Polymorphisms and haplotypes of TOLLIP and MUC5B are associated with susceptibility and survival in patients with fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an interstitial lung disease with diverse clinical features that can present a fibrotic phenotype similar to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in genetically predisposed individuals. While several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with IPF, the genetic factors contributing to fibrotic HP (fHP) remain poorly understood. This study investigated the association of MUC5B and TOLLIP variants with susceptibility, clinical presentation and survival in Portuguese patients with fHP.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A case-control study was undertaken with 97 fHP patients and 112 controls. Six SNPs residing in the MUC5B and TOLLIP genes and their haplotypes were analyzed. Associations with risk, survival, and clinical, radiographic, and pathological features of fHP were probed through comparisons among patients and controls.

RESULTS

MUC5B rs35705950 and three neighboring TOLLIP variants (rs3750920, rs111521887, and rs5743894) were associated with increased susceptibility to fHP. Minor allele frequencies were greater among fHP patients than in controls (40.7% vs 12.1%, P<0.0001; 52.6% vs 40.2%, P = 0.011; 22.7% vs 13.4%, P = 0.013; and 23.2% vs 12.9%, P = 0.006, respectively). Haplotypes formed by these variants were also linked to fHP susceptibility. Moreover, carriers of a specific haplotype (G-T-G-C) had a significant decrease in survival (adjusted hazard ratio 6.92, 95% CI 1.73-27.64, P = 0.006). Additional associations were found between TOLLIP rs111521887 and rs5743894 variants and decreased lung function at baseline, and the MUC5B SNP and radiographic features, further highlighting the influence of genetic factors in fHP.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that TOLLIP and MUC5B variants and haplotypes may serve as valuable tools for risk assessment and prognosis in fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, potentially contributing to its patient stratification, and offer insights into the genetic factors influencing the clinical course of the condition.

Distinct TNF-alpha and HLA polymorphisms associate with fibrotic and non-fibrotic subtypes of hypersensitivity pneumonitis

INTRODUCTION

Since Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP) categorization in fibrotic and nonfibrotic/inflammatory types seems to be more consistent with the distinctive clinical course and outcomes, recent international guidelines recommended the use of this classification. Moreover, fibrotic subtype may share immunogenetic and pathophysiological mechanisms with other fibrotic lung diseases.

AIM

To investigate HLA -A, -B, -DRB1 and TNF-α -308 gene polymorphisms among fibrotic and nonfibrotic HP patients due to avian exposure, also in comparison with asymptomatic exposed controls.

METHODS

We prospectively enrolled 40 HP patients, classified as fibrotic or nonfibrotic/inflammatory, and 70 exposed controls. HLA and TNF-α polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer amplification.

RESULTS

While HLA alleles were not associated to HP susceptibility, fibrotic HP patients showed increased frequencies of HLA A*02 (46.7% vs 25.7%; OR=2.53, p = 0.02) and HLA DRB1*14 (10.0% vs 0.7%; OR=15.44, p=0.02) alleles when compared with exposed controls, although not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons. TNF-α G/G genotype (associated with low TNF-α production) frequencies were significantly increased among the non-fibrotic/inflammatory HP patients comparatively to fibrotic presentations (88% vs 60%; RR=0.44; p=0.04) and controls (88% vs 63%, OR 4.33, p=0.037). Also, these patients had a significantly increased frequency of the G allele (94.0% vs 73.3%, RR=0.44, p=0.01), while fibrotic HP patients predominantly presented the A allele (26.7% vs 6.0%, RR=2.28, p=0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results support the hypothesis that fibrotic and non-fibrotic HP subtypes exhibit a distinct profile of TNF-α and HLA polymorphisms, which may be relevant to predict disease course and better define treatment strategies.

Predictors of lung entrapment in malignant pleural effusion

INTRODUCTION

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a common complication in advanced stages of malignancy and is associated with poor prognosis. Non-expandable lung (NEL) often occurs and its presence influences the MPE approach. Our main objective was to assess risk factors for malignant NEL.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with pathologically confirmed MPE between January 2012 and December 2018 in our institution were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic and clinical data of patients were reviewed and compared according to the presence or absence of NEL. A univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis were used to determine predictors of the development of NEL.

RESULTS

Of 365 patients included, 68 (18.6%) had NEL. After multivariate analysis, we found that loculated MPE (OR 8.63, 95%CI 4.30-17.33, p<0.001), complete hemithorax opacification (OR 2.81, 95%CI 1.17-6.76, p<0.021), lung cancer (OR 2.09, 95%CI 1.01-4.31, p=0.047) and higher effusion-serum LDH ratio (OR 1.09, 95%CI 1.00-1.17, p=0.039) were independent predictors of malignant NEL. There were no significant differences compared with expandable lung group regarding time from primary malignancy diagnosis to MPE diagnosis (3.0, IQR 0.0-75.8 vs 2.0, IQR 0.0-75.5 weeks, p=0.942) or MPE symptoms onset to MPE diagnosis (4.0, IQR 1.0-9.0 vs 3.0, IQR 1.0-9.0 weeks, p=0.497). Patients with NEL had a higher number of therapeutic pleural drainages (3.0, IQR 2.0-6.0 vs 2.0, IQR 1.0-3.0; p<0.001) and longer hospital stay (32.5, IQR 15.5-46.3 vs 21.0, IQR 11.0-36.0, p=0.007), measured in hospitalization days until the end of life, than patients with expandable lung. The rate of recurrence of pleural effusion was not significantly different between groups (p=0.291). Overall survival (OS) was 3.0 (95%CI, 2.3-3.7) months, regardless of lung expandability (p=0.923).

CONCLUSION

Loculated MPE, complete hemithorax opacification, lung cancer and a higher effusion-serum LDH ratio were found to be independent predictors for NEL. These patients underwent thoracocenteses more frequently and had longer hospitalization days, although without significant impact in the OS.

The monocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio predicts coronary artery disease in heart failure

Background

The monocyte/high density lipoprotein ratio (MHR) is a combined inflammatory marker implicated in atherosclerosis. MHR predicts cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD); it correlates with coronary artery disease (CAD) severity and has been shown to be a prognostic predictor in patients with myocardial infarction. The role of MHR in chronic heart failure (HF) is largely unknown.

Purpose

Assess the ability of MHR to predict CAD in patients with HF

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study in ambulatory patients with HF with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) that were followed in our HF clinic from January/2012 to May/2018. We selected all the patients that had performed a diagnostic/therapeutic coronary angiography. Patients with missing data concerning monocyte counts or high-density lipoprotein levels were excluded. The endpoint under analysis was the presence of CAD on coronary angiography. A ROC curve was used to study the ability of MHR to predict CAD. The association of MHR with CAD was assessed by a logistic-regression analysis. A multivariate model was built accounting for age, sex, comorbidities [hypertension, diabetes, peripheral artery disease (PAD), CVD, CKD and inflammatory/auto-immune disease], low-density lipoprotein value, haemoglobin, brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), severe LVSD and segmental contractility defects in the echocardiogram. MHR was analysed both as continuous and categorical variable; the cut-off of 16 was chosen based on the ROC curve.

Results

We studied 295 chronic HF patients with LSVD who underwent coronary angiography. Mean age was 67±12 years, 70.8% men and 55.9% with CAD. Patients with CAD were older (69 against 64 years), had significantly higher MHR (19±9 vs. 16±7), higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, PAD and CVD, and worse renal function. The area under the curve for the association between MHR and CAD was 0.68 (0.62–0.74), p&lt;0.001. The best MHR cut-off for CAD prediction was 16 - sensitivity: 66.7%, specificity: 65.4%, positive predictive value: 71.0% and negative predictive value: 60.8%. This association was independent of potential confounders. Patients with MHR≥16 had a multivariate-adjusted OR of having CAD of 5.41 (95% CI: 2.40–12.20), p&lt;0.001 when compared to those with lower MHR. When MHR was analysed as a continuous variable the association remained significant.

Conclusions

The MHR is an independent predictor of CAD in chronic HF. Patients with MHR ≥16 have a 71% probability of presenting CAD and a more than 5-fold higher risk compared with those with lower MHR. It is sometimes difficult to ascertain ischemic disease/aetiology in HF patients, particularly in the elderly, frail and/or with advanced CKD. This simple, inexpensive and harmless marker can help clinicians identify patients most likely to have CAD and decide treatment in accordance.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

The prognostic value of monocyte/ high-density lipoprotein ratio in chronic heart failure

Background

The monocyte-high density lipoprotein ratio (MHR) is an inflammation marker that combines monocyte counts, increased in inflammatory states, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, that appear to have protective and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been studied in chronic kidney disease, primary hypertension, cerebrovascular disease and coronary artery disease (CAD), and has been shown to be positively correlated with disease severity and worse prognosis. Although inflammation is thought to be implicated in heart failure's (HF) pathophysiology, little is known about the role of MHR in the HF setting.

Purpose

To study the prognostic impact of MHR in chronic HF.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study in ambulatory patients with HF with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) that were followed in our HF clinic from January/2012 to May/2018. Patients with no data on monocyte counts or HDL levels in the first appointment were excluded. Endpoint under analysis: all-cause mortality. Patients were categorized according to MHR quartiles: 1st quartile &lt;11, 2nd quartile ≥11 to &lt;15, 3rd quartile ≥15 to &lt;20 and 4th quartile ≥20. A Cox-regression analysis was used to assess association between MHR and all-cause mortality. A multivariate model was built adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), CAD, obstructive sleep apnea, inflammatory/autoimmune disease, atrial fibrillation, anaemia, renal dysfunction, brain-type-natriuretic peptide (BNP), New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, low-density lipoprotein value, prognostic modifying therapy and severe LVSD.

Results

We studied 560 chronic HF patients with LVSD, mean age 70±12 years, 67.5% men, 37.1% in NYHA class I, 44.8% in NYHA class II and the remaining in higher classes. Patients with MHR≥20 (last quartile) were mostly men with higher prevalence of DM and CAD, they more often presented in higher NYHA classes and with worse renal function and higher BNP. No difference existed concerning doses of evidence based-drugs. During a median follow-up of 53 (32–88) months from the index medical appointment 256 patients (45.7%) died. Mortality was similar in the lower three MHR quartiles, being statistically higher in the last quartile. Considering only two groups - MHR &lt;20 and MHR ≥20 - the all-cause mortality rate was of 41.6 vs. 57.6%, respectively, p=0,001. MHR was independently associated with poor survival. In patients presenting with MHR ≥20, the HR of long-term all-cause mortality was 1.42 (95% CI: 1.04–1.93), p=0.03 when compared with those with lower MHR.

Conclusions

Chronic HF patients with MHR ≥20 have a significant 42% increased risk of long-term all-cause death. We reinforce the role of inflammation in chronic HF. The MHR is a practical, inexpensive and widely available parameter that can help clinicians in the identification of chronic HF patients at higher risk of death.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Heterozygous TERT gene mutation associated with familial idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial lung disease of unknown cause that occurs sporadically, but it can also occur in families and so named as Familial Pulmonary Fibrosis (FPF). Some forms of FPF overlaps IPF features, namely the radiological and histological pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). Genetic and environmental factors commonly play an important role in the pathogenesis of FPF and the most commonly identified mutations involve the telomerase complex. Here, we report a rare case of FPF in a male at the age of 44, in whom genetic testing showed heterozygous variants for the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT). Our report highlights the importance of compiling a thorough family history in younger patients identified with UIP serving as a resource for identifying the current and future genetic links to disease. Families with UIP hold a great promise in defining UIP pathogenesis, potentially suggesting targets for the development of future therapies.

Organizing pneumonia revisited: insights and uncertainties from a series of 67 patients

Background: Organizing pneumonia (OP) is classified as an acute/subacute pneumonia according to the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement (2013 update). Although its clinical presentation, radiologic and histologic features are well established, data on the relevance of potential causes, corticosteroid doses and length, or management of relapses are based on heterogeneous series of patients. Objectives: The aims of this study were to describe clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of OP, explore potential causes, discuss strategies for managing relapses, and analyze prognostic factors. We also discuss our findings in relation to relevant data in the literature. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of all patients diagnosed with OP at a tertiary referral center in northern Portugal between 2008 and 2015. Results: Sixty-seven patients were diagnosed with OP over the 7-year study period. Dyspnea and cough were the most common presenting symptoms and approximately 30% of patients were hospitalized at the time of diagnosis. Approximately half of the patients were receiving drugs described as potential causes of OP. Microorganisms were isolated in approximately one-third of patients. Other potential causes identified were hematologic disorders, neoplasms, connective tissue diseases, myelodysplastic syndromes, immunodeficiencies, radiotherapy, and bird exposure. Cryptogenic OP was diagnosed in just 16 patients (23.8%). Corticosteroids were the most common treatment and 11 patients (16.4%) experienced relapse. Conclusions: The findings for this series of patients confirm the extreme variability of the contexts in which OP can occur and suggest that rather than a distinct, homogeneous clinicopathologic entity, OP is a non-specific reaction whose outcomes are dependent on the cause. (Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2018; 35: 129-138).

Learning curve for transbronchial lung cryobiopsy in diffuse lung disease

INTRODUCTION

Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) is increasingly used in the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease (DLD), but no data have yet been published on the learning curve associated with this technique.

AIM

To evaluate diagnostic yield, lung tissue sample length and area, and procedure-related complications in a cohort of TBLC procedures to define the learning curve and threshold for proficiency.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of the first 100 TBLCs performed in different segments of the same lobe in patients with suspected DLD. We compared diagnostic yield, sample length and area, and complications between consecutive groups of patients.

RESULTS

The overall diagnostic yield for TBLC was 82%. Median sample length was 5.4mm (IQR, 5-6) and median area was 19.5mm2 (IQR, 13.3-25). Pneumothorax was the most common complication (18%). On comparing the two groups of 50 consecutive patients, a significant difference was found for diagnostic yield (74% vs 90%; p=0.04), sample length (5.0mm [2.5-16] vs 6.0mm [4-12;] p<0.01) and area (17.5mm2 [6-42] vs 21.5mm2 [10-49]; p<0.01). Logarithm regression was applied to median diagnostic yield and sample length and area for groups of 10 consecutive patients to define the learning curve, which plateaued after approximately 70 procedures.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that proficiency in TBLC is achieved at approximately the 70th procedure; however they need to be validated in more series and cohorts.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in the era of antifibrotic therapy: Searching for new opportunities grounded in evidence

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal lung disease that up to now has been associated with a poor prognosis. However, the results of the INPULSIS and ASCEND trials and the approval of nintedanib and pirfenidone have marked the beginning of a new era for IPF patients. Questions remain, however. Should these drugs be used earlier? What effect will they have on more severe disease? Will their effects last beyond the trial period? This manuscript is the outcome of a multidisciplinary meeting between pulmonology, radiology, and pathology clinicians on the use of antifibrotic agents in IPF. In our opinion, the existing data show that pirfenidone and nintedanib slow functional decline in early stages of disease. These drugs also appear to result in therapeutic benefits when administered to patients with advanced disease at diagnosis and maintain effective over time. The data also suggest that continuing antifibrotic therapy after disease progression may confer benefits, but more evidence is needed. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for reducing functional decline, slowing disease progression, and improving quality of life.

Analysis of sarcoidosis in the Oporto region (Portugal)

BACKGROUND

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Epidemiological studies of different populations are essential because clinical presentation, organ involvement, disease severity, and prognosis vary significantly according to region and population. The aim of this study was to assess epidemiological and clinical characteristics, staging factors, and clinical course in patients with sarcoidosis from a tertiary hospital in Oporto, Portugal.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of patients with sarcoidosis and at least 2 years of follow-up evaluated at the Centro Hospitalar de São João between 2000 and 2014.

RESULTS

We identified 409 patients with sarcoidosis (females, 58.9%; mean age at diagnosis, 38.9±13.4 years; smokers, 14.4%]. All the patients were diagnosed according to the ERS/ATS/WASOG consensus statement and 64.1% had evidence of noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas in biopsy specimens. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed as part of the diagnostic work-up in 289 patients and 90.2% had lymphocytosis (CD4/CD8 ratio ≥3.5 in 60.9% of cases). Exertion dyspnea, cough, and constitutional symptoms were the most common presenting symptoms; 10.1% of patients were asymptomatic, 22.8% had Löfgren syndrome, and 50.5% had extrathoracic involvement. Radiographic stages of disease according to the Scadding criteria were as follows: stage 0 (5.2%), stage I (33.7%), stage II (47.0%), stage III (8.4%), and stage IV (5.7%). Impaired respiratory function was observed in 45.6% patients and was mostly mild. Systemic treatment was administered in 58.6% of cases. Overall, 45.3% of patients experienced disease resolution.

CONCLUSION

The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of this cohort of patients with sarcoidosis from the Oporto region in northern Portugal revealed epidemiological and clinical characteristics that were generally similar to those described in other Western Europe populations and in the US ACCESS study. However, we found a higher proportion of patients who progressed to chronic forms.

RAPID-COMMUNICATION Genetic diversity and differentiation in natural populations of Arapaima gigas from lower Amazon revealed by microsatellites

Genetic variability is one of the important criteria for species conservation decisions. This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity and the population differentiation of two natural populations of Arapaima gigas, a species with a long history of being commercially exploited. We collected 87 samples of A. gigas from Grande Curuai Lake and Paru Lake, located in the Lower Amazon region of Amazônia, Brazil, and genotyped these samples using a multiplex panel of microsatellite markers. Our results showed that the populations of A. gigas analyzed had high levels of genetic variability, which were similar to those described in previous studies. These two populations had a significant population differentiation supported by the estimates of F_ST and R_ST (0.06), by Bayesian analysis (K = 2), and by population assignment tests, which revealed a moderate genetic distance.

Idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis: a rare but increasingly recognized entity

Idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (IPPFE) is a recently described rare entity, characterized by pleural and subpleural parenchymal fibrosis and elastosis mainly in the upper lobes. The etiology and pathophysiology are unknown. The prognosis is poor, with no effective therapies other than lung transplantation. IPPFE should be properly identified so that it can be approached correctly. This report describes two clinical cases with clinical imaging and histological features compatible with IPPFE.

Annexin A11 gene polymorphism (R230C variant) and sarcoidosis in a Portuguese population

A recent genome-wide association study detected a protective effect for the annexin A11 rs1049550*T allele (R230Cvariant) in susceptibility to sarcoidosis. We evaluated the association between rs1049550 C/T and sarcoidosis susceptibility, distinct disease phenotypes and evolution in a Portuguese population. We performed a case-control study of 208 patients and 197 healthy controls. Samples were genotyped for rs1049550 C/T using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The frequency of the annexin A11 rs1049550*T allele was significantly lower in patients than in controls (33.2 vs 44.9%, P < 0.001). Odds ratio of 0.52 and 0.44 were obtained, respectively for carriers of one (CT) and two (TT) copies normalized to the CC wild-type genotype (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in patients with and without Löfgren syndrome. A significant increase in the frequency of the T allele was observed in patients with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid neutrophilia (P = 0.04). No significant associations were seen for lung function pattern, radiological stages or different forms of disease evolution. Our study confirms that rs1049550*T allele exerts a significant protective effect on sarcoidosis susceptibility. Given the role of annexin A11 in cell division, apoptosis and neutrophil function, this polymorphism may affect key elements of granulomatous and interstitial inflammation in sarcoidosis.

[Azithromycin as an adjuvant therapy in cryptogenic organizing pneumonia]

There are literature data about the immunomodulatory properties of some macrolides in cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) as an alternative to corticosteroids in mild disease or as adjuvant to standard therapy. A sixty-year-old female, with a controlled intrinsic asthma, presented with COP and recurrent respiratory exacerbations despite corticosteroid and immunossupressant therapy. Azithromycin (500mg, on alternate days) as an adjuvant to steroids was then started, with clinical and functional improvement and regression of lung infiltrates. Withdrawal of steroids was possible in one year, without evidence of relapse in the next six months. Azithromycin was maintained (three times per week) with no documentation of adverse side effects. This clinical case reinforces the potential role of macrolides anti-inflammatory properties in COP as corticosteroids adjuvant therapy.

Measuring beyond the microscope field of view using digital images in squamous cell carcinoma of the lip

OBJECTIVE

To study the impact of using digital images for measuring the size of the tumors, assisting with the prognostic evaluation of carcinomas of the oral mucosa.

STUDY DESIGN

The depth of invasion of 12 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip was assessed through a microscope and through digital images. All measurements of depth of invasion were assessed in a direction orthogonal to the lip surface. First, assessment of depth of invasion was done at the microscope, using an eyepiece reticule with an engraved scale. Second, depth of invasion was assessed by digital images, using a program module developed to assist pathologists with linear measuring. When the depth of the tumor was larger than the field of view at the proper magnification, several images were taken to include the whole area of invasion. The images were finally mounted in a single image and the depth of invasion measured.

RESULTS

The results show positive and negative differences between assessments when assessing depths of < 2 mm. At greater depths (> or = 2 mm), the difference was always negative, showing that for deep invasion, measurements of longer distances were always performed on digital images.

CONCLUSION

Measurements with digital images beyond the field of view at proper magnification could sig nificantly alter the diagnostic and prognostic assessment made using the microscope.

Leptomeningeal involvement in chronic lymphocytic leukemia identified by polymerase chain reaction in stored slides: a case report

The use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for routine detection of clonal immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) gene rearrangements represents an attractive alternative to Southern hybridization analysis not only because PCR protocols are quicker and simpler, but also because of the ability to analyze very small population of cells in search of minimal residual disease. This can be especially important for the detection of clonal malignant cells in locations other than bone marrow or peripheral blood. We describe a case in which central nervous system involvement, a very rare complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, was confirmed by PCR analysis for IgH genes rearrangement of the lymphocytes found in cerebrospinal fluid. The cerebrospinal fluid and the peripheral blood lymphocytes (obtained from archival cytospins stored at the time of diagnosis, 5 years before) presented an identical IgH gene rearrangement, as shown by sequence analysis. Thus, the use of PCR for IgH genes rearrangement can be very useful in the detection of monoclonality in samples with a small number of cells and in the confirmation of the common origin of B cells in different specimens of the same patient.

Food neophobia in humans: effects of manipulated arousal and individual differences in sensation seeking

The study examined the effects of manipulated arousal and the trait of Sensation Seeking on willingness to taste novel foods (as assessed by means of a choice task). Arousal was manipulated by having subjects play an exciting, neutral, or boring video game. In line with predictions from optimal level of arousal theories, subjects chose more novel foods when manipulated arousal was low (vs. neutral) and fewer novel foods when manipulated arousal was high (vs. neutral). There was no main effect of individual differences in optimal level of arousal as assessed by the Sensation Seeking Scale; however, an interaction between the two independent variables revealed high-sensation seekers to try more novel foods than lows under conditions of low arousal.

Oestrogen receptor (ER) analysis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: correlation of biochemical and immunocytochemical methods

Oestrogen receptors (ER) are present in neoplastic lymphoid cells and have been considered a physiological marker of growth rate or differentiation. Tamoxifen, an oestrogen antagonist, has been given in some patients with CLL and Hodgkin's disease, with dramatic response in single cases. Until now, ER status has been assessed using a steroid binding assay (SBA) which has many inherent problems. Recently, the development of monoclonal antibodies directed against ER has been applied to the study of breast carcinomas and results obtained show good correlation with the quantitative SBA. We studied 49 cases of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) using immunostaining of cytospin preparations. In 30 of these cases ER enzyme immunoassay (ER-EIA) was also performed. Cultured MCF-7 cells, derived from a pleural effusion of a breast cancer patient, known to contain high levels of ER were used as a positive control (40-48% ER positive cells by immunocytochemistry; 200 fmol/mg protein by EIA). All of the CLL cases except two (96%) were negative for ER (less than 1% staining; less than 4 fmol/mg protein). The two positive cases expressed granular ER staining over the nucleus (9.2 and 12.1% positive cells) and were positive by EIA and SBA. It is concluded that (i) patients with CLL rarely express ER and (ii) immunocytochemical staining of cytospin preparations is a valid technique for the measurement of ER. It is of interest that one of the positive cases was diagnosed as CLL with Richter's transformation confirming earlier findings.