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Yuvaraj J, Lim E, Vo T, Huynh D, Rocco C, Nerlekar N, Cheng K, Lin A, Dey D, Nicholls S, Kangaharan N, Wong D. Pericoronary Adipose Tissue Attenuation on Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Associates With Male Sex and Indigenous Australian Ethnicity. Heart Lung Circ 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2022.06.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Doran J, Kangaharan N, Remeny B, Cass A, Ilton M, Mc Donald M, Heal C, Mein J, Dempsey K. 699 Impact of Adherence to Antibiotic Prophylaxis on Rheumatic Heart Valve Surgical Outcomes in the Northern Territory of Australia. Heart Lung Circ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Clarke N, Gallagher C, Pitman B, Tu S, Hanna-Rivero N, Kangaharan N, Roberts-Thomson K, Lau D, Mahajan R, Sanders P, Wong C. 692 Anticoagulation Prescription for Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Patients With Atrial Fibrillation in Central Australia. Heart Lung Circ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Williams J, Ilton M, Haste M, Kangaharan N. 637 Let’s Talk About the Heart in Your Language. Heart Lung Circ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Jeffries A, Costello B, Corkill W, Varghese S, Tayeb H, Gallagher C, Clarke N, Pitman B, Tu S, Hanna-Rivero N, Kangaharan N, Wong C. 376 Long-Term Prognostic Value of Coronary Artery Calcium in Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians. Heart Lung Circ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Clarke N, Gallagher C, Pitman B, Tu S, Hanna-Rivero N, Kangaharan N, Roberts-Thomson K, Lau D, Mahajan R, Sanders P, Wong C. 033 Age Discrepancy in Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Profiles in Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians With Atrial Fibrillation. Heart Lung Circ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Naing P, Playford D, Strange G, Abeyaratne A, Scalia G, Forrester D, Hall M, Costello E, Joseph S, Lee P, Falhammar H, Kangaharan N. 036 Top End Pulmonary Hypertension Study. Heart Lung Circ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Doran J, Bo R, Dempsey K, Cass A, Ilton M, Brunsdon G, Mc Donald M, Heal C, Mein J, Canty D, Grey N, Bennets J, Baker R, Stewart M, Kangaharan N. 702 Long-Term Survival and Predictors of Outcomes of Indigenous Northern Territorians Undergoing Primary and Re-Do Surgery for Rheumatic Heart Disease in Australia. Heart Lung Circ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Roberts-Thomson R, Baumann A, Reade J, Culgan L, Kaethner A, Remenyi B, Chew D, Ilton M, Kangaharan N, Sinhal A, Bennetts J, Nicholls S, Psaltis P, Brown A. 705 Rates of Surgical Intervention in Aboriginal Patients With Significant Rheumatic Heart Disease. Heart Lung Circ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Ratwatte S, Costello B, Kangaharan N, Bolton K, Kaur A, Corkhill W, Kuepper B, Sanders P, Wong CX. P5 Clinical utility of stress echocardiography in remote indigenous and non-indigenous populations: a 10-year study in central Australia. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehz872.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Central Australia is a vast, geographical region spanning some 830,000 square kilometres. It is the most populous Indigenous region in Australia (44%) and a great distance from tertiary centres (1,500km). Non-invasive testing is important in this setting due to the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease and long-distance travel required for coronary angiography, the latter with significant logistical, financial, and cultural barriers. Although stress echocardiography has been extensively validated as a long-term prognostic tool in selected populations, we are not aware of prior studies in remote Indigenous and non-Indigenous individuals.
Purpose
To determine whether stress echocardiography can adequately risk stratify and quantify the long-term prognosis of Indigenous and non-Indigenous individuals in remote Central Australia.
Methods
Consecutive individuals undergoing stress echocardiography in Central Australia between 2007 and 2017 were included. Exercise or dobutamine stress echocardiography was performed and reported via standard protocols. Individuals were followed up for the primary outcome of all-cause mortality.
Results
One thousand and eight patients (54% Indigenous, 63% dobutamine stress) were included. Indigenous patients were younger, more likely to be female, and had a greater prevalence of cardiometabolic comorbidities (p < 0.05 for all). Overall, 797 (79%) patients had no abnormality during rest or stress echocardiography, with no difference according to ethnicity (p > 0.05). After a mean follow up of 3.5 ± 2.4 years, 54 (5%) of patients were deceased; 127 (14%) patients underwent revascularization and were censored from follow-up. In patients with a normal test, annual mortality averaged 1.3% over 5 years of follow up, with annual mortality being significantly higher in Indigenous compared to non-Indigenous individuals (2.0% vs 0.6% respectively). Individuals with either ischemia or scar had a significantly worse long-term outcome compared to those with a normal test (Figure). In multivariate analyses, increasing age (HR 1.04 [95% CI 1.01-1.08]), chronic kidney disease (HR 4.83 [1.79-13.02]), and lack of ACEI/ARB use (HR 0.19 [95% CI 0.09-0.42]) were associated with all-cause mortality. Although Indigenous ethnicity was a univariate predictor of mortality, this association was attenuated and non-significant in multivariate analyses.
Conclusion
Indigenous patients in remote Central Australia with a normal stress echocardiogram had a significantly higher annual rate of mortality compared to their non-Indigenous counterparts. However, this association may be in large part due to comorbid conditions. A normal test in Indigenous individuals was still able to adequately risk-stratify and identify a lower risk group of patients in whom ongoing local medical management and focusing on cardiometabolic risk factor reduction is likely to be appropriate.
Abstract P5 Figure. Kaplan Meier survival curve
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ratwatte
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Sydney, Australia
| | - B Costello
- The Alfred Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - N Kangaharan
- Alice Springs Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - K Bolton
- Alice Springs Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - A Kaur
- Alice Springs Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - W Corkhill
- Alice Springs Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - B Kuepper
- Alice Springs Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - P Sanders
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - C X Wong
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Adelaide, Australia
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Roberts-Thomson R, Baumann A, Reade J, Culgan L, Kaethner A, Remenyi B, Wheaton G, Mu M, Ilton M, Kangaharan N, Tayeb H, Nicholls S, Psaltis P, Brown A. 006 Left Atrial Ejection Fraction Predicts Future need for Surgery in Asymptomatic Patients With Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease. Heart Lung Circ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Clarke N, Kangaharan N, Costello B, Tu S, Hanna-Rivero N, Agahari I, Choo W, Pitman B, Gallagher C, Haji K, Robertson-Thomson K, Sanders P, Wong C. 701 Left Atrial, Pulmonary Vein, and Left Atrial Appendage Anatomy in Indigenous Individuals: Implications for Atrial Fibrillation. Heart Lung Circ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Chang DD, Kangaharan N, Forde J, Goh D, Elangovan H, Manek N, Arauz C, Brady S, Sanders P, Wong CX. P2498Exercise capacity and all-cause mortality in remote Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz748.0827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Exercise capacity is a powerful predictor of all-cause mortality. However, its association with Indigenous populations in Central Australia, who face disproportionate health burdens, is unclear. Given the isolation from tertiary centers, exercise testing could provide useful local risk-stratification.
Purpose
To characterize the association of exercise capacity with all-cause mortality in Indigenous and non-Indigenous individuals in remote Central Australia.
Methods
Demographic, medication, and all-cause mortality data were prospectively collected from patients undergoing exercise stress tests from 2007–2017.
Results
A total of 3,414 patients (34% Indigenous) were included. At 4.8±2.9 years of follow-up, 86 (2.5%) deaths had occurred. Each 1-MET increase in exercise capacity conferred a 14% lower risk for mortality among Indigenous individuals (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79–0.94) and 20% lower risk for mortality among non-Indigenous individuals (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.73–0.89) after adjusting for age, comorbidities, and medications. Mortality risk reduction for each 1-MET increase in exercise capacity was similar (p=0.32) for Indigenous and non-Indigenous individuals.
Conclusions
Exercise capacity is a significant predictor of all-cause mortality in Indigenous and non-Indigenous individuals. These findings have important clinical implications towards exercise capacity for risk-stratification and preventative importance of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Chang
- University of Queensland School of Medicine, Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, United States of America
| | - N Kangaharan
- Alice Springs Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - J Forde
- Alice Springs Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - D Goh
- Alice Springs Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - H Elangovan
- Alice Springs Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - N Manek
- Alice Springs Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - C Arauz
- Alice Springs Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - S Brady
- Alice Springs Hospital, Department of Medicine, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - P Sanders
- University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - C X Wong
- University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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Chang D, Kangaharan N, Forde J, Goh D, Elangovan H, Manek N, Arauz C, Brady S, Sanders P, Wong C. Exercise Capacity and All-Cause Mortality in Remote Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Populations. Heart Lung Circ 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2019.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Clarke N, Kangaharan N, Gallagher C, Pitman B, Mahajan R, Lau D, Sanders P, Wong C. Prevalence of Atrial Fibrillation in Remote Indigenous and non-Indigenous Populations: A Ten-Year Study in Central Australia. Heart Lung Circ 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2019.06.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Harwood T, Khan E, Niang P, Mustafa A, Kangaharan N, Ilton M. An Article on Investigative Pitfalls in Pulmonary Hypertension. Heart Lung Circ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Barr ELM, Cunningham J, Tatipata S, Dunbar T, Kangaharan N, Guthridge S, Li SQ, Condon JR, Shaw JE, O'Dea K, Maple-Brown LJ. Associations of mortality and cardiovascular disease risks with diabetes and albuminuria in urban Indigenous Australians: the DRUID follow-up study. Diabet Med 2017; 34:946-957. [PMID: 28375555 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the relationships of diabetes and albuminuria with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease outcomes in a population without prior cardiovascular disease using data from the Darwin Region Urban Indigenous Diabetes (DRUID) study. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study of 706 participants (aged 15-81 years, 68% women) without prior cardiovascular disease who underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Deaths and fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular disease were determined over 7 years, and hazard ratios with 95% CIs and population attributable risks were estimated for baseline glycaemia and albuminuria. RESULTS Compared with normoglycaemia and after adjustment for age, sex, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and smoking, known diabetes was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio of 4.8 (95% CI 1.5-14.7) for all-cause mortality and 5.6 (95% CI 2.1-15.2) for cardiovascular disease. Compared with normoalbuminuria, the respective adjusted risks for macroalbuminuria were 10.9 (95% CI 3.7-32.1) and 3.9 (95% CI 1.4-10.8). The Adjusted all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease estimated population attributable risks for diabetes were 27% and 32%, and for albuminuria they were 32% and 21%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In our study population, the burden of mortality and cardiovascular disease was largely driven by diabetes and albuminuria. This finding on the influence of diabetes and albuminuria is consistent with reports in other high-risk Indigenous populations and should be better reflected in risk scores and intervention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L M Barr
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Cunningham
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
| | - S Tatipata
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
| | - T Dunbar
- Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | | | - S Guthridge
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
- Health Gains Planning, Northern Territory Department of Health, Darwin, Australia
| | - S Q Li
- Health Gains Planning, Northern Territory Department of Health, Darwin, Australia
| | - J R Condon
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
| | - J E Shaw
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - K O'Dea
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - L J Maple-Brown
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia
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18
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Haji K, Brady S, Chandra N, Truong H, Corkill W, Kangaharan N. A Retrospective Audit of Pulmonary Hypertension Sub-Classes in Central Australia. Heart Lung Circ 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2017.06.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Doran J, Remeny B, Ilton M, Canty D, Cass A, Dempsey K, Townsend R, Royse C, Royse A, Kaethner A, Brunsdon G, Boardmann C, Bennets J, Baker R, Oatway S, Thiele B, Perry D, Doran K, Doran U, Grey N, Kangaharan N. Retrospective Audit of Rheumatic Heart Valve Surgical Outcomes in the Top End of Northern Territory, Australia. Heart Lung Circ 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2017.06.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Lau S, Ramsamy L, Ilton M, Tayeb H, Agahari I, Barthwal R, Kangaharan N. Evaluation of Acute Coronary Syndrome Support Network to Remote Indigenous Communities in the Northern Territory of Australia. Heart Lung Circ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.06.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Malloch C, Sweetman E, Ilton M, Kangaharan N, Barthwal R, Tayeb H, Agahari I. Impact of Cardiac Care Coordination in the Top End of the Northern Territory: A Retrospective Review. Heart Lung Circ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.06.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Khan E, Brieger D, Amerena J, Atherton J, Farshid A, Ilton M, Juergens C, Kangaharan N, Rajaratnam R, Sweeney A, Walters D, Chow C. Gender Differences in Hospital Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients. Heart Lung Circ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.06.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Jewell D, Ilton M, Farquharson C, Kangaharan N. Quality and safety of cardiac device management in the Northern Territory. Heart Lung Circ 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2015.06.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Iyngkaran P, Majoni W, Cass A, Sanders P, Ronco C, Brady S, Kangaharan N, Ilton M, Hare DL, Thomas MC. Northern Territory perspectives on heart failure with comorbidities – understanding trial validity and exploring collaborative opportunities to broaden the evidence base. Heart Lung Circ 2014; 24:536-43. [PMID: 25637942 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is an ambulatory care sensitive condition, associated with significant morbidity and mortality, rarely with cure. Outpatient based pharmacological management represents the main and most important aspect of care, and is usually lifelong. This narrative styled opinion review looks at the pharmacological agents recommended in the guidelines in context of the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia. We explore the concept of validity, a term used to describe the basis of standardising a particular trial or study and the population to which it is applicable. We aim to highlight the problems of the current guidelines based approach. We also present alternatives that could utilise the core principles from major trials, while incorporating regional considerations, which could benefit clients living in the NT and remote Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Iyngkaran
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Flinders University, Darwin Private Hospital, Tiwi, NT 0811.
| | - W Majoni
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Department of Nephrology Division of Medicine.
| | - A Cass
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina NT 0811.
| | - Prashanthan Sanders
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders (CHRD), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - C Ronco
- Department of Nephrology Dialysis & Transplantation, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV) San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.
| | - S Brady
- Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs NT 0871.
| | - N Kangaharan
- Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, NT 0810.
| | - M Ilton
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, NT 0810.
| | - D L Hare
- Coordinator, Cardiovascular Research, University of Melbourne; Director of Heart Failure Services, Austin Health, Vic 3084.
| | - M C Thomas
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Central Melbourne Victoria 3004, Australia.
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25
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Mathieson M, Kangaharan N, Ilton M, Iyngkaran P, Swan D. A Retrospective Analysis of Pharmacological Management of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) in the Northern Territory (NT), 2009–2011. Heart Lung Circ 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Mathieson M, Kangaharan N, Ilton M, Iyngkaran P, Swan D. Epidemiology of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) in the Northern Territory (NT), 2009–2011. Heart Lung Circ 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2012.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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