysis of low-cost sanitation technology options in informal settlement areas (case study: Soweto, Johannesburg). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 223:289-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hurford T, Henning W, Maguire R, Lekic V, Schmerr N, Panning M, Bray V, Manga M, Kattenhorn S, Quick L, Rhoden A. Seismicity on tidally active solid-surface worlds. Icarus 2019; 338:113466. [PMID: 32905557 PMCID: PMC7473397 DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tidal interactions between planets or stars and the bodies that orbit them dissipate energy in their interiors. The dissipated energy heats the interior and a fraction of that energy will be released as seismic energy. Here we formalize a model to describe the tidally-driven seismic activity on planetary bodies based on tidal dissipation. To constrain the parameters of our model we use the seismic activity of the Moon, driven by tidal dissipation from the Earth-Moon interactions. We then apply this model to predict the amount of seismic energy release and largest seismic events on other moons in our Solar System and exoplanetary bodies. We find that many moons in the Solar System should be more seismically active than the Earth's Moon and many exoplanets should exhibit more seismic activity than the Earth. Finally, we examine how temporal-spatial variations in tidal dissipation manifest as variations in the locations and timing of seismic events on these bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.A. Hurford
- Planetary Geology, Geophysics and Geochemistry Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - W.G. Henning
- Planetary Geology, Geophysics and Geochemistry Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - R. Maguire
- Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - V. Lekic
- Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - N. Schmerr
- Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - M. Panning
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - V.J. Bray
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M. Manga
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - L.C. Quick
- Planetary Geology, Geophysics and Geochemistry Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - A.R. Rhoden
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- SouthWest Research Institution, Boulder, CO, USA
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Fleming L, Anthonj C, Thakkar MB, Tikoisuva WM, Manga M, Howard G, Shields KF, Kelly E, Overmars M, Bartram J. Urban and rural sanitation in the Solomon Islands: How resilient are these to extreme weather events? Sci Total Environ 2019; 683:331-340. [PMID: 31132712 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Solomon Islands, like other small island developing states in the Pacific, face significant challenges from a changing climate, and from increasing extreme weather events, while also lagging behind the rest of the world in terms of drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) services. In order to support planning for the implementation of national WaSH strategies and policies, this study contextualizes representative urban and rural baselines for Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 ("by 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation"). We highlight specific threats to the current sanitation services under extreme weather events such as flooding and drought, both of which are commonly observed in the country, and provide suggestions for structural improvements to sanitation facilities to increase resiliency. As the first detailed nationally representative cross-sectional sanitation study in urban and rural areas in the Solomon Islands, the results of this paper inform national WaSH policy, strategic planning and programming by the Solomon Islands Government and stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fleming
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Carmen Anthonj
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
| | | | | | - Musa Manga
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Guy Howard
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Katherine F Shields
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Emma Kelly
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Marc Overmars
- UNICEF Pacific, Fiji Development Bank Building, Suva, Fiji
| | - Jamie Bartram
- The Water Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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Manga M, Evans BE, Camargo-Valero MA, Horan NJ. Effect of filter media thickness on the performance of sand drying beds used for faecal sludge management. Water Sci Technol 2016; 74:2795-2806. [PMID: 27997390 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of sand filter media thickness on the performance of faecal sludge (FS) drying beds was determined in terms of: dewatering time, contaminant load removal efficiency, solids generation rate, nutrient content and helminth eggs viability in the dried sludge. A mixture of ventilated improved pit latrine sludge and septage in the ratio 1:2 was dewatered using three pilot-scale sludge drying beds with sand media thicknesses of 150, 250 and 350 mm. Five dewatering cycles were conducted and monitored for each drying bed. Although the 150 mm filter had the shortest average dewatering time of 3.65 days followed by 250 mm and 350 mm filters with 3.83 and 4.02 days, respectively, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) attributable to filter media thickness configurations. However, there was a significant difference for the percolate contaminant loads in the removal and recovery efficiency of suspended solids, total solids, total volatile solids, nitrogen species, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand, with the highest removal efficiency for each parameter achieved by the 350 mm filter. There were also significant differences in the nutrient content (NPK) and helminth eggs viability of the solids generated by the tested filters. Filtering media configurations similar to 350 mm have the greatest potential for optimising nutrient recovery from FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manga
- Institute for Public Health and Environmental Engineering (iPHEE), School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK E-mail: ; ; Department of Construction Economics and Management, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - B E Evans
- Institute for Public Health and Environmental Engineering (iPHEE), School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK E-mail: ;
| | - M A Camargo-Valero
- Institute for Public Health and Environmental Engineering (iPHEE), School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK E-mail: ; ; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Campus La Nubia, Manizales, Colombia
| | - N J Horan
- AquaEnviro Ltd, Appleton Court, Calder Park, Wakefield WF2 7AR, UK
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Diaz-Guardamino IE, Carmona-Bayonas A, Fonseca PJ, Martin AM, Lorenzo MS, Custodio A, Garrido M, Cano J, Barreto JL, Lacalle A, Cardona MF, Manga M, Visa L, Buxo E, Azkarate A, Diaz A, Ramchandani A, Mugica M, Sala P, Alfonso PG. First-line triplet or doublet chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer: Analysis of 970 patients from a community practice registry. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw371.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Birch SPD, Manga M, Delbridge B, Chamberlain M. Penetration of spherical projectiles into wet granular media. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2014; 90:032208. [PMID: 25314438 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.032208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We measure experimentally the penetration depth d of spherical particles into a water-saturated granular medium made of much smaller sand-sized grains. We vary the density, size R, and velocity U of the impacting spheres, and the size δ of the grains in the granular medium. We consider velocities between 7 and 107 m/s, a range not previously addressed, but relevant for impacts produced by volcanic eruptions. We find that d∝R(1/3)δ(1/3)U(2/3). The scaling with velocity is similar to that identified in previous, low-velocity collisions, but it also depends on the size of the grains in the granular medium. We develop a model, consistent with the observed scaling, in which the energy dissipation is dominated by the work required to rearrange grains along a network of force chains in the granular medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P D Birch
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6801, USA and Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-4767, USA
| | - M Manga
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-4767, USA
| | - B Delbridge
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-4767, USA
| | - M Chamberlain
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-4767, USA
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Cammarano F, Lekic V, Manga M, Panning M, Romanowicz B. Long-period seismology on Europa: 1. Physically consistent interior models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Cammarano
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - V. Lekic
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - M. Manga
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - M. Panning
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - B. Romanowicz
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Panning
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - V. Lekic
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - M. Manga
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - F. Cammarano
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | - B. Romanowicz
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Matsuyama
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics; University of Toronto; Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - J. X. Mitrovica
- Department of Physics; University of Toronto; Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - M. Manga
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - J. T. Perron
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - M. A. Richards
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; University of California; Berkeley California USA
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Saar MO, Manga M. Depth dependence of permeability in the Oregon Cascades inferred from hydrogeologic, thermal, seismic, and magmatic modeling constraints. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jb002855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. O. Saar
- Department of Geological Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - M. Manga
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; University of California; Berkeley California USA
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