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Hattori N, Nakagawa T, Yoneda M, Hayashida H, Nakagawa K, Yamamoto K, Htun MW, Shibata Y, Koji T, Ito T. Compounds in cigarette smoke induce EGR1 expression via the AHR, resulting in apoptosis and COPD. J Biochem 2022; 172:365-376. [PMID: 36200927 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of mortality worldwide, and pulmonary epithelial cell apoptosis is regarded as one of the most important factors in its pathogenesis. Here, we examined the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis caused by cigarette smoke (CS). In the normal bronchial epithelium cell line BEAS-2B, a CS extract markedly induced apoptosis together with transient early growth response 1 (EGR1) protein expression, which is activated over time via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). The CS extract-induced apoptosis decreased cell count of BEAS-2B cells and was significantly reversed by knockdown of either EGR1 or AHR. In vivo, the CS extract caused alveolar wall destruction, mimicking COPD, 1 week after intrathoracic injection. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from the CS extract-treated mice contained massive numbers of apoptotic epithelial cells. Furthermore, it was found that aminoanthracene induced EGR1 expression and cell apoptosis. By contrast, the AHR antagonist stemregenin 1 (SR1) restored apoptosis upon CS treatment. These results suggest that aryl hydrocarbons, such as aminoanthracene, induce EGR1 expression via the AHR, resulting in cell apoptosis and that this can be prevented by administration of an antagonist of AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Hattori
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takeya Nakagawa
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yoneda
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hayashida
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kaori Nakagawa
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamamoto
- Biomedical Research Support Center, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Myo Win Htun
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Shibata
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takehiko Koji
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Aung E, Han KT, Gordon CA, Hlaing NN, Aye MM, Htun MW, Wai KT, Myat SM, Thwe TL, Tun A, Wangdi K, Li Y, Williams GM, Clements ACA, Vaz Nery S, McManus DP, Gray DJ. High prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Myanmar schoolchildren. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:28. [PMID: 35272701 PMCID: PMC8908594 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00952-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Achieving the elimination of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections requires a sufficient understanding of the current epidemiological status of STH endemicity. We aimed to examine the status of STH in Myanmar – a country with the eighth highest STH prevalence in the world, 10 years after instigation of the national deworming programme. Methods In August 2016 we screened for STH infections using Kato Katz (KK) microscopy and real-time PCR (qPCR) in schoolchildren from the Bago Region township of Phyu, a STH sentinel site in Myanmar. Ten schools were randomly selected, and one stool sample each from a total of 264 students was examined. Prevalence and intensity of infection were calculated for each STH. Results High prevalence of STH was identified in the study area with 78.8% of the schoolchildren infected with at least one STH by qPCR, and 33.3% by KK. The most prevalent STH was Trichuris trichiura, diagnosed by both KK (26.1%) and qPCR (67.1%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (15.5% KK; 54.9% qPCR). No hookworm infections were identified by KK; however, the qPCR analysis showed a high prevalence of Ancylostoma sp. infection (29.6%) with few Necator americanus (1.1%) infections. Conclusions Despite bi-annual deworming of schoolchildren in the fourth-grade and below, STH prevalence remains stubbornly high. These results informed the expansion of the Myanmar National STH control programme to include all school-aged children by the Ministry of Health and Sports in 2017, however further expansion to the whole community should be considered along with improving sanitation and hygiene measures. This would be augmented by rigorous monitoring and evaluation, including national prevalence surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eindra Aung
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kay Thwe Han
- Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Catherine A Gordon
- Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Moe Moe Aye
- Department of Zoology, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Myo Win Htun
- Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Khin Thet Wai
- Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Su Mon Myat
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Thida Lay Thwe
- Department of Zoology, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Aung Tun
- Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Kinley Wangdi
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Control On Schistosomiasis in Lake Region, Yueyang, China
| | - Gail M Williams
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Susana Vaz Nery
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Htun MW, Shibata Y, Soe K, Koji T. Nuclear Expression of Pygo2 Correlates with Poorly Differentiated State Involving c-Myc, PCNA and Bcl9 in Myanmar Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2021; 54:195-206. [PMID: 35023882 PMCID: PMC8727843 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.21-00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In Myanmar, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is commonly seen in young adult and associated with poor prognosis, while the molecular mechanisms that characterize HCC in Myanmar are unknown. As co-activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and c-Myc (Myc) are reported to associate with malignancy of HCC, we immunohistochemically investigated the expression of Pygo2 and Bcl9, the co-activators of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, Myc and PCNA in 60 cases of Myanmar HCC. Pygo2 expression was confirmed by in situ hybridization. The signal intensity was measured by image analyzer and then statistically analyzed. As a result, the expression of Pygo2 was significantly higher in HCC compared to normal liver tissue and the nuclear signal was the most intense in poorly differentiated HCC. Cytoplasmic Bcl9 was expressed in the normal liver tissue but decreased in HCC with the progression of histopathological grade. Myc was significantly higher in poorly differentiated HCC, whereas PCNA labeling index increased with the progression of histopathological grade. Nuclear Pygo2 showed strong correlation with nuclear Myc (P < 0.01) and PCNA (P < 0.001), and inversely correlated with cytoplasmic Bcl9 (P < 0.01). Our results suggested Wnt/β-catenin and Myc signaling is commonly activated in Myanmar HCC and that the correlative upregulation of nuclear Pygo2 and Myc characterizes the malignant features of HCC in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myo Win Htun
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Yasuaki Shibata
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | | | - Takehiko Koji
- Office for Research Initiative and Development, Nagasaki University
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Soe MT, Shibata Y, Win Htun M, Abe K, Soe K, Win Than N, Lwin T, Phone Kyaw M, Koji T. Immunohistochemical Mapping of Bcl9 Using Two Antibodies that Recognize Different Epitopes Is Useful to Characterize Juvenile Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Myanmar. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2019; 52:9-17. [PMID: 30923411 PMCID: PMC6434316 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.18045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma 9 (Bcl9) is the core component of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and overexpressed in nuclei of various tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the extent of Bcl9 expression relative to HCC differentiation stage and its functional aspects are poorly understood. In this study, we examined the expression pattern of Bcl9 immunohistochemically, using two anti-Bcl9 antibodies; one was a conventional polyclonal-antibody (anti-Bcl9ABC) against amino acid no.800-900 of human-Bcl9, while the other (anti-Bcl9BIO) was against amino acid no.50-200, covering Pygopus-binding sites of Bcl9. Immunohistochemistry using anti-Bcl9BIO demonstrated distinctive staining in the cytoplasm, while the anti-Bcl9ABC signal was detected in both cytoplasm and nuclei of HCC cells, reflecting different states of Bcl9 function because Pygopus-binding to Bcl9 is essential to exert its function together with β-catenin in nucleus. Quantitative analysis revealed a significantly higher immunohistochemical-score by anti-Bcl9BIO in normal liver comparing various differentiation grades of HCC (P < 0.004), whereas no significant difference was noted with anti-Bcl9ABC. Interestingly, immunohistochemical-score of anti-Bcl9BIO in patients aged < 40 years was significantly lower than that of ≥ 40 years group (P < 0.01). The results indicated that anti-Bcl9BIO detected cytoplasmic Bcl9, which does not bind to Pygopus suggesting it could be a useful indicator for development of HCC in young Myanmar patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myat Thu Soe
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Yasuaki Shibata
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Myo Win Htun
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Kuniko Abe
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Hospital
| | | | - Nay Win Than
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Yangon Specialty Hospital
| | - Thann Lwin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Yangon Specialty Hospital
| | | | - Takehiko Koji
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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Tun N, Shibata Y, Soe MT, Htun MW, Koji T. Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress transdifferentiation of gonadotrophs to prolactin cells and proliferation of prolactin cells induced by diethylstilbestrol in male mouse pituitary. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 151:291-303. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1760-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Htun MW, Mon NCN, Aye KM, Hlaing CM, Kyaw MP, Handayuni I, Trimarsanto H, Bustos D, Ringwald P, Price RN, Auburn S, Thriemer K. Chloroquine efficacy for Plasmodium vivax in Myanmar in populations with high genetic diversity and moderate parasite gene flow. Malar J 2017; 16:281. [PMID: 28693552 PMCID: PMC5504659 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax malaria remains a major public health burden in Myanmar. Resistance to chloroquine (CQ), the first-line treatment for P. vivax, has been reported in the country and has potential to undermine local control efforts. METHODS Patients over 6 years of age with uncomplicated P. vivax mono-infection were enrolled into clinical efficacy studies in Myawaddy in 2014 and Kawthoung in 2012. Study participants received a standard dose of CQ (25 mg/kg over 3 days) followed by weekly review until day 28. Pvmdr1 copy number (CN) and microsatellite diversity were assessed on samples from the patients enrolled in the clinical study and additional cross-sectional surveys undertaken in Myawaddy and Shwegyin in 2012. RESULTS A total of 85 patients were enrolled in the CQ clinical studies, 25 in Myawaddy and 60 in Kawthoung. One patient in Myawaddy (1.2%) had an early treatment failure and two patients (2.3%) in Kawthoung presented with late treatment failures on day 28. The day 28 efficacy was 92.0% (95% CI 71.6-97.9) in Myawaddy and 98.3% (95% CI 88.7-99.8) in Kawthoung. By day 2, 92.2% (23/25) in Myawaddy and 85.0% (51/60) in Kawthoung were aparasitaemic. Genotyping and pvmdr1 CN assessment was undertaken on 43, 52 and 46 clinical isolates from Myawaddy, Kawthoung and Shwegyin respectively. Pvmdr1 amplification was observed in 3.2% (1/31) of isolates in Myawaddy, 0% (0/49) in Kawthoung and 2.5% (1/40) in Shwegyin. Diversity was high in all sites (H E 0.855-0.876), with low inter-population differentiation (F ST 0.016-0.026, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Treatment failures after chloroquine were observed following chloroquine monotherapy, with pvmdr1 amplification present in both Myawaddy and Shwegyin. The results emphasize the importance of ongoing P. vivax drug resistance surveillance in Myanmar, particularly given the potential connectivity between parasite population at different sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myo Win Htun
- grid.415741.2Department of Medical Research, Yangon, 11191 Myanmar
| | - Nan Cho Nwe Mon
- grid.415741.2Department of Medical Research, Yangon, 11191 Myanmar
| | - Khin Myo Aye
- grid.415741.2Department of Medical Research, Yangon, 11191 Myanmar
| | - Chan Myae Hlaing
- grid.415741.2Department of Medical Research, Yangon, 11191 Myanmar
| | - Myat Phone Kyaw
- grid.415741.2Department of Medical Research, Yangon, 11191 Myanmar
| | - Irene Handayuni
- 0000 0000 8523 7955grid.271089.5Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0810 Australia
| | - Hidayat Trimarsanto
- 0000 0004 1795 0993grid.418754.bEijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro 69, Central Jakarta, 10430 Indonesia ,grid.466915.9The Ministry of Research and Technology (RISTEK), Jakarta, Indonesia ,0000 0001 0746 0534grid.432292.cAgency for Assessment and Application of Technology, Jl. MH Thamrin 8, Jakarta, 10340 Indonesia
| | - Dorina Bustos
- 0000 0004 0576 2573grid.415836.dWorld Health Organization, Country Office for Thailand, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Pascal Ringwald
- 0000000121633745grid.3575.4Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva, 27, Switzerland
| | - Ric N. Price
- 0000 0000 8523 7955grid.271089.5Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0810 Australia ,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Auburn
- 0000 0000 8523 7955grid.271089.5Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0810 Australia
| | - Kamala Thriemer
- 0000 0000 8523 7955grid.271089.5Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0810 Australia
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