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Mbuthia N, Kagwanja N, Ngari M, Boga M. General ward nurses detection and response to clinical deterioration in three hospitals at the Kenyan coast: a convergent parallel mixed methods study. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:143. [PMID: 38429750 PMCID: PMC10905788 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-01822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In low and middle-income countries like Kenya, critical care facilities are limited, meaning acutely ill patients are managed in the general wards. Nurses in these wards are expected to detect and respond to patient deterioration to prevent cardiac arrest or death. This study examined nurses' vital signs documentation practices during clinical deterioration and explored factors influencing their ability to detect and respond to deterioration. METHODS This convergent parallel mixed methods study was conducted in the general medical and surgical wards of three hospitals in Kenya's coastal region. Quantitative data on the extent to which the nurses monitored and documented the vital signs 24 h before a cardiac arrest (death) occurred was retrieved from patients' medical records. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-four purposefully drawn registered nurses working in the three hospitals' adult medical and surgical wards. RESULTS This study reviewed 405 patient records and found most of the documentation of the vital signs was done in the nursing notes and not the vital signs observation chart. During the 24 h prior to death, respiratory rate was documented the least in only 1.2% of the records. Only a very small percentage of patients had any vital event documented for all six-time points, i.e. four hourly. Thematic analysis of the interview data identified five broad themes related to detecting and responding promptly to deterioration. These were insufficient monitoring of vital signs linked to limited availability of equipment and supplies, staffing conditions and workload, lack of training and guidelines, and communication and teamwork constraints among healthcare workers. CONCLUSION The study showed that nurses did not consistently monitor and record vital signs in the general wards. They also worked in suboptimal ward environments that do not support their ability to promptly detect and respond to clinical deterioration. The findings illustrate the importance of implementation of standardised systems for patient assessment and alert mechanisms for deterioration response. Furthermore, creating a supportive work environment is imperative in empowering nurses to identify and respond to patient deterioration. Addressing these issues is not only beneficial for the nurses but, more importantly, for the well-being of the patients they serve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickcy Mbuthia
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Nancy Kagwanja
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Moses Ngari
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Mwanamvua Boga
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
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Oluoch D, Molyneux S, Boga M, Maluni J, Murila F, Jones C, Ziebland S, English M, Hinton L. Not just surveys and indicators: narratives capture what really matters for health system strengthening. Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11:e1459-e1463. [PMID: 37591592 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Health system strengthening remains elusive and challenging. Health systems in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa are frequently characterised as weak, with inadequate management and accountability mechanisms, and poor human and financial resources. Putting patients and staff at the heart of health systems is an essential step towards strengthening them. As one of the three pillars of quality in health care, understanding patient experiences is key to moving towards people-centred care. Yet patient experiences are not a singular concept. Patient narratives can convey individual experiences of illness and health care, which complement and augment epidemiological and public health evidence. These narratives, gathered with rigorous, interview-based research and shared with digital tools (audio and video), can generate persuasive evidence. This evidence has important potential for influencing policy and practice, and for supporting people-centred care, but has not been tested systematically in low-income countries. In the Kenyan context of newborn health, work under way is generating evidence to show the transformative potential of patient narratives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Florence Murila
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Sue Ziebland
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mike English
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lisa Hinton
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Nzinga J, Oliwa J, Oluoch D, Jepkosgei J, Mbuthia D, Boga M, Musitia P, Ogola M, Muinga N, Muraya K, Hinga A, Kamuya D, Kelley M, Molyneux S. The hidden emotional labour behind ensuring the social value of research: Experiences of frontline health policy and systems researchers based in Kenya during COVID-19. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3:e0002116. [PMID: 37643165 PMCID: PMC10464993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Health policy and systems research (HPSR) is a multi-disciplinary, largely applied field of research aimed at understanding and strengthening the performance of health systems, often with an emphasis on power, policy and equity. The value of embedded and participatory HPSR specifically in facilitating the collection of rich data that is relevant to addressing real-world challenges is increasingly recognised. However, the potential contributions and challenges of HPSR in the context of shocks and crises are not well documented, with a particular gap in the literature being the experiences and coping strategies of the HPSR researchers who are embedded in health systems in resource constrained settings. In this paper, we draw on two sets of group discussions held among a group of approximately 15 HPSR researchers based in Nairobi, Kenya, who were conducting a range of embedded HPSR studies throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. The researchers, including many of the authors, were employed by the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), which is a long-standing multi-disciplinary partnership between the Kenya Medical Research Institute and the Wellcome Trust with a central goal of contributing to national and international health policy and practice. We share our findings in relation to three inter-related themes: 1) Ensuring the continued social value of our HPSR work in the face of changing priorities; 2) Responding to shifting ethical procedures and processes at institutional and national levels; and 3) Protecting our own and front-line colleagues' well-being, including clinical colleagues. Our experiences highlight that in navigating research work and responsibilities to colleagues, patients and participants through the pandemic, many embedded HPSR staff faced difficult emotional and ethical challenges, including heightened forms of moral distress, which may have been better prevented and supported. We draw on our findings and the wider literature to discuss considerations for funders and research leads with an eye to strengthening support for embedded HPSR staff, not only in crises such as the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, but also more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Nzinga
- Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jacquie Oliwa
- Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dorothy Oluoch
- Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joyline Jepkosgei
- Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Mbuthia
- Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mwanamvua Boga
- Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peris Musitia
- Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Muthoni Ogola
- Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Naomi Muinga
- Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Alex Hinga
- Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dorcas Kamuya
- Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maureen Kelley
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Wellcome Centre for Ethics & Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sassy Molyneux
- Health Systems and Research Ethics Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Wright JL, Achieng F, Tindi L, Patil M, Boga M, Kimani M, Barsosio HC, Juma D, Kiige L, Manu A, Kariuki S, Mathai M, Nabwera HM. Design and implementation of a community-based mother-to-mother peer support programme for the follow-up of low birthweight infants in rural western Kenya. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1173238. [PMID: 37465422 PMCID: PMC10352086 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1173238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, low birthweight (LBW) infants (<2,500 g) have the highest risk of mortality during the first year of life. Those who survive often have adverse health outcomes. Post-discharge outcomes of LBW infants in impoverished communities in Africa are largely unknown. This paper describes the design and implementation of a mother-to-mother peer training and mentoring programme for the follow-up of LBW infants in rural Kenya. Methods Key informant interviews were conducted with 10 mothers of neonates (infants <28 days) from two rural communities in western Kenya. These data informed the identification of key characteristics required for mother-to-mother peer supporters (peer mothers) following up LBW infants post discharge. Forty potential peer mothers were invited to attend a 5-day training programme that focused on three main themes: supportive care using appropriate communication, identification of severe illness, and recommended care strategies for LBW infants. Sixteen peer mothers were mentored to conduct seven community follow-up visits to each mother-LBW infant pair with fifteen completing all the visits over a 6-month period. A mixed methods approach was used to evaluate the implementation of the programme. Quantitative data of peer mother socio-demographic characteristics, recruitment, and retention was collected. Two post-training focus group discussions were conducted with the peer mothers to explore their experiences of the programme. Descriptive statistics were generated from the quantitative data and the qualitative data was analysed using a thematic framework. Results The median age of the peer mothers was 26 years (range 21-43). From March-August 2019, each peer mother conducted a median of 28 visits (range 7-77) with fourteen (88%) completing all their assigned follow-up visits. Post training, our interviews suggest that peer mothers felt empowered to promote appropriate infant feeding practices. They gave multiple examples of improved health seeking behaviours as a result of the peer mother training programme. Conclusion Our peer mother training programme equipped peer mothers with the knowledge and skills for the post-discharge follow-up of LBW infants in this rural community in Kenya. Community-based interventions for LBW infants, delivered by appropriately trained peer mothers, have the potential to address the current gaps in post-discharge care for these infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma L. Wright
- Department of Community Paediatrics, Countess of Chester Hospital, Chester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Linda Tindi
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Homa Bay County Referral Hospital, Homa Bay, Kenya
| | - Manasi Patil
- Department of Education, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mwanamvua Boga
- Department of Clinical Research, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Mary Kimani
- Department of Nutrition, Action Against Hunger, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hellen C. Barsosio
- Department of Community Paediatrics, Countess of Chester Hospital, Chester, United Kingdom
- Department of Education, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Juma
- KEMRI-Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Laura Kiige
- Nutrition Unit, UNICEF-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alexander Manu
- Department of Education, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Kariuki
- KEMRI-Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Matthews Mathai
- Department of Education, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M. Nabwera
- Department of Education, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence for Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
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Abouyannis M, Boga M, Amadi D, Ouma N, Nyaguara A, Mturi N, Berkley JA, Adetifa IM, Casewell NR, Lalloo DG, Hamaluba M. A long-term observational study of paediatric snakebite in Kilifi County, south-east Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010987. [PMID: 37459350 PMCID: PMC10403087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Estimates suggest that one-third of snakebite cases in sub-Saharan Africa affect children. Despite children being at a greater risk of disability and death, there are limited published data. This study has determined the: population-incidence and mortality rate of hospital-attended paediatric snakebite; clinical syndromes of snakebite envenoming; and predictors of severe local tissue damage. METHODS All children presenting to Kilifi County Hospital, Kenya with snakebite were identified through the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System (KHDSS). Cases were prospectively registered, admitted for at least 24-hours, and managed on a paediatric high dependency unit (HDU). Households within the KHDSS study area have been included in 4-monthly surveillance and verbal autopsy, enabling calculation of population-incidence and mortality. Predictors of severe local tissue damage were identified using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Between 2003 and 2021, there were 19,606 admissions to the paediatric HDU, of which 584 were due to snakebite. Amongst young children (≤5-years age) the population-incidence of hospital-attended snakebite was 11.3/100,000 person-years; for children aged 6-12 years this was 29.1/100,000 person-years. Incidence remained consistent over the study period despite the population size increasing (98,967 person-years in 2006; and 153,453 person-years in 2021). Most cases had local envenoming alone, but there were five snakebite associated deaths. Low haemoglobin; raised white blood cell count; low serum sodium; high systolic blood pressure; and an upper limb bite-site were independently associated with the development of severe local tissue damage. CONCLUSION There is a substantial burden of disease due to paediatric snakebite, and the annual number of cases has increased in-line with population growth. The mortality rate was low, which may reflect the species causing snakebite in this region. The identification of independent predictors of severe local tissue damage can help to inform future research to better understand the pathophysiology of this important complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Abouyannis
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mwanamvua Boga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - David Amadi
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Nelson Ouma
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Amek Nyaguara
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Neema Mturi
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - James A Berkley
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ifedayo M Adetifa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David G Lalloo
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mainga Hamaluba
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Wanyama C, Blacklock C, Jepkosgei J, English M, Hinton L, McKnight J, Molyneux S, Boga M, Musitia PM, Wong G. Protocol for the Pathways Study: a realist evaluation of staff social ties and communication in the delivery of neonatal care in Kenya. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e066150. [PMID: 36914188 PMCID: PMC10016238 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The informal social ties that health workers form with their colleagues influence knowledge, skills and individual and group behaviours and norms in the workplace. However, improved understanding of these 'software' aspects of the workforce (eg, relationships, norms, power) have been neglected in health systems research. In Kenya, neonatal mortality has lagged despite reductions in other age groups under 5 years. A rich understanding of workforce social ties is likely to be valuable to inform behavioural change initiatives seeking to improve quality of neonatal healthcare.This study aims to better understand the relational components among health workers in Kenyan neonatal care areas, and how such understanding might inform the design and implementation of quality improvement interventions targeting health workers' behaviours. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will collect data in two phases. In phase 1, we will conduct non-participant observation of hospital staff during patient care and hospital meetings, a social network questionnaire with staff, in-depth interviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions at two large public hospitals in Kenya. Data will be collected purposively and analysed using realist evaluation, interim analyses including thematic analysis of qualitative data and quantitative analysis of social network metrics. In phase 2, a stakeholder workshop will be held to discuss and refine phase one findings.Study findings will help refine an evolving programme theory with recommendations used to develop theory-informed interventions targeted at enhancing quality improvement efforts in Kenyan hospitals. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI/SERU/CGMR-C/241/4374) and Oxford Tropical Research Ethics Committee (OxTREC 519-22). Research findings will be shared with the sites, and disseminated in seminars, conferences and published in open-access scientific journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Wanyama
- Health Systems and Research Ethics, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Claire Blacklock
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Juliet Jepkosgei
- Health Systems and Research Ethics, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mike English
- Health Systems and Research Ethics, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and Department of Paediatrics, Univerity of Oxford Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Hinton
- The Healthcare Improvement Studies Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jacob McKnight
- Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, UK
- University of Oxford Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Sassy Molyneux
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Mwanamvua Boga
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Peris Muoga Musitia
- Health Services Unit, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Geoff Wong
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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Musitia P, Boga M, Oluoch D, Haaland A, Nzinga J, English M, Molyneux S. Strengthening respectful communication with patients and colleagues in neonatal units — developing and evaluating a communication and emotional competence training for nurse managers in Kenya. Wellcome Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18006.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Effective communication is essential to delivering compassionate, high-quality nursing care. The intensive, stressful and technical environment of a new-born unit (NBU) in a low-resource setting presents communication-related challenges for nurses, with negative implications for nurse well-being, team relationships and patient care. We adapted a pre-existing communication and emotional competence course with NBU nurse managers working in Kenya, explored its’ value to participants and developed a theory of change to evaluate its’ potential impact. Methods: 18 neonatal nurse managers from 14 county referral hospitals helped adapt and participated in a nine-month participatory training process. Training involved guided ‘on the job’ self-observation and reflection to build self-awareness, and two face-to-face skills-building workshops. The course and potential for future scale up was assessed using written responses from participant nurses (baseline questionnaires, reflective assignments, pre and post workshop questionnaires), workshop observation notes, two group discussions and nine individual in-depth interviews. Results: Participants were extremely positive about the course, with many emphasizing its direct relevance and applicability to their daily work. Increased self-awareness and ability to recognize their own, colleagues’ and patients’ emotional triggers, together with new knowledge and practical skills, reportedly inspired nurses to change; in turn influencing their ability to provide respectful care, improving their confidence and relationships and giving them a stronger sense of professional identity. Conclusion: Providing respectful care is a major challenge in low-resource, high-pressure clinical settings but there are few strategies to address this problem. The participatory training process examined addresses this challenge and has potential for positive impacts for families, individual workers and teams, including worker well-being. We present an initial theory of change to support future evaluations aimed at exploring if and how positive gains can be sustained and spread within the wider system.
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Basu S, Copana R, Morales R, Anugulruengkitt S, Puthanakit T, Maramba-Lazarte C, Williams P, Musembi J, Boga M, Issack M, Hokororo A, Falade AG, Trehan I, Molyneux E, Arscott-Mills T, Alemayehu T, Bryant PA. Keeping It Real: Antibiotic Use Problems and Stewardship Solutions in Low- and Middle-income Countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:S18-S25. [PMID: 35134036 PMCID: PMC8815843 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global health threat and there is an urgent need to manage antibiotic use to slow its development. However, antimicrobial stewardship interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) have been limited in terms of their resourcing, feasibility and effectiveness in the face of greater challenges in child mortality. We sought to gather together examples of antibiotic use problems faced by clinicians in LMIC, many of which are unique to these settings, and real-world antimicrobial stewardship solutions identified, with the goal of learning broader lessons that might be applicable across LMIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Basu
- From the Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Raul Copana
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, San Simon University, Cochabamba, Bolivia
- Intensive Care Unit, Manuel A. Villarroel Childrens Hospotal, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Ronaldo Morales
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suvaporn Anugulruengkitt
- Department of Pediatrics and
- Center of Excellence for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanyawee Puthanakit
- Department of Pediatrics and
- Center of Excellence for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Cecilia Maramba-Lazarte
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (INTROP), Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines College of Medicine-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of the Philippines, College of Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Phoebe Williams
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme), Department of Paediatrics, Kilifi, Kenya
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Musembi
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mwanamvua Boga
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mohammad Issack
- Bacteriology Department, Central Health Laboratory, Victoria Hospital, Quatre-Bornes, Mauritius
| | - Adolfine Hokororo
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences-Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Adegoke G. Falade
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Indi Trehan
- Departments of Pediatrics, Global Health, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elizabeth Molyneux
- Paediatric and Child Health Department, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Tinsae Alemayehu
- American Medical Center, and St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Department of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Penelope A. Bryant
- Consultant in Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Medical Lead, Hospital-in-the-Home, The Royal Children’s Hospital
- Group Leader and Clinician-Scientist Fellow, Clinical Paediatrics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Hamaluba M, van der Pluijm RW, Weya J, Njuguna P, Ngama M, Kalume P, Mwambingu G, Ngetsa C, Wambua J, Boga M, Mturi N, Lal AA, Khuroo A, Taylor WRJ, Gonçalves S, Miotto O, Dhorda M, Mutinda B, Mukaka M, Waithira N, Hoglund RM, Imwong M, Tarning J, Day NPJ, White NJ, Bejon P, Dondorp AM. Arterolane-piperaquine-mefloquine versus arterolane-piperaquine and artemether-lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kenyan children: a single-centre, open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21:1395-1406. [PMID: 34111412 PMCID: PMC8461080 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple antimalarial combination therapies combine potent and rapidly cleared artemisinins or related synthetic ozonides, such as arterolane, with two, more slowly eliminated partner drugs to reduce the risk of resistance. We aimed to assess the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of arterolane-piperaquine-mefloquine versus arterolane-piperaquine and artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kenyan children. METHODS In this single-centre, open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial done in Kilifi County Hospital, Kilifi, coastal Kenya, children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria were recruited. Eligible patients were aged 2-12 years and had an asexual parasitaemia of 5000-250 000 parasites per μL. The exclusion criteria included the presence of an acute illness other than malaria, the inability to tolerate oral medications, treatment with an artemisinin derivative in the previous 7 days, a known hypersensitivity or contraindication to any of the study drugs, and a QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc interval) longer than 450 ms. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1:1), by use of blocks of six, nine, and 12, and opaque, sealed, and sequentially numbered envelopes, to receive either arterolane-piperaquine, arterolane-piperaquine-mefloquine, or artemether-lumefantrine. Laboratory staff, but not the patients, the patients' parents or caregivers, clinical or medical officers, nurses, or trial statistician, were masked to the intervention groups. For 3 days, oral artemether-lumefantrine was administered twice daily (target dose 5-24 mg/kg of bodyweight of artemether and 29-144 mg/kg of bodyweight of lumefantrine), and oral arterolane-piperaquine (arterolane dose 4 mg/kg of bodyweight; piperaquine dose 20 mg/kg of bodyweight) and oral arterolane-piperaquine-mefloquine (mefloquine dose 8 mg/kg of bodyweight) were administered once daily. All patients received 0·25 mg/kg of bodyweight of oral primaquine at hour 24. All patients were admitted to Kilifi County Hospital for at least 3 consecutive days and followed up at day 7 and, thereafter, weekly for up to 42 days. The primary endpoint was 42-day PCR-corrected efficacy, defined as the absence of treatment failure in the first 42 days post-treatment, of arterolane-piperaquine-mefloquine versus artemether-lumefantrine, and, along with safety, was analysed in the intention-to-treat population, which comprised all patients who received at least one dose of a study drug. The 42-day PCR-corrected efficacy of arterolane-piperaquine-mefloquine versus arterolane-piperaquine was an important secondary endpoint and was also analysed in the intention-to-treat population. The non-inferiority margin for the risk difference between treatments was -7%. The study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03452475, and is completed. FINDINGS Between March 7, 2018, and May 2, 2019, 533 children with P falciparum were screened, of whom 217 were randomly assigned to receive either arterolane-piperaquine (n=73), arterolane-piperaquine-mefloquine (n=72), or artemether-lumefantrine (n=72) and comprised the intention-to-treat population. The 42-day PCR-corrected efficacy after treatment with arterolane-piperaquine-mefloquine (100%, 95% CI 95-100; 72/72) was non-inferior to that after treatment with artemether-lumefantrine (96%, 95% CI 88-99; 69/72; risk difference 4%, 95% CI 0-9; p=0·25). The 42-day PCR-corrected efficacy of arterolane-piperaquine-mefloquine was non-inferior to that of arterolane-piperaquine (100%, 95% CI 95-100; 73/73; risk difference 0%). Vomiting rates in the first hour post-drug administration were significantly higher in patients treated with arterolane-piperaquine (5%, 95% CI 2-9; ten of 203 drug administrations; p=0·0013) or arterolane-piperaquine-mefloquine (5%, 3-9; 11 of 209 drug administrations; p=0·0006) than in patients treated with artemether-lumefantrine (1%, 0-2; three of 415 drug administrations). Upper respiratory tract complaints (n=26 for artemether-lumefantrine; n=19 for arterolane-piperaquine-mefloquine; n=23 for arterolane-piperaquine), headache (n=13; n=4; n=5), and abdominal pain (n=7; n=5; n=5) were the most frequently reported adverse events. There were no deaths. INTERPRETATION This study shows that arterolane-piperaquine-mefloquine is an efficacious and safe treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in children and could potentially be used to prevent or delay the emergence of antimalarial resistance. FUNDING UK Department for International Development, The Wellcome Trust, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainga Hamaluba
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Rob W van der Pluijm
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Joseph Weya
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Patricia Njuguna
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Peter Kalume
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | - Neema Mturi
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Altaf A Lal
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Gurugram, India
| | | | - Walter R J Taylor
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Olivo Miotto
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Mehul Dhorda
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Asia-Pacific Regional Centre, WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Brian Mutinda
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mavuto Mukaka
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naomi Waithira
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Richard M Hoglund
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mallika Imwong
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Joel Tarning
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicholas P J Day
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicholas J White
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Nzinga J, Boga M, Kagwanja N, Waithaka D, Barasa E, Tsofa B, Gilson L, Molyneux S. An innovative leadership development initiative to support building everyday resilience in health systems. Health Policy Plan 2021; 36:1023-1035. [PMID: 34002796 PMCID: PMC8359752 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective management and leadership are essential for everyday health system resilience, but actors charged with these roles are often underprepared and undersupported to perform them. Particular challenges have been observed in interpersonal and relational aspects of health managers’ work, including communication skills, emotional competence and supportive oversight. Within the Resilient and Responsive Health Systems (RESYST) consortium in Kenya, we worked with two county health and hospital management teams to adapt a package of leadership development interventions aimed at building these skills. This article provides insights into: (1) the content and co-development of a participatory intervention combining two core elements: a complex health system taught course, and an adapted communications and emotional competence process training; and (2) the findings from a formative evaluation of this intervention which included observations of the training, individual interviews with participating managers and discussions in regular meetings with managers. Following the training, managers reported greater recognition of the importance of health system software (values, belief systems and relationships), and improved self-awareness and team communication. Managers appeared to build valued skills in active listening, giving constructive feedback, ‘stepping back’ from automatic reactions to challenging emotional situations and taking responsibility to communicate with emotional competence. The training also created spaces for managers to share experiences, reflect upon and nurture social competences. We draw on our findings and the literature to propose a theory of change regarding the potential of our leadership development intervention to nurture everyday health system resilience through strengthening cognitive, behavioural and contextual capacities. We recommend further development and evaluation of novel approaches such as those shared in this article to support leadership development and management in complex, hierarchical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Nzinga
- Health Services and Research Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 43640, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Mwanamvua Boga
- Health Services and Research Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 43640, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Nancy Kagwanja
- Health Services and Research Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 43640, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Dennis Waithaka
- Health Services and Research Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 43640, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Edwine Barasa
- Health Services and Research Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 43640, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.,Nuffield Department of Medicine & Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Benjamin Tsofa
- Health Services and Research Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 43640, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Lucy Gilson
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sassy Molyneux
- Health Services and Research Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 43640, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.,Nuffield Department of Medicine & Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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11
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Zhao Y, Musitia P, Boga M, Gathara D, Nicodemo C, English M. Tools for measuring medical internship experience: a scoping review. Hum Resour Health 2021; 19:10. [PMID: 33446218 PMCID: PMC7809831 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-021-00554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate and well-resourced medical internship training is important to ensure psychological health and well-being of doctors in training and also to recruit and retain these doctors. However, most reviews focused on clinical competency of medical interns instead of the non-clinical aspects of training. In this scoping review, we aim to review what tools exist to measure medical internship experience and summarize the major domains assessed. METHOD The authors searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, ERIC, and the Cochrane Library for peer-reviewed studies that provided quantitative data on medical intern's (house officer, foundation year doctor, etc.) internship experience and published between 2000 and 2019. Three reviewers screened studies for eligibility with inclusion criteria. Data including tools used, key themes examined, and psychometric properties within the study population were charted, collated, and summarized. Tools that were used in multiple studies, and tools with internal validity or reliability assessed directed in their intern population were reported. RESULTS The authors identified 92 studies that were included in the analysis. The majority of studies were conducted in the US (n = 30, 32.6%) and the UK (n = 20, 21.7%), and only 14 studies (15.2%) were conducted in low- and middle-income countries. Major themes examined for internship experience included well-being, educational environment, and work condition and environment. For measuring well-being, standardized tools like the Maslach Burnout Inventory (for measuring burnout), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (depression), General Health Questionnaire-12 or 30 (psychological distress) and Perceived Stress Scale (stress) were used multiple times. For educational environment and work condition and environment, there is a lack of widely used tools for interns that have undergone psychometric testing in this population other than the Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure, which has been used in four different countries. CONCLUSIONS There are a large number of tools designed for measuring medical internship experience. International comparability of results from future studies would benefit if tools that have been more widely used are employed in studies on medical interns with further testing of their psychometric properties in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Zhao
- Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, S Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SY, United Kingdom.
| | - Peris Musitia
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - David Gathara
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Catia Nicodemo
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mike English
- Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, S Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
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12
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Kagwanja N, Waithaka D, Nzinga J, Tsofa B, Boga M, Leli H, Mataza C, Gilson L, Molyneux S, Barasa E. Shocks, stress and everyday health system resilience: experiences from the Kenyan coast. Health Policy Plan 2020; 35:522-535. [PMID: 32101609 PMCID: PMC7225571 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Health systems are faced with a wide variety of challenges. As complex adaptive systems, they respond differently and sometimes in unexpected ways to these challenges. We set out to examine the challenges experienced by the health system at a sub-national level in Kenya, a country that has recently undergone rapid devolution, using an 'everyday resilience' lens. We focussed on chronic stressors, rather than acute shocks in examining the responses and organizational capacities underpinning those responses, with a view to contributing to the understanding of health system resilience. We drew on learning and experiences gained through working with managers using a learning site approach over the years. We also collected in-depth qualitative data through informal observations, reflective meetings and in-depth interviews with middle-level managers (sub-county and hospital) and peripheral facility managers (n = 29). We analysed the data using a framework approach. Health managers reported a wide range of health system stressors related to resource scarcity, lack of clarity in roles and political interference, reduced autonomy and human resource management. The health managers adopted absorptive, adaptive and transformative strategies but with mixed effects on system functioning. Everyday resilience seemed to emerge from strategies enacted by managers drawing on a varying combination of organizational capacities depending on the stressor and context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Kagwanja
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Health Systems and Ethics Research Unit, Bofa Road, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Dennis Waithaka
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Health Systems and Ethics Research Unit, Bofa Road, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jacinta Nzinga
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Health Systems and Ethics Research Unit, Bofa Road, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin Tsofa
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Health Systems and Ethics Research Unit, Bofa Road, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mwanamvua Boga
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Health Systems and Ethics Research Unit, Bofa Road, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Hassan Leli
- Kilifi County Department of Health, P.O BOX 9-80108, Bofa Road, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Christine Mataza
- Kilifi County Department of Health, P.O BOX 9-80108, Bofa Road, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Lucy Gilson
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sassy Molyneux
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Health Systems and Ethics Research Unit, Bofa Road, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Edwine Barasa
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Health Systems and Ethics Research Unit, Bofa Road, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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13
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Boga M, Discigil G, Ozkisacik EA, Gurcun U, Badak MI, Tekten T, Discigil B. Use of Tissue Doppler Imaging following Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. J Int Med Res 2016; 35:101-6. [PMID: 17408060 DOI: 10.1177/147323000703500110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on myocardial systolic functions using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Fourteen patients (three women and 11 men) who had undergone isolated coronary bypass surgery were included in the study. Their mean age was 61 ± 8 years. TDI systolic velocity measures were obtained from four different sites on the left ventricular wall (anterior, septal, lateral and inferior) at the papillary muscle level in the parasternal short axis view before CABG, and then at 1 and 6 weeks post-operatively. There were significant increases in the myocardial wall velocities at all left ventricular sites 1 week after CABG. This increase persisted to week 6 after CABG, but the velocities were lower than week 1 values. We conclude that the ischaemic myocardium responded to surgical revascularization with marked increases in myocardial segmental systolic velocities in the early post-operative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boga
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
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14
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Ibinda F, Bauni E, Kariuki SM, Fegan G, Lewa J, Mwikamba M, Boga M, Odhiambo R, Mwagandi K, Seale AC, Berkley JA, Dorfman JR, Newton CRJC. Incidence and risk factors for neonatal tetanus in admissions to Kilifi County Hospital, Kenya. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122606. [PMID: 25849440 PMCID: PMC4388671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal Tetanus (NT) is a preventable cause of mortality and neurological sequelae that occurs at higher incidence in resource-poor countries, presumably because of low maternal immunisation rates and unhygienic cord care practices. We aimed to determine changes in the incidence of NT, characterize and investigate the associated risk factors and mortality in a prospective cohort study including all admissions over a 15-year period at a County hospital on the Kenyan coast, a region with relatively high historical NT rates within Kenya. METHODS We assessed all neonatal admissions to Kilifi County Hospital in Kenya (1999-2013) and identified cases of NT (standard clinical case definition) admitted during this time. Poisson regression was used to examine change in incidence of NT using accurate denominator data from an area of active demographic surveillance. Logistic regression was used to investigate the risk factors for NT and factors associated with mortality in NT amongst neonatal admissions. A subset of sera from mothers (n = 61) and neonates (n = 47) were tested for anti-tetanus antibodies. RESULTS There were 191 NT admissions, of whom 187 (98%) were home deliveries. Incidence of NT declined significantly (Incidence Rate Ratio: 0.85 (95% Confidence interval 0.81-0.89), P<0.001) but the case fatality (62%) did not change over the study period (P = 0.536). Younger infant age at admission (P = 0.001) was the only independent predictor of mortality. Compared to neonatal hospital admittee controls, the proportion of home births was higher among the cases. Sera tested for antitetanus antibodies showed most mothers (50/61, 82%) had undetectable levels of antitetanus antibodies, and most (8/9, 89%) mothers with detectable antibodies had a neonate without protective levels. CONCLUSIONS Incidence of NT in Kilifi County has significantly reduced, with reductions following immunisation campaigns. Our results suggest immunisation efforts are effective if sustained and efforts should continue to expand coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick Ibinda
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Evasius Bauni
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Symon M Kariuki
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Greg Fegan
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Lewa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Monica Mwikamba
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Mwanamvua Boga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Rachael Odhiambo
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Kiponda Mwagandi
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Anna C Seale
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James A Berkley
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey R Dorfman
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charles R J C Newton
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Boga M, Yurtseven S, Kilic U, Aydemir S, Polat T. Determination of Nutrient Contents and In vitro Gas Production Values of Some Legume Forages Grown in the Harran Plain Saline Soils. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2014; 27:825-31. [PMID: 25050020 PMCID: PMC4093174 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the nutritive value of some legume species in salt-affected soils of South-East Anatolian region using chemical composition and in vitro gas production kinetics. In this study, Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium alexandrinum, Medicago sativa were sown and tested in four different locations. A 3 by 4 factorial design with 3 legume species and 4 salt levels (non salty electrical conductivity (EC)<4 dS/m; low salt: 4 dS/m>EC<8 dS/m, medium saline: 8 dS/m>EC<16 dS/m and high salt: 16 dS/m>EC) was used in the study. Results indicated that salinity and plants had no significant effect on ash and ether extract. Dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber, digestible dry matter, dry matter intake (DMI) were affected by plant, salinity and plant×salinity interaction. On the other hand neutral detergent fiber, relative feed value (RFV), and DMI were affected by salinity and plant×salinity interaction. Mineral contents were affected by plant species, salinity and salinity×plants interactions. In vitro gas production, their kinetics and estimated parameters such as were not affected by salinity whereas the gas production up to 48 h, organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy lactation (NEL) were affected by plant and plant×salt interaction. Generally RFVs of all species ranged from 120 to 210 and were quite satisfactory in salty conditions. Current results show that the feed value of Medicago sativa is higher compared to Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium alexandrinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boga
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, TR-63100 Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - S Yurtseven
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, TR-63100 Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - U Kilic
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, TR 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | - S Aydemir
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, TR-63100, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - T Polat
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, TR-63100, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
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Molyneux S, Njue M, Boga M, Akello L, Olupot-Olupot P, Engoru C, Kiguli S, Maitland K. 'The words will pass with the blowing wind': staff and parent views of the deferred consent process, with prior assent, used in an emergency fluids trial in two African hospitals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54894. [PMID: 23408950 PMCID: PMC3569446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document and explore the views and experiences of key stakeholders regarding the consent procedures of an emergency research clinical trial examining immediate fluid resuscitation strategies, and to discuss the implications for similar trials in future. METHODS A social science sub-study of the FEAST (Fluid Expansion As Supportive Therapy) trial. Interviews were held with trial team members (n = 30), health workers (n = 15) and parents (n = 51) from two purposively selected hospitals in Soroti, Uganda, and Kilifi, Kenya. FINDINGS Overall, deferred consent with prior assent was seen by staff and parents as having the potential to protect the interests of both patients and researchers, and to avoid delays in starting treatment. An important challenge is that the validity of verbal assent is undermined when inadequate initial information is poorly understood. This concern needs to be balanced against the possibility that full prior consent on admission potentially causes harm through introducing delays. Full prior consent also potentially imposes worries on parents that clinicians are uncertain about how to proceed and that clinicians want to absolve themselves of any responsibility for the child's outcome (some parents' interpretation of the need for signed consent). Voluntariness is clearly compromised for both verbal assent and full prior consent in a context of such vulnerability and stress. Further challenges in obtaining verbal assent were: what to do in the absence of the household decision-maker (often the father); and how medical staff handle parents not giving a clear agreement or refusal. CONCLUSION While the challenges identified are faced in all research in low-income settings, they are magnified for emergency trials by the urgency of decision making and treatment needs. Consent options will need to be tailored to particular studies and settings, and might best be informed by consultation with staff members and community representatives using a deliberative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sassy Molyneux
- Health Systems and Social Science Research Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute-ellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
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Gorgulu M, Akyol M, Boga M, Goncu S. The effects of choice feeding and season on the
feeding behaviour and growth performance of
calves. J Anim Feed Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/66073/2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Gwer S, Thuo N, Idro R, Ndiritu M, Boga M, Newton C, Kirkham F. Changing trends in incidence and aetiology of childhood acute non-traumatic coma over a period of changing malaria transmission in rural coastal Kenya: a retrospective analysis. BMJ Open 2012; 2:e000475. [PMID: 22466156 PMCID: PMC3323808 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent changes in malaria transmission have likely altered the aetiology and outcome of childhood coma in sub-Saharan Africa. The authors conducted this study to examine change in incidence, aetiology, clinical presentation, mortality and risk factors for death in childhood non-traumatic coma over a 6-year period. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. SETTING Secondary level health facility: Kilifi, Coast, Kenya. PARTICIPANTS Children aged 9 months to 13 years admitted with acute non-traumatic coma (Blantyre Coma Score =2) between January 2004 and December 2009 to Kilifi District Hospital, Kenya. EXCLUSION CRITERIA delayed development, epilepsy and sickle cell disease. RESULTS During the study period, 665 children (median age 32 (IQR 20-46) months; 46% were girls) were admitted in coma. The incidence of childhood coma declined from 93/100 000 children in 2004 to 44/100 000 children in 2009. There was a 64% overall drop in annual malaria-positive coma admissions and a 272% overall increase in annual admissions with encephalopathies of undetermined cause over the study period. There was no change in case death of coma. Vomiting, breathing difficulties, bradycardia, profound coma (Blantyre Coma Score=0), bacteraemia and clinical signs of meningitis were associated with increased risk of death. Seizures within 24 h prior to admission, and malaria parasitaemia, were independently associated with survival, unchanging during the study period. CONCLUSION The decline in the incidence and number of admissions of childhood acute non-traumatic coma is due to decreased malaria transmission. The relative and absolute increase in admissions of encephalopathy of undetermined aetiology could represent aetiologies previously masked by malaria or new aetiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Gwer
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research—Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Clinical Research Department, Afya Research Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nahashon Thuo
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research—Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Richard Idro
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research—Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Mulago Hospital/Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Ndiritu
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research—Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Clinical Research Department, Afya Research Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mwanamvua Boga
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research—Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Charles Newton
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research—Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fenella Kirkham
- Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Child Health, University Hospitals Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Kilic U, Boga M, Gorgulu M, Şahan Z. The effects of different compounds in some essential oils on in vitro gas production. J Anim Feed Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/66221/2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Boga M, Davies A, Kamuya D, Kinyanjui SM, Kivaya E, Kombe F, Lang T, Marsh V, Mbete B, Mlamba A, Molyneux S, Mulupi S, Mwalukore S. Strengthening the informed consent process in international health research through community engagement: The KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme Experience. PLoS Med 2011; 8:e1001089. [PMID: 21931539 PMCID: PMC3172253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Samson Muchina Kinyanjui and colleagues from the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme discuss how they modified their informed consent processes by taking into account local social, cultural, and economic contexts in the design and administration of consent forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwanamvua Boga
- Consent and Communication Committee, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Alun Davies
- Consent and Communication Committee, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Dorcas Kamuya
- Consent and Communication Committee, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Samson M. Kinyanjui
- Consent and Communication Committee, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ester Kivaya
- Consent and Communication Committee, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Francis Kombe
- Consent and Communication Committee, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Trudie Lang
- Consent and Communication Committee, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vicki Marsh
- Consent and Communication Committee, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bibi Mbete
- Consent and Communication Committee, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Albert Mlamba
- Consent and Communication Committee, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Sassy Molyneux
- Consent and Communication Committee, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Mulupi
- Consent and Communication Committee, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Salim Mwalukore
- Consent and Communication Committee, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
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Ogetii GN, Akech S, Jemutai J, Boga M, Kivaya E, Fegan G, Maitland K. Hypoglycaemia in severe malaria, clinical associations and relationship to quinine dosage. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:334. [PMID: 21092224 PMCID: PMC2995467 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoglycaemia is an independent risk factor for death in severe malaria and a recognized adverse treatment effect of parenteral quinine. In 2006 our hospital changed quinine treatment policy from 15 mg/kg loading (plus 10 mg/kg 12-hourly) to 20 mg/kg loading (plus 10 mg/kg 8-hourly) to comply with new WHO guidelines. This presented us with the opportunity to examine whether there was any dose relationship of quinine and hypoglycaemia occurrence. METHODS Retrospective case notes review of all children admitted to hospital with severe falciparum malaria between April 2002 - July 2009, before and after the introduction of the new WHO quinine regimen. Four-hourly bedside glucose levels were measured until intravenous quinine was discontinued. Clinical events immediately preceding or concurrent with each episode of hypoglycaemia (glucose < = 3.0 mmol/l) were recorded. RESULTS 954 children received the old quinine regime and 283 received the new regime. We found no evidence of an increased prevalence of hypoglycaemia (< = 3.0 mmol/L) on the new regime compared to former (15% vs. 15%); similar findings were noted for profound hypoglycaemia (< 2.2 mmols/L) 8% v 5%, P = 0.07. Episodes were co-incident with disease severity markers: coma (57%), circulatory failure (38%) and respiratory distress (21%) but less commonly with seizures (10%). Disruption of maintenance fluids and/or blood transfusion concurred with 42% of the hypoglycaemia episodes. Post admission hypoglycaemia increased odds of fatal outcome (24%) compared to euglycaemic counterparts (8%), odds ratio = 3.45 (95% confidence interval = 2.30-5.16) P < 0.01. CONCLUSION There was no evidence to indicate a dose relationship between quinine and occurrence of hypoglycaemia. Hypoglycaemia concurred with severity features, disruption of glucose infusion and transfusion. Careful glucose monitoring should be targeted to these complications where resources are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert N Ogetii
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute- Wellcome Trust Programme, PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya
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Akech SO, Karisa J, Nakamya P, Boga M, Maitland K. Phase II trial of isotonic fluid resuscitation in Kenyan children with severe malnutrition and hypovolaemia. BMC Pediatr 2010; 10:71. [PMID: 20923577 PMCID: PMC2973932 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-10-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with severe malnutrition who develop shock have a high mortality. Contrary to contemporaneous paediatric practice, current guidelines recommend use of low dose hypotonic fluid resuscitation (half-strength Darrows/5% dextrose (HSD/5D). We evaluated the safety and efficacy of this guideline compared to resuscitation with a standard isotonic solution. METHODS A Phase II randomised controlled, safety and efficacy trial in Kenyan children aged over 6 months with severe malnutrition and shock including children with severe dehydration/shock and presumptive septic shock (non-diarrhoeal shock). Eligible children were randomised to HSD/5D or Ringer's Lactate (RL). A maximum of two boluses of 15 ml/kg of HSD/5D were given over two hours (as recommended by guidelines) while those randomised to RL received 10 ml/kg aliquots half hourly (maximum 40 ml/kg). Primary endpoint was resolution of shock at 8 and 24 hours. Secondary outcomes included resolution of acidosis, adverse events and mortality. RESULTS 61 children were enrolled: 41 had shock and severe dehydrating diarrhoea, 20 had presumptive septic shock; 69% had decompensated shock. By 8 hours response to volume resuscitation was poor with shock persisting in most children:-HSD/5D 15/22 (68%) and RL14/25 (52%), p = 0.39. Oliguria was more prevalent at 8 hours in the HSD/5D group, 9/22 (41%), compared to RL-3/25 (12%), p = 0.02. Mortality was high, HSD/5D-15/26(58%) and RL 13/29(45%); p = 0.42. Most deaths occurred within 48 hours of admission. Neither pulmonary oedema nor cardiogenic failure was detected. CONCLUSIONS Outcome was universally poor characterised by persistence of shock, oliguria and high case fatality. Isotonic fluid was associated with modest improvement in shock and survival when compared to HSD/5D but inconclusive due to the limitations of design and effectiveness of either resuscitation strategy. Although isotonic fluid resuscitation did not result in cardiogenic heart failure, as previously feared, we conclude that the modest volumes used and rate of infusion were insufficient to promptly correct shock. The adverse performance of the recommended fluid resuscitation guideline for severe malnutrition should prompt clinical investigation of isotonic fluids for resuscitation of compensated shock, defining rate and volumes required to inform future guidelines. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered as ISCRTN: 61146418.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel O Akech
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
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Gwer S, Idro R, Kazungu M, Chengo E, Boga M, Ohuma E, Maitland K, Birch T, Marchbanks R, Kirkham F, Newton C. Non-invasive intracranial pressure monitoring in African children with infectious encephalopathies: preliminary results. BMC Proc 2008. [DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-2-s1-p24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Sen S, Dişçigil B, Boga M, Ozkisacik E, Inci I. Thoracic outlet syndrome with right subclavian artery dilatation in a child - transaxillary resection of the pediatric cervical rib. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 55:339-41. [PMID: 17629873 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-955875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cervical rib is a well-documented congenital anomaly, and thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) with vascular compression is extremely rare in childhood. The subclavian artery, subclavian vein, brachial plexus, or a combination of these can be affected in this syndrome. We present a case of TOS in an eight-year-old boy and describe the rare finding of subclavian artery compression with post-stenotic dilatation and severe brachial plexus compression symptoms. The patient underwent right transaxillary resection of the first thoracic and cervical rib. The presentation is unique and may be elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sen
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey.
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Koseoglu K, Cildag B, Sen S, Boga M, Parildar M. Endovascular Treatment of a Mycotic Subclavian Artery Aneurysm Using Stent-graft. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvsextra.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Boga M, Discigil B, Ozkisacik EA, Gurcun U, Badak MI, Dikicioglu E, Yenisey C, Meteoglu I. The combined effect of iloprost and N-acetylcysteine in preventing spinal cord ischemia in rabbits. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005; 31:366-72. [PMID: 16359890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2005.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the cytoprotective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and iloprost on spinal cord ischemia in an experimental model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five (male) New Zealand white rabbits were included in five study groups (n=7, each group). One group served as Sham. Rabbits in other groups had their abdominal aorta cross-clamped just above the iliac bifurcation for 40 min. During aortic cross clamping, iloprost, NAC, both iloprost and NAC or saline (control) were infused. RESULTS In NAC, iloprost, and iloprost+NAC groups, neurological status of rabbits (Tarlov score) 24 and 48 h after the operation was better than the control group (p<0.01), but worse than the Sham group (p<0.01). There was minimal neuronal damage in the iloprost treated groups compared to the NAC group (p<0.05). Mean viability index values in NAC, iloprost and iloprost+NAC groups were higher than the control group (p<0.01). Viability index in the NAC group was lower than the iloprost and iloprost+NAC groups. CONCLUSIONS The use of iloprost and NAC may provide better protection from spinal cord ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boga
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydin, Turkey.
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Cikirikçioglu M, Yasa M, Kerry Z, Posacioglu H, Boga M, Yagdi T, Topçuoglu N, Büket S, Hamulu A. The effects of the Harmonic Scalpel on the vasoreactivity and endothelial integrity of the radial artery: a comparison of two different techniques. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 122:624-6. [PMID: 11547324 DOI: 10.1067/mtc.2001.115690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Cikirikçioglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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Darçin OT, Islamoglu F, Yagdi T, Boga M, Doymaz MZ, Gezen MR. Effectiveness of endothelial cell seeding on patency of damaged vascular surfaces in a canine model. Ann Vasc Surg 2001; 15:350-4. [PMID: 11414087 DOI: 10.1007/s100160010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of endothelial cell seeding, which is assumed to be an effective technique to improve patency rates of denuded vascular surfaces, were investigated in an experimental model. In this study, after anesthetic induction, jugular veins of 16 dogs were harvested bilaterally. Endothelial cells were extracted enzymatically by collagenase from these veins and were passaged into a culture medium until they grew to a reasonable number. After 3 weeks, dogs were anesthetized again in a similar fashion and bilateral femoral veins were exposed and experimental intimal denudation was performed. Subsequently, one femoral artery was injected with cell solution and the other with saline solution as a control. Two weeks after the injections, arteriographic studies of femoral arteries were performed and arterial specimens were taken for histological evaluation. Our results suggest that endothelial seeding might improve the patency rate in elective but urgent cases in which endarterectomy, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, or similar vascular procedures are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- O T Darçin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Harran University Medical Faculty, S. Urfa, Turkey.
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Basarir S, Islamoglu F, Ozkisacik E, Atay Y, Boga M, Bakalim T, Ozbaran M, Telli A. Comparative analysis of left ventricular hemodynamics and hypertrophy after aortic valve replacement with homografts or mechanical valves. J Heart Valve Dis 2000; 9:45-52. [PMID: 10678375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY The study aim was to examine comparatively the effects of prosthetic and homograft valves in the aortic position on ventricular hemodynamics and structure. METHODS Hemodynamic evaluations were performed at rest and during exercise in 38 patients who had undergone aortic valve replacement (AVR) with either a homograft (n = 19) or prosthetic valve (19-23 mm; n = 19). Using echocardiographic, electrocardiographic and hematologic methods, the pressure gradient (PG); aortic valve area; diameters of left anterior wall, posterior wall (PW) and interventricular septum (IVS); ejection fraction (EF); left ventricular mass (LVM) and mass index (LVMI); electrocardiographic data of LV hypertrophy; hemoglobin; hematocrit and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were measured. RESULTS LVM and LVMI decreased significantly after surgery in both groups (p<0.001), but the decrease was significantly greater in the homograft group (p<0.05). The IVS and PW diameters in the homograft group decreased significantly postoperatively (p<0.05); the inter-group difference was also significant (p<0.01). In the homograft group there was a significant improvement in EF (p<0.05), and the exercise PG was significantly less. Both groups showed improved LV hypertrophy and correlation between V1S >24 mm criteria and LVMI measurements. Postoperative LDH levels in the homograft group were significantly lower than preoperative levels (p<0.05); the intergroup difference was also significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that homografts, as compared to mechanical prostheses, provide significantly better hemodynamics in the aortic position.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Basarir
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
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Boga M, Szemere P. Allergic symptoms in the course of hypereosinophilic syndromes. Mater Med Pol 1977; 9:328-30. [PMID: 23467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Boga M, Dóbiás G, Krompecher E, Miskovits E, Niederland V, Szatlóczky E, Széplaki F. [Successful streptomycin therapy of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Acinobacter Iwoffii infection]. Orv Hetil 1975; 116:2952-4. [PMID: 1105300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Boga M. [Clinical analysis of 6 cases of adult Henoch-Schönlein purpura]. Orv Hetil 1974; 115:1275-7. [PMID: 4846077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Boga M, Szilágyi G, László J. [Turner syndrome and intestinal hemangiomatosis]. Orv Hetil 1970; 111:2604-6. [PMID: 5488134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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