Citrullinated inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 in arthritic joints and its potential effect in the neutrophil migration

The citrullinated inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (cit-ITIH4) was identified as its blood level was associated with the arthritis score in peptide glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase-induced arthritis (pGIA) mice and the disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to clarify its citrullination pathway and function as related to neutrophils. In pGIA-afflicted joints, ITIH4 and cit-ITIH4 levels were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunoprecipitation (IP) and Western blotting (WB), while peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) expression was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), IHC and immunofluorescent methods. The pGIA mice received anti-lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G6D (Ly6G) antibodies to deplete neutrophils and the expression of cit-ITIH4 was investigated by WB. The amounts of ITIH4 and cit-ITIH4 in synovial fluid (SF) from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients were examined by I.P. and W.B. Recombinant ITIH4 and cit-ITIH4 were incubated with sera from healthy volunteers before its chemotactic ability and C5a level were evaluated using Boyden's chamber assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). During peak arthritic phase, ITIH4 and cit-ITIH4 were increased in joints while PAD4 was over-expressed, especially in the infiltrating neutrophils of pGIA mice. Levels of cit-ITIH4 in plasma and joints significantly decreased upon neutrophil depletion. ITIH4 was specifically citrullinated in SF from RA patients compared with OA patients. Native ITIH4 inhibited neutrophilic migration and decreased C5a levels, while cit-ITIH4 increased its migration and C5a levels significantly. Cit-ITIH4 is generated mainly in inflamed joints by neutrophils via PAD4. Citrullination of ITIH4 may change its function to up-regulate neutrophilic migration by activating the complement cascade, exacerbating arthritis.

Infrared and ab Initio Studies on 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene Clusters with Methanol and 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol: Presence and Absence of an Aromatic C−H···O Hydrogen Bond

The (1:1) clusters of 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene (TFB) with methanol and with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) were studied both experimentally and computationally. Through use of fluorescence-detected infrared spectroscopy, the (1:1) clusters were identified in supersonic jets. Intermolecular interactions in the clusters were characterized by the spectral shifts of the aromatic C-H stretching modes in the TFB moiety owing to the cluster formation. The molecular structures, stabilization energies, and vibrational frequencies of the clusters were computed at the MP2/6-31+G level. Both computational and experimental data indicate that an aromatic C-H...O hydrogen bond is present in the TFB-methanol cluster, while it is absent in the TFB-TFE cluster.

Observation of the nuCH Excited Vibrational Levels in the Ã1A" State of HCP by IR-UV Double Resonance Spectroscopy

Rovibrational levels with one quantum of CH stretch mode, (1, v2, v3), in the Ã1A" electronic state of HCP were observed for the first time by IR-UV double resonance spectroscopy. Nine vibrational levels were identified in the energy region of 37 500-40 800 cm-1. Perturbations similar to those in the (0, v2, v3) levels were also observed in many of the vibrational levels. It was found that the CH stretch frequency in the Ã1A" state is reduced about 270 cm-1 relative to that of the electronic ground state. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Alexithymic characteristics in responses to the Synthetic House-Tree-Person (HTP) Drawing Test

This study examined the association of certain complex personality traits assessed by the Synthetic House-Tree-Person Drawing Test and alexithymic characteristics assessed by the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale for a sample of 589 Japanese college students. Alexithymic students who scored over 61 points on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 exhibited two characteristics relative to the test: poor relationships between figures and additional written explanations. These two characteristics projected on the Synthetic House-Tree-Person Drawing Test may be related to alexithymic characteristics and related factors.

[Relationship between ultrasound-findings of low-echoic nodule of hepatic parenchyma in liver cirrhosis and development of hepatocellular carcinoma]

We investigated development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in 90 patients with liver cirrhosis by follow up study for a period from 6 months to three and half years, making special reference to ultrasound-findings of the parenchyma of the liver. Liver cirrhosis was classified into four types and two, non-nodular and nodular, groups according to low-echoic nodules distributed in the parenchyma. The development of HCC was higher at the rate of incidence in patients of the nodular group than those of the non-nodular. It was more closely related with the male in patients of the non-nodular group, and both the old age and the advanced hepatic injury in those of the nodular group. A rise of the level of serum AFP during a period of the follow up was not observed in relation to the development of HCC and seemed to be ineffective for detection of carcinoma small sized. The echo-types of the parenchyma in liver cirrhosis were most significantly correlated with the development of HCC in comparison with the other etiologic factors.